Abnormal Psychology CH 9 – Flashcards
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10th most common cause of death in US
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suicide
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how many people die of suicide each year
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1 million 38,000 in US
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how many people attempt suicide each year
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25 million 1 million in US alone
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unsuccessful attempts to kill oneself
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parasuicides
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T or F suicide is not an official diagnosis in DSM 5
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True
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an intentioned death, a self-inflicted death in which 1 makes an intentional , direct , and conscious effort to end one's life
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suicide
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clearly intend to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide this singleness of purpose may last only a short time but can change to confusion the very next hour or day, and then return again
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death seekers
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clearly intend to end their lives but act out of a belief that the process of death is already under way and that they are simply hastening the process; some suspect they will die in a matter of days or weeks
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death initiators
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do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of existence; believe they are trading present lives for a better or happier existence many child suicides
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death ignorers
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experience mixed feelings about their intent to die even at the moment of their attempt and show this ambivalence in the act itself; some do die - but their risk taking behavior does not guarantee death
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death darers
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when people play indirect, covert, partial, or unconscious roles in their own deaths thay are in this suicide category
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subintentional deaths
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some examples of subintentional deaths
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drug, alcohol, or tobacco use promiscuous sexual behavior recurrent physical fighting medication mismanagement self injury or self mutilation
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cutting or burning oneself or banging one's head
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self-injury or self mutilation
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Nonsuicidal self injury is a DSM 5 diagnosis. T or F
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False - has been recommended to be studied as a possible addition
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how does self injury behavior increase
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it appears that the pain from the injury brings some type of emotional relief; the behavior serves as a temporary distraction from problems; scars document the distress may help a person deal with chronic feelings of emptiness, boredom, and identity confusion
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2 research methods used to study suicide
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retrospective analysis and studying people who survive their suicide attempts
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kind of psychological autopsy in which clinicians and researchers piece together data from the suicide victim's past
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retrospective analysis
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about what percentage of suicide victims have never been in psychotehrapy
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half
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what percentage of suicide victims leave notes
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less than 1/3
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__________ nonfatal suicide attempts for every fatal suicide
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12
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in what ways may people who survive suicide attempts differ from those who do not
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many of them may have not really wanted to die
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what countries have very high suicide rates - more than 20 suicides per 100,000 people
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South Korea Russia Hungary Germany Austria Finland Denmark China Japan
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what countries have very low suicide rates - 5 per 100,000 people
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Egypt Mexico Greece Spain
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Canada and US have how many suicides per 100,000
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12.1
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what may account for the differences in the #s of suicides
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Countries that are largely Catholic, Jewish or Muslim tend to have low rates. Devoutness is more impt than the affiliation. (Austria, Roman Catholic, is an exception.)
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describe suicde patterns for men and women
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3 x as many women attempt suicide but men succeed at 4 X the rate of women
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what type of methods do men tend to use
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more violent guns used 56% of times shooting, stabbing, hanging
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women tend to use what type of method
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overdosing guns used 31% of times less violent
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social relationships and suicide
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those who commit suicide tend to have no close personal friends even less had close relationships with parents and other family members divorced have higher rate than married
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race and suicide rates
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rate of white Americans is more than twice as high as that of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans very high suicide rate of American Indians - at least 20% higher than whites
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why might suicide rates actually be higher
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methods used can be mistaken for causes of accidental deaths such as poisoning, drug overdose, single car crashes, pedestrian accidents
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common triggering factors of suicide
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stressful events mood and thought changes alcohol and other drug use mental disorders modeling
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1 stressor consistently linked to suicide
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combat stress
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common forms of immediate stress seen in suicide
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loss of a loved one through death, divorce, or rejection loss of a job significant financial loss natural disasters
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long term stressors linked to suicide
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social isolation serious illness abusive environment occupational stress
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careers with particularly high rates of suicide
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psychiatrists psychologists physicians nurses dentists lawyers police officers farmers unskilled laborers
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changes in mood that often precede suicide
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most common is sadness anxiety tension frustration anger shame
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a feeling of psychological pain that seems intolerable to the person
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psychache
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suicidal people often develop a feeling of
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hopelessness 11 X more likely to commit suicide over 13 year follow up period
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a pessimistic belief that their present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change
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hopelessness
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some clinicians believe the single most indicator of suicide is
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hopelessness
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viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms which can lead to suicide
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dichotomous thinking
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what percent of people who commit suicide drink alcohol just before they do
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70
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what percent of all suicide attempters had been experiencing severe depression
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70
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research indicate that when people with schizophrenia kill themselves it more often reflects ___________________________ than voices telling them to do so
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demoralization or fears of further mental deterioration
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leading cause of death among people with schiizophrenia
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suicide
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common predictors of suicide
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depressive disorder or oterh mental disorders alcoholism suicidal ideation prior suicide attempts lethal methods social withdrawal, isolation hopelessness impulsivity and risk taking behavior being an older white American male modeling, suicide in family, genetics economic or work problems; certain occupations marital problems dramatic changes inmood anxiety stress and stressful events anger, aggression, irritability psychosis physical illness sleep problems
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t or f a recent suicide by a family member or friends increases odds that a person ill commit suicide.
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true
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Suicides by celebrities does not impact suicide across nation. T or F
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true increases # of suicides across nation
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these theorists believe that suicide results from depression and from anger at others that is redirected toward oneself; 1st stated by Wilhem Stekel in 1910 who said "no one kills himself who has noted to kill another"
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psychodynamic view
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t or f researchers have found a connection between childhood losses and later suicidal behaviors
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true
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Frued referred to the death instinct that he said opposes life instinct as
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thanatos
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Freud believed most learn to redirect their death instinct by aiming it toward
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others
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national suicide rates have been found to increae during times of war. t or f
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false - they actually decrease bc people are encouraged to redirect their self destructive energy against the enemy
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by the end of Frued's career even he expressed dissatisfaction to his theory of suicide. t or f
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true
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a sociologist who developed a broad theory of suicidal behavior and said the probability of suicide is determined by how attached a person is to such social groups as the family, religious institutions, and community
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Emile Durkheim
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several categories of suicide according to Durkheim include
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egoistic altruistic anomic
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committed by people over whom society has little or no control; tehse people are not concerned with norms or rules of society or integrated into the social fabric; more likely in people who are isolated and nonreligious
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egoistic
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committed by people who are so well integrated into social structure that they intentionally sacrifice their lives for its well being; ex. soldiers who threw themselves on tops of grenades to save others
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altruistic suicide
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committed by people whose social environment fails to provide stable structures such as family and religion, to support and give meaning to life; leave people without a sense of belonging
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anomic suicide
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when societies go through periods of _____________ according to Durkeim suicide rates increase
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anomie
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t or f people who suddenly inherit or acquire a great deal of money may be at risk for suicide.
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true - this creates a period of animie bc they now have new roles
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what types of studies support a genetical tendency to suicide
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twin studies where 1 identical twin had committed, 21% of tehri twins also had
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what is often found to be low in people who commit suicide
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serotonin or to have fewer receptor sites that receive serotonin
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low serotonin correlates with what type of behaviro
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aggressive and impulsive
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impact of age on suicide
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steadily increases with age up through middle age, then decreases during early stages of old age, and begins increasing again at 85
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what portion of children try to harm themselves
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1 out of 100
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percent of teens that commit suicide
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7 of every 100,000 4% of teens make suicide attempts 12% have persistent thoughts of suicide
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factors that increase suicide rate
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depression at least 1/2of teen suicides great stress anger impulsiveness period of rapid growth often marked by conflicts, depressed feelings, tensions,a nd difficulties at home and school
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ration of suicide attempts to completions in teens
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25 to 1 to as high as 200 to 1
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why might teen suicide attempts compared to completions be so high in teens
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some may not wish to die but to communicate to thers just how bad things are
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what percent of teens die to suicide
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14
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why are suicide attempts so high amongst teens
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increased competition for jobs, college positions, and academic and athletic honors weakening ties in family easy availability of drug and alcohol mass media of suicide coverage
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white American teens are more prone to suicide. t or f
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true but rates are becoming closer
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highest teensage suicide rate of all
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American Indians
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extreme suicide rates which cause teens who live in these communities to be unusually likely to be exposed to suicide, to have their lives disrupted, to observe suicidal models, and to be at risk for suicide contagion
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cluster suicides common on American Indian reservations
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2 major categories of treatment for suicide
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treatment after suicide has been attempted suicide prevention
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in ancient Greece citizens with a grave illness or mental anguish could obtain official permission from the Senate to
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take their own lives
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most Western cultures have traditionally discouraged suicide, based on their belief of
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sanctity of life
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also called mercy killing, is the practice of killing someone who is terminally sick or badly injured to stop the suffering
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euthanasia
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particular form of euthanasia, in which a physician helps a pt end his or her own life in response to the pt's request
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physician assisted suicide
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where is physician assisted suicide legal in US
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Oregon, 1997
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how many people are admitted to hospital each year for injuries for efforts to harm themselves
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1/2 million
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what percent of teenagers reported not receiving help after trying to kill themselves `
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1/3
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avg number of therapy sessions for teen after attempting suicide
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8, 18% terminate against advice of therapists
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goals of therapy for indiv who have attempted suicide
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keep indiv alive reduce psychological pain help them achieve a nonsuicidal state of mind provide them with hope guide them to better ways of handling stress
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types of therapies for treating clients who have attempted suicide
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drug psychodynamic cognitive-behavioral group family
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efficacy of therapy for clients who have attempted suicide
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30% of suicide attempters who do not receive treatment try again as opposed to 16% of pts in treatment
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what type of therapy may be particularly helpful for suicidal people and why
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cognitive-behavioral it focuses largely on painful thought, sense of hopelessness, dichotomous thinking, poor coping skills, weak problem solving abilities that characterize suicidal people
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process of guiding clients to become acutely aware of painful thoughts and feelings that stream through their minds and to accept many such thoughts and feelings rather than try to eliminate them
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mindful-based cognitive therapy (part of Beck's cognitive therapy)
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goal of mindful-based cognitive therapy
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increase client's tolerance of psychological distress
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what other strategies may a cognitive-behavioral therapist use with suicidal client
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therapy exercises homework assignments and others to teach clients better coping and problem solving skills
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when was the first suicide prevention prgm found in US
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LA in 1955
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24 hours a day telephone services where callers reach a counselor, typically a paraprofessional - person trained in counseling without a formal degree who provides services under supervision of a mental health professional,
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suicide hotlines
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a person under great stress, unable to cope, feeling threatened or hurt and interpreting their situations as unchangeable
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individuals in crisis
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help to suicidal people to see their situations more accurately, make better decisions, act more constructively, and overcome their crises
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crisis intervention
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nationwide around the clock hotline available for LGBTQ teenagers
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Trevor Lifeline
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Advtgs to crisis texting
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most people under 20 are very comfortable texting the person does not need to wait until he or she is alone to communicate with a counselor; if being abused could be in the same room with the abuser and still communicate with counselor person out in public does not need to wait to be alone to seek help counselor can hand over session to another expert without interruption like in a phone call person in crisis can go back and reread the texts during difficult momentsin the future and revisit the advice and coping mechanisms provide inight to research and possible treatment insights
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offering text counseling since fall of 2013 in partnership with a number of hotlines acoss US; in first 1/2 of 1st year exchanged a million texts with 19,000 teens with only minimal advertising
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Crisis Text Line
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Typical chat rooms and forums are prepared to deal with suicidal people, involve professionals, and monitor and keep out malevolent users. T or F
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false - most are not prepared and do not have professionals or paraprofessionals
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Tasks of a counselor during initial contact at Suicide Prevention Center
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Establish positive relationship Understand and clarify the problem Assess suicide potential assess and mobilize caller's resources formulate a plan
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used to estimate caller's or client's potential for suicide
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lethality scale
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a promise not to attempt suicide or at least a promise to reestablish contact if the caller again considers suicide
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no suicide contract
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Do suicide prevention centers reduce the # of suicides in a community
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clinical researchers do not know; studies before and after a center opens has yielded different data
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do suicidal people contact prevention centers
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only a small percentage do
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typical caller to an urban prevention center
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young, African American, female
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t or f Prevention programs do seem to reduce the # of suicides among these high-risk people who do call.
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True
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most of these programs take place in schools and concentrate on students and their teachers as a form of prevention
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suicide education programs
