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Gilded Age

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This is the name that Mark Twain (aka Samuel Clemens) gave to the late 1800s and early 1900s because it appeared to be covered in gold from the outside, but worthless and tarnished if you dug beneath the surface.

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Railroad Price Gouging Farmers

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Because this transportation industry had a monopoly, it could charge whatever prices it wished, hurting the working class the most

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Munn v. Illinois 1877

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This Supreme Court Case said that states had the authority to regulate railroad prices within their borders; it is a landmark case and seen as the start of government intervention in the private sector (business)

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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This was five member board that was created by Congress to monitor railroad prices so that railroad owners were treating charging the same prices for everyone and not price gouging farmers

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Crop price drops

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This hurt farmers and occurred because industrial machines, more farmland available, and more farmers created massive increases in the amount of food grown in the US.

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farmer's fixed loans

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Farmers had to borrow money from banks to buy farming necessities like land, tools, and seed; farmers were required to pay the banks back at predetermined rates and for a set number of years.

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demand for "Free Silver"

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This occurred as many farmers wanted more money in circulation so that there would be inflation because of the increase in the money supply, this would make farmers fixed-rate mortgages easier to pay back to banks.

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Advocates of gold standard

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Banks, Wall Street, and other financial and Industrial institutions advocated for this sort of currency because it kept cash in high demand and limited and therefore "expensive," which benefit those who give out loans.

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Western support of "free silver"

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This region supported silver as a currency because they were farmers and miners who would benefit

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Silver as class-divisive

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The working class advocated for a silver currency standard to make it easier to pay off their loans while the rich advocated for a gold standard to keep the price of money high, which would benefit them

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Grange Movement

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This occurred during the late 1800s as farmers banded together to have a louder voice during Industrial Development in the US.

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Granger Cooperatives

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These were associations of farmers that banned together and pooled money and resources to buy expensive farming machines, seed, land, etc.

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Peoples Party

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This was the political party of the Populist Movement

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Populist Movement

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This was a major movement of farmers in the late 1800s that pulled together most of working-class America who felt as if they were being abused by the changes that were occurring due to the Industrial Revolution; it would die off by the early 1900s, but be reborn with the Progressive Movement of the early 1900s

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Populist Desires

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More power to the people at the state level, such as referendums, recall elections, and the direct election of Senators, they wanted the regulation of railroad prices, cheap loans from the federal government, and the usage of silver as a currency to cause inflation.

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Panic of 1893 and push for free silver

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This economic depression occurred because the US based its paper money off of how much gold the federal government had locked in reserves, when people cashed in their paper notes for gold, there was a major shortage of money available and people advocated that the US base its currency off of silver instead of gold, because silver is more abundant.

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Eugene V. Debs

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This was the candidate for the Socialist Party that sought to push the government to own major industry like railroads and telegraph lines so that rich industrialists could not abuse the poor

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William Jennings Bryan

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This man ran for president many times for several different political parties, he was seen as the main proponent of the Populist Movement

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Golden Cross Speech

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"You shall not push down this crown of thorns upon the brow of labor, you shall not nail us to this gold cross."

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Civil Service Reform

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Changes in hiring and promoting bureaucrats (people who work for the government)

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Pendleton Act

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This law changed the way that federal government employees would be hired; now job-seekers would have to take a civil service test and high marks earned jobs, low ones did not, it also created the Civil Service Commission

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Civil Service Commission

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This is the agency that was created to enforce the Pendleton Act

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Interstate Commerce Act

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This law gave the power of the federal government to monitor railroads to ensure they were charging fair prices to people

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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This is the five-member board that supervised the execution of the Interstate Commerce Act

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Munn v. Illinois

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This Supreme Court decision gave states the authority to regulate railroad prices in their state

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Political Realignment of Republican Party

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This occurred at the end of the 1800s when the Republican Party began to be associated with Conservatisms and being pro big business and against government regulation of Industry

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Political Realignment of Democratic Party

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This occurred at the end of the 1800s when the Democratic Party began to be associated with farmers, the working class, and making progressive reforms, like regulating business and provided social welfare services

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Populists and Progressives

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Characterized by progress and change and the regulation of business with government interventions

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Muckrakers

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Newspaper journalists who exposed the atrocities of city life and industrialization

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History of Standard Oil

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A book written to expose the illegal and dishonest practices that created Standard Oil

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The Jungle

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Book written to expose the contamination and filth of the meatpacking industry, it caused government reform of food processing in America

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Robert LaFollette

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Governor of Wisconsin that instilled many changes in his state to give voters more rights, it was an increase in democracy at the state level!

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Ballot Initiative

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This allows voters to propose laws to their state legislatures to vote on

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Referendums

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This allows state legislators to allow voters to approve or disapprove of laws with a popular statewide vote

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Recall Elections

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This allows voters to fire elected officials and vote in new ones

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T. Roosevelt rise to presidency

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This occurred because William McKinley was assassinated by a disgruntled government job seeker

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Trust Buster

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Nickname given to Teddy Roosevelt for dismantling harmful monopolies in the US

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National Parks

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Nature preserves created by the Federal Government to protect land from investment, mining, logging, and commercial enterprise

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Taft and the 16th and 17th Amendments

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President who passed two Progressive Era Amendments, one to create a federal income tax, one to force states to allow the people to vote for Senators instead of having state legislatures choose them

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New Nationalism

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Roosevelt's belief that the Federal Government's role was to protect human rights, even at the expense of property rights.

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New Freedom

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Woodrow Wilson's philosophy that the Federal Government needed to revise anti-trust legislation, business regulation, banking regulations, and tighter control on monetary policies.

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Government Interventions

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This is government intervention, or regulation with laws, of privately owned businesses.

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Federal Trade Commission

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Created to regulate and stop unfair business practices, part of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act.

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Clayton Antitrust Act

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Laws and agencies created to regulate business, break up monopolies, and ensure fair trade.

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Federal Reserve System

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Created to regulate the money supply, interest rates, and other financial institutions in the US.

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Women's Suffrage Bill

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This was introduced in Congress for over 20 years every, but never passed until the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

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Susan B. Anthony

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She, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the most prominent women's suffragists in the US during the Progressive Era

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American Suffrage Association

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This was a group that tried to gain support in Congress and in society so that women could vote and have more rights

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Margaret Sanger

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She was a very forceful women's rights advocate who was highly criticized for advocating that women should be allowed to use birth control and that state governments should not be able to make birth control illegal

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Feminist Movement

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Social movement to give women more rights and independence

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19th Amendment

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This is part of the Constitution and ensures that all states allow women the right to vote

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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This man was a prominent black rights' leader and co-founded the NAACP, he was the first black man to receive a Ph.d from harvard and believed in immediate equal rights for black Americans. He Opposed Booker T. Washington's "moderate" approach for gradual rights.

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NAACP

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; it was created to advocate for black rights and fight for them in the American legislative and judicial systems

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Booker T. Washington

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This man was a prominent black rights' leader who believed that blacks should have equal rights, but understood that it would be a slow, incremental process, not an immediate one. He advocated that black Americans accept their position given to them by whites and slowly work for more rights through economic gains.

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Tuskegee Institute

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This university was founded by Booker T. Washington in his attempt to advocate for black rights

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Accommodationist

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This is the term that W.E.B. Du Bois ascribed to those who wished to appease white Americans in black Americans' struggle for rights; Du Bois rejected this philosophy.

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Atlanta Exposition

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This speech was given by Booker T. Washington in which he state that the black community should submit to white racism and disenfranchisement in return for jobs and education

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Atlanta Compromise

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This was a pejorative (derogatory) terms coined W.E.B. Du Bois to describe his hatred of the Atlanta Exposition where Booker T. Washing told blacks to submit to white racism in return for jobs and education

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Start of the Great Migration

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This began in about 1910 and was when 2 million black Americans moved out of the South in into the Midwest, Northeast, and the West seeking to free themselves of white racist oppression.

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Corporation

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A group of investors who pool their resources and own a business collectively, often times selling stocks and bonds to the public to raise money for the business.

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Stock

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a share of a company that an individual investor can buy, when the company does well, the value of the company increases it benefits shareholders, when the company does poorly, the company is worth less and the shareholder is negatively impacted

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Bond

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essentially, this is a loan that a person or financial institution gives to a corporation and in exchange, the corporation promises the investment back, plus interest.

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Scale of Economy

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The more of something you produce, the cheaper it is per-unit to produce that good.

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Holding Company

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A corporation that attempts to buy a controlling amount of stock in many companies that harvest raw materials, transport goods, and create finished products in an attempt of the corporation to control the production of a product from start to finish

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Vertical Integration

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A legal business maneuver where a person or corporation attempts to control production of a good from raw material to finished product.

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Horizontal Integration

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An illegal business maneuver when a corporation attempts to completely control the distribution of a product, that corporation attempts to be the only corporation that sells that one item, it is a monopoly!

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Boom and Bust Cycles

answer

This occurred as the American economy relied almost completely on the success of a relatively few number of HUGE corporations; when these corporations did well, people had money, when they performed poorly, the entire American economy suffered.

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Coal

answer

Cheap source of energy to boil water to make electricity.

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Control-able Work force

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Women, Children and the newest, poorest, most in-need-of-work immigrant laborers

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Projecting Profits for the future

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Because corporations had nearly every aspect of a market consolidated, they could predict costs, expenditures, losses, and financial gains before they even happened, thus allowing them to entice investors (either honestly or dishonestly) to invest in their corporations!

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Light bulb increases production

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This allowed the 24 hour production of goods in factories

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Extreme Working Hours

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Extremely long because Industrialists were trying to make humans as efficient and productive as machines

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Subsistence income

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Wages so low that a person was below the poverty line and unable to buy basic necessities like food, decent housing, and clothing.

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Child Labor

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This was used because Industrialists needed small hands and bodies to fix and operate huge industrial machines

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Immigrant Labor

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These were the most desperate for work people in the United States and usually the pool of labor that Industrialists preferred.

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Robber Barons

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Name given to fabulously rich and powerful industrialists who used abusive labor practices, profit-driven business practices, illegal business deals

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500,000 deaths and maimings annually

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Occurred because Industrialists were concerned only with making huge profits, not with the health and safety of their laborers

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Collective Bargaining

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The idea that if laborers banded together they would have more power and influence when negotiating for workers' rights with powerful

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Railroad Strike of 1877

answer

This was broken up by President Rutherford B. Hayes with the US Army because he said it disrupted interstate trade, an area over which Congress has power, according to the Constitution

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Knights of Labor

answer

The first major national labor union that allowed both skilled and unskilled labor into the union in order to create a powerful group that could use collective bargaining to work for better working conditions for the working class

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Haymarket Square Riots

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Seen as a turning point where many in society began to suspect that unions were too radical and too violent when trying to achieve labor goals

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American Federation of Labor

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A confederation of many skilled labor unions united into one larger union; this national union excluded unskilled laborers, women, many immigrant groups, and blacks and Latinos

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Samuel Gompers

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This man organized the American Federation of Labor

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Bread and Butter Issues

answer

The focus of the American Federation of Labor, such as higher wages and better working conditions instead of political goals like socialism or other radical political ideologies

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Trusts

answer

A corporation that seeks to establish a monopoly, or complete control of the production and selling of a product

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Government Regulation

answer

Government control and influence in the private sector, i.e. ensuring safety standards, monitoring pollution, inspecting workplaces, etc.

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Jay Gould

answer

This man was seen as an evil and corrupt Robber Baron who used illegal and abusive methods to gain control over much of the US railroad system.

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John D. Rockefeller

answer

This man created standard Oil and the idea of the holding company to control many companies that produce, transport, and distribute oil

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Standard Oil

answer

A monopoly that controlled nearly the entire American oil supply

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Andrew Carnegie

answer

A Scottish immigrant who went from rags to riches; he used the Bessemer Process to mass produce steel to meet the demands for building material in Industrial America

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Robber Barons

answer

The name given to the rich and powerful Industrialists who used cut-throat and abusive business tactics to create monopolies

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Munn v. Illinois

answer

Supreme Court cases that said that the states were allowed to regulate the private sector and even set maximum prices for goods and services in some instances

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Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

answer

Legislation that attempted to give the federal government the power to break up monopolies and to regulate the private sector; it was weak and ineffective because it was not specific enough; the Supreme Court also ruled in several cases in favor of big business and allowed Robber Barons to use it to break up Labor Unions instead of its purpose, to break up monopolies!

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US v. EC Knight Company 1895

answer

Supreme Court Case that said the federal government has no power to break up a sugar monopoly because sugar is produced within the states, therefore the federal government has no constitutional authority over intra-state (within a state) commerce.

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Clayton Antitrust Act 1916

answer

This law gave the federal government real power to regulate big business and break up monopolies and fixed the flaws of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

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Interstate Commerce Act

answer

This law created a federal commission (people who monitor something) to ensure that the railroad industry was not price-gouging and used fair business practices

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Hepburn Act 1906

answer

This law gave the federal government the power to set maximum rates that the railroads could charge for people and freight, it was seen as a major victory by farmers

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New Immigrants versus Old Immigrants

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Instead of coming from Northwestern Europe and being Protestant, many Eastern and Southern Europeans, many of which were Catholic, began to come to America after the Civil War

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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This Law forbade unskilled Chinese laborers from coming to the United States, not repealed until 1943!

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Working Class

answer

The poorest members of the labor force, usually working in factories and dangerous jobs, most were the newest immigrants to the US

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Migrant Workers in Industry

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As factories hired and fired people based on demand, people wandered from job to job and city to city in search of work

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Ellis Island

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The immigration port in New York City where most European immigrants went to enter into the US

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Tenement Homes

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Slum homes that were poorly built, susceptible to fires, and dirty

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

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Groups of immigrants who live near other immigrants from the same background and language group

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New York City as Melting Pot

answer

Since most immigrants who came to the US went to this city first, it became a center of diversity, forging many ethnic groups into a unique American culture

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Homestead Act

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This law passed in 1862 gave free land to anyone who would live on it for five years, it was a major force pulling people to the US from other countries

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Social Darwinism

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The idea that only the strongest and best suited to business would survive in a market free of government interventions, this would produce the best and cheapest products for society

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Anti-regulation

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The belief that the government should not place rules and restrictions on business because it retards business

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Tax exemptions, grants, tariffs

answer

These are all government interventions that businesses liked because it is government assistance to industry

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Gospel of Wealth

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The idea that only a select few should be extremely wealthy and that they should use their wealth and power to benefit society, Andrew Carnegie was a proponent of this ideology.

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Social Gospel

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The belief based on Christianity's dogma that Jesus helped the poor in a very hands-on sort of way and so too should people in Industrial America

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Jane Addams

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A proponent of the Social Gospel who lived and worked with the poor of Chicago, trying to improve their lives

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Settlement Houses

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Centers of charity in poor neighborhoods created by proponents of the Social Gospel to relieve the plight of the poor.

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Hull House

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A settlement house started by Jane Addams in Chicago to house, feed, and educate the poor.

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Failed Homesteaders

answer

The majority of those who attempted to farm the Great Plains of America, most returned to cities for factory jobs.

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Industrial Work

answer

Dirty, dangerous, low paying factory jobs

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Immigrants

answer

Were often forced to take industrial jobs because they were desperate for income

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

answer

Formed by people of like-backgrounds in urban areas

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Increased efficiency and productivity of agriculture

answer

Fewer people were needed to produce greater amounts of food because of industrial machines, creating a greater food supply for factory workers in urban areas

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Tenement Housing

answer

Apartment buildings in poor neighborhoods that were dirty and dangerous

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disease and poverty of ethnic neighborhoods

answer

Occurred because there was no sanitation, sewage systems, and waste removal provided by municipal governments

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middle class neighborhoods

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Began to appear on the periphery of cities as those with enough money moved away from dirty and dangerous city centers

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municipal governments

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City governments, these were very weak and small and provided very few services to people living in cities

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political bosses

answer

Gained power by creating and running political machines to provide services, jobs, and police forces to people living in cities because there were no city governments providing these services

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political machines

answer

The groups of people who administered services and created jobs for poor immigrants living in cities in exchange for "donations" and political support (voting); they were essentially gangs that ran poor neighborhoods

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Boss Tweed

answer

The most notorious political boss of the Industrial Revolution Era who stole tens of millions of dollars and abused people's rights with intimidation, extortion, and fear

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Tammany Hall

answer

The political machine that ran the state of New York, highly corrupt and abusive

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Samuel J. Tilden

answer

The governor of New York who brought down Boss Tweed and reduced the power of the Tammany Hall political machine

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Urban alcohol consumption

answer

Increased DRAMATICALLY as the poor worked dangerous, boring, long hours in dismal conditions

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increase of consumerism

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This occurred because there were exponentially more objects to purchase available because of the efficiency and mass production of the Industrial Revolution

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shopping as entertainment

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Large numbers of middle class and upper class Americans began to engage in this sort of pastime for the first time because they had disposable income and relatively cheap products available

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Fifth Avenue, Euclid Avenue

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Famous streets were the rich and powerful lived and shopped for high end goods.

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Joseph Pulitzer

answer

This man was a Jewish immigrant from Hungary that migrated to the US and created a new system of newspaper; he crusaded against the abuse of the poor, and other progressive reforms

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William Randolph Hearst

answer

This man was an American-born newspaper owner who utilized Yellow Journalism to increase his newspaper circulation and was able to increase his newspapers' circulation throughout the entire nation.

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Yellow Journalism

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This is the reporting of the news in very sensational and dramatic ways that emphasizes fear, large headlines, exaggerated accounts, unnamed eye witnesses, etc. to sell more papers; the emphasis is on selling papers, not on reporting news.

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Daily Newspapers

answer

During the late 1800s, these began to be read by Americans more than ever before, allowing the rapid spread of news and the increase in the power of the media in politics, society, and the economy.

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Mark Twain

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This American author changed the style of writing in the United States; he used wit and humor to tell stories of morality and struggle

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The Gilded Age

answer

This is the name that Mark Twain (aka Samuel Clemens) gave to the late 1800s and early 1900s because it appeared to be covered in gold from the outside, but was worthless and tarnished if you dug beneath the surface.

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Pacific Railroad Acts

answer

An Act of Congress to create low interest loans, direct grants of cash, and land grants to railroad builders to spur Westward Expansion

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Transcontinental Railroad

answer

A railroad that would span the entire nation, from East to West

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Union Pacific

answer

A corporation that built a railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to Promontory Point, Utah

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Central Pacific

answer

A corporation that built a railroad from Sacramento, California to Promontory Point, Utah

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Land Grants

answer

Free land given by the federal, state, or local government

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Immigrant Labor

answer

This was mostly used to build the railroads and other dangerous jobs

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Displacement of Native People

answer

This occurred as railroads pushed native people off of their lands to construct the Transcontinental Railroad

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Mail-Order Products

answer

This system of buying goods allowed people on the frontier to access urban markets

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Reduction of Buffalo Herds From a Million to Less than 1,000

answer

This occurred as a conscience effort to control Indians as well as to make way for railroads

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Northern Securities Company vs. US 1904

answer

A US Supreme Court decision that broke up a railroad monopoly, it was the start of the Progressive Era and government regulation

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Homestead Act

answer

Gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would "improve" the land for five years

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Morrill Land Grant Act

answer

Gave states control over sale of land to raise money to build universities specializing in agricultural, mining, and military science

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Policy of Buffalo Eradication

answer

Used by the US military to starve and control Indians in order to force them onto reservations and rely on the US government

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Prospectors

answer

Often individual miners speculating for a discovery of a mineral vein to sell so that they could sell the rights to a large mining corporation

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Comstock Lode

answer

the biggest silver veins found in the history o mankind located in Nevada, driving the mining industry and Westward Expansion

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Reasons for Cowboys

answer

There were no railroads in the Southwest and there were millions of cows in high demand in cities

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Impact of Barbed Wire

answer

This invention allowed farmers to stop cow herds from trampling their land and slowed the age of the cowboy

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Cattle Decimation of 1885-1887

answer

Resulted in new breeds of cows bred by research and development driven in agricultural universities

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Frederick Jackson Turner

answer

Popularized the idea that the Western Frontier and the hardships endured by Americans their forged the American Spirit.

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Success Rate of Homesteaders

answer

Extremes of weather and seasonal rains caused 2/3rds of people to abandon farms on the frontier.

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US Department of Agriculture

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Agency created by Congress to assist farmers as well as to regulate them

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Exodusters

answer

Black Americans that left the oppressive South to claim land under the Homestead Act, primarily in Kansas.

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Reservations of South Dakota and Oklahoma

answer

created by the federal government to corral and control Native Americans in order to allow Westward Expansion

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Treaty of Fort Laramie

answer

Gave the Sioux Indians Southwest South Dakota, but was nullified when 100,000 settlers moved there to mine gold

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Dawes Severalty Act

answer

changed Indian policy in America from granting reservations to entire tribe to granting land to individual land claims to Native Americans; it was an attempt to assimilate Native Americans into white culture and farming

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"A Century of Dishonor"

answer

book written by Helen Hunt Jackson in the late 19th Century describing the systematic murder, lies and betrayal, and destruction of peace treaties by the US Government concerning Native Americans

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Sioux

answer

Native American tribe who lived no the Great Plains and Black Hills of North America hunting the American Bison for thousands of years

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General George Custer

answer

flamboyant and famous American Civil War hero turned Indian Fighter; he and the seventh cavalry were completely destroyed by the Sioux Indians as the Seventh Calvary chased them down to return to the Indians to the reservations created for them

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Sitting Bull

answer

An Indian chief who refused to be conquered by the American government accept white culture, he was the chief of the Sioux Indians when Custer was killed

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Battle of Little Bighorn

answer

resulted because the miners moved onto a Sioux Reservation in South Dakota, the Sioux left the reservation as whites encroached; General George Custer chased after them, resulting the decimation of the Seventh Calvary in this famous battle

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Massacre at Wounded Knee

answer

nearly 300 men, women, and children were massacred as the last Sioux tribe surrendered to the US government

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Women's Suffrage

answer

The federalist nature of the US governmental system allowed states the autonomy to allow who could and could not vote, some states in the West allowed female voting while most Eastern states did not.

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Laborers on Railroad Construction Crews

answer

mostly Chinese and Irish and other "new immigrants"

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Chinese Exclusion Act

answer

this was a law passed by both houses of Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882 banning Chinese laborers from coming to the United States because they were "taking American jobs"

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Egalitarian nature of cowboy culture

answer

this occurred because the occupation was hard, danger, and because these men relied on one another to survive; ethnic background was not as important as the reliability as individuals

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Transformation of American Prairie into America's Bread Basket

answer

This occurred as 30 million immigrants came to America for free land provided by the Homestead Act and moved West

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Extermination of American Bison

answer

This occurred as the US Army tried to starve out of existence the Native Americans

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Strip Mining

answer

This was a technique used to extract minerals from the earth by blasting sides of mountains away with explosives and high pressure water hoses to expose minerals; it destroyed entire mountains and ecosystems

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Deforestation of Much of the Midwest

answer

The demand for lumber, especially from Great Plains farmers where no trees grew and who needed building materials

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Factory Pollution

answer

This occurred as huge amounts of coal were burned to create electricity and to power industrial machines, as well as other harmful chemicals used in industrial processes.

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Presidential Reconstruction

answer

When Andrew Johnson conducted the re-enfranchisement of the the Southern States; it was considered too lenient by other sources of power and many Northerners.

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Congressional Reconstruction

answer

The period when the Legislative Branch of the United States took over the rebuilding of the South as well as the South's re-admission to the Union; it was rather punitive and many Southerners despised Northern interventions into what they saw as states' rights.

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Thaddeus Stevens

answer

Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who sought to punish the South for starting the Civil War

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13th Amendment

answer

Constitutional law that freed all slaves

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14th Amendment

answer

Constitutional law that gave citizenship and equal rights to former slaves

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15th Amendment

answer

Constitutional law that ensured that the states had to allow black men the right to vote.

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Freedmen's Bureau

answer

Government agency set up to assist former slaves in finding jobs, giving them medical help, providing food and shelter, etc.; it was largely under-funded and was not very successful.

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Ku Klux Klan

answer

A white supremacist group who sought to terrorize blacks who attempted to participate in politics and society by using lynch mobs to hang people, burning crosses on people's property, as well as other forms of terrorism and violence.

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Panic of 1873's Impact on Cotton

answer

Caused the price of cotton to drop dramatically, forcing many to sell their land to the rich and forced people into sharecropping.

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Sharecropping

answer

Used at first extensively by former slaves because they had no money; people grew crops and instead of paying a land lord with cash, he was paid with a percentage of the farmer's produce.

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Crop Lien

answer

Because people had no cash, they offered their future crops to merchants in return for loans to buy tools and seed.

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Tenant Farmers

answer

Farmers who rented the land that they farmed instead of owning it; they were often very poor and could not escape constant debt to landlords and merchants.

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Disenfranchisement

answer

The removal of black people's rights and citizenship.

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Jim Crow Laws

answer

Laws specifically designed by racist Southern state governments to limit the freedoms of black Americans

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Slaughter House Cases

answer

A Supreme Court decision which stated that Americans have dual citizenship; state citizenship rights include rights not in the Constitution and are protected by state governments, national citizenship rights are explained in the Constitution and are protected by the federal government. The two spheres of power do not overlap. States can deny rights provided the Constitution.

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Grandfather Clauses

answer

Racist Laws to prevent Black Americans from voting; stated that if your grandfather was in a "previous state of servitude" you could not vote.

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Literacy Tests

answer

Racist Laws to require Black Americans to pass reading and writing tests in order to vote.

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Poll Taxes

answer

Racist Laws that required people to pay a tax to vote; aimed at disenfranchising poor Black Americans

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

answer

Congressional law that prohibited discrimination in public places.

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United States v. Reese and United States v. Cruikshank

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Supreme Court cases that nullified the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by allowing states to discriminate against black Americans.

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Impact of the Panic of 1873 on Reconstruction

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This caused many to want to focus resources away from rebuilding the South and re-enfranchising blacks, to more pressing economic concerns.

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Election of 1876

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The winner of the Electoral College did NOT win the presidential election

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Compromise of 1877

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A fifteen-member delegation of Democratic and Republican Congressmen and Supreme Court Justices made a deal to end Reconstruction in exchange for a Northern Republican President, Rutherford B. Hayes.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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Supreme Court Decision that allowed states and private businesses to segregate black Americans from white Americans as long as the facilities were "equal"

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Bessemer Process

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Allowed the mass production of steel, booming the American economy and fueling the Industrial Revolution with a cheap building material.

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Thomas Edison

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Invented the the light bulb and the power grid to supply electricity to urban America.

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Electricity

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Was a new and cheap source of energy to power machines

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Mass Production

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Allowed the rapid assembly of products, dropping prices dramatically

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Coal

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This product became of a vital source of energy to generate electricity, as well as a key ingredient in steel production.

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Assembly Line

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The production of goods on an Industrial scale, with a relatively few producers of goods supplying most of America

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