question

abnormal behavior

answer

patterns of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions considered pathological (diseased or disordered) for one or more of four reasons: deviance, dysfunction, distress, or danger

question

deviance

answer

believing others are plotting against you. judgments of deviance and abnormality vary from society to society and change over time. women going to college was once abnormal

question

dysfunction

answer

being unable to go to work due to alcohol abuse. behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that seriously interfere with daily functioning may be considered abnormal. not be able to take proper care of themselves, work effectively, or get along with others. ability to think clearly and make rational decisions may be significantly impaired

question

distress

answer

having thoughts of suicide. behaviors, thoughts or emotions that cause significant personal distress may qualify as abnormal

question

danger

answer

fighting with strangers. some people with psych. disorders exhibit behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that indicate potential danger to themselves or others.

question

medical model

answer

perspective that assumes diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured

question

psychiatry

answer

branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

question

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

answer

classification system developed by the american psychiatric association used to describe abnormal behaviors

question

neurosis

answer

outmoded term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety and other associated problems; less severe disruptions than in psychosis

question

psychosis

answer

serious mental disorders characterized by extreme mental disruption and defective or lost contact with reality

question

insanity

answer

legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental illness

question

7 psychological perspective of abnormal behavior

answer

sociocultural, behavioral, evolutionary, humanistic(blocked personal growth), psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, cognitive, biological

question

anxiety disorders

answer

associated with severe anxiety such as phobias, OCD, and posttraumatic stress disorder

question

mood disorders

answer

problems associated with severe disturbances of mood, depression, mania, bipolar disorder

question

schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

answer

group of disorders characterized by major disturbances in perception, language and thought, emotion, and behavior

question

dissociative disorders

answer

disorders in which the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity is suddenly and temporarily altered such as amnesia and dissociative identity disorder

question

personality disorder

answer

problems related to lifelong maladaptive personality traits, including antisocial personality disorders. violation of others' rights w no sense of guilt or borderline personality disorder - impulsivity and instability in mood and relationships

question

substance-related disorder

answer

problems caused by alcohol, cocaine, tobacco, and other drugs

question

somatoform disorders

answer

problems related to unusual preoccupation with physical health or physical symptoms with no physical cause

question

factitious disorders

answer

conditions in which physical or psychological symptoms are intentionally produced in order to assume a patient's role

question

sexual and gender identity disorders

answer

problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity, finding unusual objects or situations arousing; gender identity problems

question

eating disorders

answer

problems related to food, anorexia nervosa and bulimia

question

sleep disorders

answer

serious disturbances of sleep such as insomnia, sleep terrors or hypersomnia

question

impulse control disorders

answer

problems related to kleptomania (impulsive stealing), pyromania and pathological gambling

question

adjustment disorders

answer

problems involving excessive emotional reaction to specific stressors such as divorce, family discord, or economic concerns

question

delirium, dementia, amnestic, and other cognitive disorders

answer

problems caused by known damage to the brain including Alzheimer's, strokes, and physical trauma to the brain

question

mental disorders due to a general medical condition

answer

problems caused by physical deterioration of the brain due to disease, strokes, and physical trauma to the brain

question

other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

answer

problems related to physical or sexual abuse, rational problems, occupational problems, and so forth

question

five axes of DSM

answer

clinical disorders, personality disorders and mental retardation, general medical condition, psychosocial and environmental problems, global assessment of functioning

question

clinical disorders

answer

symptoms that cause distress or significantly impair social or occupational functioning - anxiety, depression

question

personality disorders and mental retardation

answer

chronic and enduring problems that generally persist throughout life and impair interpersonal or occupational functioning

question

general medical condition

answer

physical disorders that may be relevant to understanding or treating a psychological disorder

question

psychosocial and environmental problems

answer

problems (interpersonal stressors and neg. life events) may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (expected outcome) of psych. disorders

question

global assessment of functioning

answer

individual's overall level of functioning in social, occupational, and leisure activities

question

critiques of DSM

answer

casting too wide a net and overdiagnosing. potential cultural bias. problems of labels

question

anxiety disorder

answer

overwhelming apprehension and fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system arousal

question

generalized anxiety disorder

answer

persistent, uncontrollable, and free-floating nonspecified anxiety. unable to identify and articulate the specific fear. - may develop headaches, heart palpitations, dizziness, and insomnia. chronic, excessive fear and worry

question

panic disorder

answer

recurrent episodes of intense anxiety, dizziness, and difficulty breathing with no apparent cause. sudden and inexplicable panic attacks. feelings of impending doom

question

agoraphobia

answer

fear of avoidance of embarrassing or inescapable situations, especially large, open or public spaces. crowded, enclosed, wide-open places where they would be unable to receive help in an emergency

question

specific phobias

answer

fear of a specific object or situation

question

social phobias

answer

fear of embarrassment in social situations - public speaking, eating in public

question

OCD

answer

persistent, anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or irresistible rituals that will not go away- repeatedly checking locks. performing repetitive behaviors to relieve the anxiety. fear of germs, being hurt or hurting others, troubling religious or sexual thoughts. repeatedly checking, counting, cleaning, washing the body or parts of it, putting things in a certain order

question

posttraumatic stress disorder

answer

flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning following exposure to a life threatening or horrific event

question

psychological contributions to anxiety disorders

answer

faulty cognitions and maladaptive laerning

question

faulty cognitions (anxiety disorders)

answer

have certain thinking, habits that make them vulnerable or prone to fear. constantly scan environment for signs of danger and ignore signs of safety. magnify ordinary threats and failures. excessively concerned about others' evaluation, hypersensitive to criticism and obsessively worry about potential mistakes

question

maladaptive learning (anxiety disorders)

answer

result from social learning. neutral stimulus becomes paired with a frightening event so that it becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits anxiety. result of modeling and imitation

question

biological factors to anxiety disorders

answer

phobias may develop from genetic and evolutionary predisposition to fear of that which was dangerous to our ancestors. disorders may be due to disrupted biochemistry or unusual brain activity. genetically predisposed toward an overreaction of ANS. stress and arousal also play role in caffeine or nicotine

question

sociocultural factors

answer

increased mobility, decreased job security and family support may contribute to anxiety as years pass by. cultures different.

question

mood disorder

answer

extreme disturbances in emotional states

question

major depressive disorder

answer

long-lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life. no trigger or precipitating event. trouble sleeping, lose/gain weight

question

bipolar disorder

answer

repeated episodes of mania (unreasonable elation, often with hyperactivity) alternating with depression.

question

unipolar

answer

depressive episode eventually ends and people return to normal emotional level

question

rebound of bipolar disorder

answer

mania

question

mania

answer

person is overly excited, extremely active, easily distracted. unrealistically high self-esteem and inflated sense of importance. make elaborate plans for becoming rich and famous. hyperactive and may not sleep. rapid speech. poor judgment

question

biological factors

answer

significant role in major depression and bipolar disorder. decreased over functioning in frontal lobe. imbalance of several neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. neurotransmitters arouse or energy control of other functions such as sleep and hunger. many times inherited

question

lithium

answer

reduces or prevents manic episodes by prevent norepinphrine and serotonin-sensitive neurons from being overstimulated

question

learned helplessness

answer

seligman's term for a state of helplessness or resignation in which human or nonhuman animals learn that escape from something painful is impossible, and depression results

question

person's attribution to learned helplessness

answer

internal (own weakness) stable (this weakness is long standing and unchanging) and global (this weakness is a problem in lots of settings)

question

schizophrenia

answer

group of severe disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior

question

5 areas of disturbance of schizophrenia

answer

perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior

question

perception (schiz)

answer

enhanced or blunted. filtering and selection processes that allow most people to concentrate on whatever they choose are impaired. sensory stimulation is jumbled and distorted

question

hallucinations

answer

false, imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli

question

language and thought (schiz)

answer

logic is impaired and thoughts are disorganized and bizarre, jumping from topic to topic. sever - phrases and words are jumbled together. mistaken beliefs based on misrepresentations of reality. believe others are stalking them or trying to kill them. some think they are jesus - someone very important. unrelated events are given special significance

question

delusions

answer

mistaken beliefs based on misrepresentations of reality

question

emotion (schiz)

answer

exaggerated and fluctuate rapidly in inappropriate ways. may become blunted or decreased in intensity

question

flattened affect

answer

almost no emotional response of any kind

question

behavior

answer

social withdrawal, unusual actions that have special meaning. shake head rhythmically from side to side to try to shake excess thoughts out of his head

question

cataleptic

answer

assume an uncomfortable, nearly immobile stance for extended period

question

2 groups of symptoms for schizophrenia

answer

positive symptoms: additions to or exaggerations of normal thought processes and behaviors such as delusions and hallucinations - better prognosis for recovery. negative symptoms: loss or absence of normal thought processes and behaviors. impaired attention, limited/toneless speech, flat or blunted affect and social withdrawal

question

biological factors that influence schizophrenia

answer

prenatal stress and viral infections, birth complications, immune responses, maternal malnutrition, advanced paternal age

question

subtypes of schizophrenia - paranoid

answer

delusions and hallucinations

question

subtypes of schizophrenia - catatonic

answer

motor disturbances - immobility or agitated purposeless activity and echo speech - repeating speech of others

question

subtypes of schizophrenia - disorganized

answer

incoherent speech, flat or exaggerated emotions and social withdrawal

question

subtypes of schizophrenia - undifferentiated

answer

varied symptoms that meet the criteria for schizophrenia but do not fall into any other subtypes

question

subtypes of schizophrenia - residual

answer

no longer meets the full criteria for schizophrenia but still shows some symptoms

question

3 biological factors towards schizophrenia

answer

genetics, neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities

question

genetics (schizophrenia factor)

answer

risk for schizophrenia increases with genetic similarity. people who share more genes with a person who has schizophrenia are most likely to develop the disorder

question

neurotransmitters (schizophrenia factor)

answer

overactivity of certain dopamine neruons in brain contribute. amphetamines increases the amount of dopamine and can produce some symptoms of schiz. drugs that reduce dopamine activity in brain reduce or eliminate symptoms of schiz

question

dopamine hypothesis

answer

theory that overactivity of dopamine neurons may contribute to some forms of schizophrenia

question

brain abnormalities (schizophrenia factor)

answer

brain function and structure. larger cerebral ventricles. lover level of activity in frontal and temporal lobes - language and attention and memory

question

psychosocial theories - schizophrenia

answer

communication disorders in family members may be a predisposing factor. unintelligible speech, fragmented communication, parents' frequently sending severely contradictory messages to children

question

diathesis-stress model

answer

suggests that people inherit a predisposition that increases their risk for mental disorders if exposed to certain extremely stressful life experiences

question

critics of theories of causes of schizophrenia

answer

dopamine hypothesis and brain damage theory argue that they fit only some cases of schizophrenia. with both theories, difficult to determine cause and effect

question

substance-related disorders

answer

abuse of, or dependence on, a mood or behavior altering drug

question

substance abuse

answer

when alcohol or other drug interferes with person's social or occupational functioning

question

substance dependence

answer

also causes physical reactions, including tolerance (requiring more drug to get desired effect) and withdrawal (negative physical effects when drug is removed)

question

comorbidity

answer

co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in same person at the same time as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism

question

dissociative disorder

answer

amnesia, fugue, or multiple personalities resulting from a splitting apart of experience from memory of consciousness. dissociate from core of their personality by failing to recall or identify past experience. wandering off, losing sense of reality, developing completely different personalities -> avoiding anxiety and stress that threatens them

question

dissociative identity disorder

answer

presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times; previously known as multiple personality disorder - each personality has unique memories, behaviors and social relationships - transition from personality to another triggered by stress. alternate personalities may be very different from original person

question

personality disorder

answer

inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning

question

antisocial personality disorder

answer

extreme disregard for and violation of the rights of others; guiltless, exploitive, irresponsible, intrusive, and self-indulgent and violation of the rights. feel little personal distress. bring harm and suffering to others. impulsively without giving thought to consequences. great manipulator. change jobs and relationships suddenly. charming and persuasive. neglectful/abusive parenting styles and inappropriate modeling come from homes by emotional deprivation, harsh and inconsistent disciplinary practices

question

four hallmarks of antisocial personality disorder

answer

egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, and superficial charm

question

borderline personality disorder

answer

severe instability in emotion and self concept along with impulsive and self destructive behavior. instability in emotion and self concept. impulsive and self destructive behavior. see things in black and white - love or hate. feelings of depression, emptiness, intense fear of abandonment, engage in destructive behaviors- promiscuity, drinking, gambling, eating sprees and attempt suicide. typically involves childhood history of neglect emotional deprivation physical, sexual or emotional abuse. run in families- impairment of brain's frontal lobe

question

why women are more depressed

answer

severe depression is higher for women - hormones, genetic, greater poverty, work life conflicts, unhappy marriages, sexual/physical abuse

question

cultural-general symptoms

answer

useful in diagnosing disorders across cultures

question

culture-bound symptoms

answer

people learn to express their problems in ways that are acceptable to others in the same culture

question

insight therapies

answer

variety of therapies seeking to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness into underlying motives and improvement in thoughts, feelings/ behaviors

question

behavior therapies

answer

classical conditioning - systematic desensitization, aversion therapy. operant conditioning - shaping, reinforcement, punishment, extinction. observational learning - modeling

question

biomedical therapies

answer

psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery

question

psychotherapy

answer

techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life

question

psychoanalysis

answer

freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness; also freud's theoretical school of thought

question

free association

answer

in psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents - freud believed first thing to come to patient's mind to be important clue of person's unconscious

question

dream analysis

answer

in psychoanalysis, interpreting the underlying true meaning of dreams to reveal unconscious processes

question

resistance

answer

in psychoanalysis, the person's inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences. - changing subject, not talking/missing appointments

question

transference

answer

in psychoanalysis, the patient may displace unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist. help patient relive painful past relationships in a safe therapeutic setting

question

interpretation

answer

a psychoanalyst's explanation of a patient's free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference; more generally, any statement by a therapist that presents a patient's problem in a new way

question

2 main criticisms of psychoanalysis

answer

limited applicability- suit only a select group of highly motivated, articulate patients with less severe disorders - times consuming and expensive - doesn't work well with severe mental disorders - based on verbalization and rationality lack of scientific credibility-how do you know goal of bringing unconscious to conscious is accomplished?

question

psychodynamic therapy

answer

a briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis focusing more on conscious processes and current problems. face to face and therapist takes more directive approach. less on unconscious and more on present current problems

question

cognitive therapy

answer

therapy that treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and beliefs. fail to match reality

question

self-talk

answer

internal dialogue, the things people say to themselves when they interpret events

question

cognitive restructuring

answer

process in cognitive therapy to change destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations. allows to challenge their thoughts and change how they interpret events and modify behaviors

question

cognitive-behavior therapy

answer

combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy

question

rational-emotive behavior therapy

answer

ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through rational examination of irrational beliefs. challenging and changing irrational beliefs

question

REBT

answer

ABCD approach A for activating event B for person's belief system, C the emotional and behavioral consequences and D disputing erroneous beliefs

question

activating event

answer

individual is blocked from desired goal

question

irrational beliefs

answer

individual interprets the frustration in an irrational, erroneous manner

question

emotional consequences

answer

individual experiences negative feelings, which reinforce the original irrational beliefs

question

disputing irrational beliefs

answer

individual challenges irrational beliefs, which changes negative emotions

question

beck's 4 distorted thinking patterns

answer

selective perception, ovegeneralization, magnification, all-or-nothing thinking

question

selective perception

answer

focusing selectively on negative events while ignoring positive - only person alone at a party

question

overgeneralization

answer

overgeneralizing and drawing negative conclusions about one's self worth - worth bc i failed that exam

question

magnification

answer

exaggerating the importance of undesirable events or personal shortcomings and seeing them as catastrophic and unchangeable - she left me and ill never find someone like her again

question

all-or nothing thinking

answer

seeing things in black or white categories - good or bad, right or wrong, success or a failure - if i dont get straight a's ill never get a job

question

criticisms of cognitive therapy

answer

ignoring and denying client's unconscious dynamics, overemphasizing rationalist, and minimizing the importance of client's past

question

cognitive therapy

answer

taught to recognize and keep track of their thoughts. trains client to develop ways to test automatic thoughts against reality. find one instance of things not being true to refute belief. persuade client to actively pursue pleasurable activities

question

humanistic therapy

answer

therapy that focuses on removing obstacles that block personal growth and potential

question

client-centered therapy

answer

roger's therapy emphasizing the client's natural tendence to become healthy and productive; techniques include empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening. calling them clients instead of patients gave them the power

question

empathy

answer

in rogerian terms, an insightful awareness and ability to share another's inner experience. pay attention to body language and listen for subtle cues

question

unconditional positive regard

answer

rogers's term for love and acceptance with no contingencies attached

question

genuineness

answer

in rogerian terms, authenticity or congruence; the awareness of one's true inner thoughts and feelings and being able to share them honestly with others

question

active listening

answer

listening with total attention to what another is saying; involves reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the person says and means. reflect hold mirror in front of person. praphrase - summarize in different words. clarify - check that both are on same page

question

criticisms of humanistic therapy

answer

self actualization and self awareness are difficult to test scientifically. relies on client self repots. empathy and active listening have had mixed results

question

group therapy

answer

a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals

question

self-help group

answer

leaderless or nonprofessionally guided groups in which members assist each other with a specific problem, as in alcoholics anonymous

question

group and self-help therapy advantages 4

answer

less expense - 8 or more people. group support - others having same problem can be reassuring and seeing others improve can be source of hope. insight and info- learn from each other's mistakes and share insight hearing from members of group can be more convincing that therapist. behavior rehearsal-can role play one another's spouse, parents, child

question

family and marital therapies

answer

can help family members modify their behavior toward patient

question

behavior therapy

answer

group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors. focuses on problem behavior itself rather than underlying causes. use principles of classical conditioning to decrease mladaptive behavior by creating new stimulus associations and behavioral responses to replace faulty ones

question

systematic desensitization

answer

relaxation training, imagining, experiencing various versions of a feared object or situation while remaining deeply relaxed. gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear by working through a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli while staying relaxed

question

aversion therapy

answer

pairing an aversion (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior. use classical conditioning to create anxiety rather than extinguish it. provide negative associations to compete with pleasurable ones - antabuse - stop drinking - vomit

question

operant conditioning - behavior therapy

answer

reinforcement and shaping - rewards - language development in children with autism - social skills - role playing giving feedback and reinfocement

question

observational learning - behavior therapy

answer

clients asked to observe and imitate appropriate models as they perform desired behaviors

question

modeling therapy

answer

watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors

question

successes and criticisms of behavior therapies

answer

generalizability - in real world, patients are not consistently reinforced and newly acquired behaviors may disappear - must shape clients toward rewards that are typical of life outside the clinical setting. ethics- can be unethical for one person to control another's behavior - rewards and punishments already control our behaviors and increase person's freedom by making these controls overt - teaching people to change own behavior. overall has been effective with phobias, OCD, etc

question

biomedical therapy

answer

using biological interventions (drugs, therapy, psychosurgery) to treat psychological disorders

question

psychopharmacology

answer

the study of drug effects on brain and behavior. to relieve or suppress symptoms

question

electroconvulsive therapy

answer

biomedical therapy based on passing electrical current through brain - using almost exclusively to treat serious depression when drug therapy fails

question

psychosurgery

answer

surgical alteration of the brain to brain about desirable behavioral, cognitive, emotional changes, generally used when patients have not responded to other forms of treatment

question

antianxiety drug

answer

medications used to produce relaxation, reduce anxiety and decrease overarousal in brain

question

antipsychotic drugs

answer

medications used to diminish or eliminate hallucinations, delusions, withdrawal, and other symptoms of psychosis; also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers

question

mood stabilizer drugs

answer

medications used to treat the combination of manic episodes and depression characteristic of bipolar disorders

question

antidepressant drugs

answer

medications used to treat depression, some anxiety disorders and certain eating disorders

question

lobotomy

answer

outmoded medical procedure for mental disorders which involved cutting nerve pathways between frontal lobes and thalamus and hypothalamus

question

tardive dyskinesia

answer

movement disorder involving facial muscles, tongue and limbs; a possible side effect of long term use of antipsychotic medications

question

pitfalls of psychopharmcology

answer

barely provides cures, many stop taking medications once they feel better - return of symptoms, become dependent on drugs, long term effects, side effects, inexpensiveness and faster results - not good

question

challenges to ect and psychosurgery

answer

marked improvement in depression. psychosurgery and ect- potential serious or fatal side effects - should be banned

question

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

answer

biomedical treatment involving repeated pulses of magnetic energy being passed through the brain

question

5 common goals of therapy

answer

attempts to change: disturbed thought, disturbed emotions, disturbed behaviors, interpersonal and life situation difficulties, biomedical disturbances

question

disturbed thoughts

answer

therapists work to change faulty or destructive thoughts, provide new ideas or info, and guide individuals toward finding solutions to problems

question

disturbed emotions

answer

therapists help clients understand and control their emotions and relieve their emotional discomfort

question

disturbed behaviors

answer

help clients eliminate troublesome behaviors and guide them toward more effective living

question

interpersonal and life situation difficulties

answer

therapists help clients improve their relationships with others and avoid or minimize sources of stress in their lives

question

biomedical disturbances

answer

therapists work to relieve biological disruptions that directly cause or contribute to psychological difficulties

question

eclectic approach

answer

combining techniques from various theories to find the most appt. treatment

question

people can be sent to psychiatric hospitals if they are believed to be

answer

of danger to themselves or others, in serious needs of treatment or there is no reasonable, less restrictive alternative

question

deinstitutionalization

answer

patients are discharged w/o continuing provision for their protection - not ready to leave

Psychological Disorders + Therapy Ch 14 + 15 – Flashcards

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