question

Alienation

answer

A feeling of isolation and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureaucracy.

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Bureaucracy

answer

A formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient way possible.

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Formal Organization

answer

A complex and structured secondary group that was deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner.

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Glass Ceiling

answer

A collection of attitudinal and organizational biases in the work place that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions.

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Groupthink

answer

A tendency of in- group members to conform without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas, that result in a narrow view of an issue.

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Ideal Types

answer

General traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case.

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In- Groups

answer

Sets of people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.

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Iron Law of Oligarchy

answer

The tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.

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Out- Groups

answer

People who are treated and viewed negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in- group.

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Primary Group

answer

A relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face- to- face interaction over an extended period of time.

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Reference Group

answer

A collection of people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes.

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Secondary Group

answer

A large, usually formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity.

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Social Group

answer

Two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness."

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Social Institutions

answer

An organized and established social system that meets one or more of societies basic needs.

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Social Network

answer

A web of social ties that links individuals to others.

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Voluntary Association

answer

A formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation.

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Anomie

answer

The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.

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Corporate Crimes

answer

White- collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. (AKA Organizational crimes)

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Crime

answer

A violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law.

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Crime Control Model

answer

An approach that holds that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear punishment.

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Criminal Justice System

answer

The government agencies- including police, courts, and prisons- that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgement on offenders, and changing criminal behavior.

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Criminologists

answer

Researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

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Cybercrime

answer

White- collar crimes that are conducted online.

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Deviance

answer

Behavior that violates expected rules or norms.

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Differential Association

answer

People learning deviance through interaction, especially with significant others.

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Labeling Theory

answer

A perspective that holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.

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Occupational Crime

answer

Crimes committed in the work place by individuals acting solely on their own personal interests.

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Organized Crime

answer

Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.

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Primary Deviance

answer

The initial violation of a norm or law.

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Rehabilitation

answer

The social control approach that holds that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law- abiding citizens.

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Sanctions

answer

Punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm.

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Secondary Deviance

answer

Rule breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reaction of others.

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Social Control

answer

The techniques and strategies that regulate peoples behavior in society.

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Stigma

answer

A negative label that devalues a person and changed his or her self concept and social identity.

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Strain Theory

answer

The idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain those goals.

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Victim Survey

answer

A method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims.

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Victimless Crimes

answer

Acts that violate laws but involve individuals that don't consider themselves as victims.

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White- Collar Crimes

answer

Illegal activities committed by high status individuals in the course of their occupation.

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Absolute Poverty

answer

Not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life.

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Bourgeoisie

answer

Those who own the means of production and can amass wealth and power.

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Closed Stratification System

answer

A system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as one's sex, skin color, and family background.

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Conspicuous Consumption

answer

Lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and enhance one's prestige.

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Corporate Welfare

answer

An array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.

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Davis- Moore Thesis

answer

The functionalist view that social stratification has beneficial consequences for a society's operations.

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Feminization of Poverty

answer

The higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor.

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Horizontal Mobility

answer

Moving from one position to another at the same class level.

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Intergenerational Mobility

answer

Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents.

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Intragenerational Mobility

answer

Moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime.

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Life Chances

answer

The extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources.

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Meritocracy

answer

A belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.

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Open Stratification System

answer

A system that is based on an individuals achievement and allows movement up or down.

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Poverty Line

answer

The minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.

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Power

answer

The ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.

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Prestige

answer

Respect, recognition, and regard attached to social positions.

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Proletariat

answer

Workers who sell their labor for wages.

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Relative Poverty

answer

Not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.

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Social Class

answer

A category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.

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Social Mobility

answer

A persons ability to move up or down the class hierarchy.

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Social Stratification

answer

The hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to different resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.

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Socioeconomic Status

answer

An overall ranking of a persons position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.

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Underclass

answer

People who are persistently poor and seldom employed, segregated residentially, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.

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Vertical Mobility

answer

Moving up or down the class hierarchy.

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Wealth

answer

The money and other economic assets that a person or family owns, including property and income.

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Working Class

answer

People who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty.

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Abortion

answer

The expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.

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Asexuals

answer

Those who lack any interest in or desire for sex.

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Bisexuals

answer

Those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes.

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Gender

answer

Learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other.

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Gender Identity

answer

A perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.

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Gender Pay Gap

answer

The overall income difference between women and men in the work place. (AKA the wage gap)

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Gender Roles

answer

The characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males.

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Gender Stereotype

answer

Expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.

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Gender Stratification

answer

People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources as a result of their sex.

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Heterosexism

answer

The belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality.

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Heterosexuals

answer

Those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.

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Homophobia

answer

The fear and hatred of homosexuality.

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Homosexuals

answer

Those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex.

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Pornography

answer

The graphic depiction of images that cause sexual arousal.

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Sex

answer

The biological characteristics with which we are born.

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Sexism

answer

An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.

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Sexual Harassment

answer

Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work.

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Sexual Orientation

answer

A preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes.

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Sexual Script

answer

Specifies the formal and informal norms for legitimate or unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.

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Transgendered people

answer

Those who are transexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites.

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Apartheid

answer

A formal system of racial segregation.

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Assimilation

answer

A process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group and intermarrying with that group.

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Contact Hypothesis

answer

The idea that the more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudice against that group.

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Discrimination

answer

Any act that treats a person unequally because of their group membership.

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Dominant Group

answer

Any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges and the highest social class.

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Ethnic Group

answer

A set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic routes, food, customs, traditions, and or religion.

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Ethnocentrism

answer

The belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others.

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Gendered Racism

answer

The combined and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism or sexism.

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Genocide

answer

The systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.

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Individual Discrimination

answer

Harmful action directed intentionally, on a one- to- one basis by a member of a dominant group against a minor of a minority group.

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Institutional Discrimination

answer

Unequal treatment and opportunities that members of a minority group experience as a result of the everyday operations of a society's law, rules, policies, practices, and customs.

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Internal Colonialism

answer

The unequal treatment and subordinate status of groups within a nation.

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Minority Group

answer

A group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics, such as gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color.

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Miscegation

answer

Marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races.

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Pluralism

answer

Minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society.

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Prejudice

answer

An attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership.

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Race

answer

A group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passed on through reproduction.

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Racial- Ethnic Group

answer

A group of people who have both distinctive physical and cultural characteristics.

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Racism

answer

A set of beliefs that one's own racial group is naturally superior to other groups.

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Scapegoats

answer

Individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or short comings.

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Segregation

answer

The physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.

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Stereotype

answer

An exaggerated generalization about a category of people.

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Capitalism

answer

An economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands.

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Conflict Theory

answer

An approach that examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources.

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Division of Labor

answer

An interdependence of different tasks and occupations, characteristic of industrialized societies, that produce social unity and facilitate change.

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Dysfunctional

answer

Social patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society.

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Imperical

answer

Information that is based on observations, experiments, or experiences rather than on ideology, religion, or intuition.

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Feminist Theories

answer

Approaches that try to explain the social, economic, and political position of women in a society.

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Functionalism

answer

An approach that maintains that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a societies survival.

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Interaction

answer

Action in which people take each other into account in their own behavior.

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Latent Functions

answer

Functions that are unintended and unrecognized; they are present but not immediately obvious.

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Macrosociology

answer

The study of large- scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole.

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Manifest Functions

answer

Functions that are intended and recognized; they are present and clearly evident.

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Microsociology

answer

The study of small scale patterns of individuals social interaction in specific settings.

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Social Facts

answer

Aspects of social life, external to the individual, that can be measured.

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Social Solidarity

answer

Social cohesiveness and harmony.

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Sociological Imagination

answer

The intersection between individual lives and larger social influences.

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Sociology

answer

The systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels.

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Symbolic Interactionism

answer

A micro- level perspective that looks at individuals everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes.

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Theory

answer

A set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs.

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Value Free

answer

Separating one's personal values, opinions, ideology, and beliefs from scientific research.

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Content Analysis

answer

Data collection method that systematically examines examples of some form of communication.

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Control Group

answer

The group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable.

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Deductive Reasoning

answer

Reasoning that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection.

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Dependent Variable

answer

The outcome, which may be affected by the independent variable.

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Evaluation Research

answer

Research that uses all of the standard data collection techniques to assess the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and private sectors.

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Experiment

answer

A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects.

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Exerimental Group

answer

The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable.

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Field Research

answer

Data collection by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings.

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Hypothesis

answer

A statement of a relationship between two or more variables that researchers want to test.

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Independent Variable

answer

A characteristics that determines or has an effect on the dependent variable.

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Inductive Reasoning

answer

Reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory.

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Nonprobability Sample

answer

A sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population.

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Population

answer

Any well- defined group of people or things about whom researchers want to know something.

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Probability Sample

answer

A sample for which each person has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random.

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Qualitative Research

answer

Research that examines nonnumerical material and interprets it.

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Quantitative Research

answer

Research that focuses on a numerical analysis of peoples responses or specific characteristics.

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Reliability

answer

The consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time.

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Sample

answer

A group of people or things that are representative of the population that researchers wish to study.

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Scientific Method

answer

The steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of the results, and when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group.

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Secondary Analysis

answer

Examination of data that have been collected by someone else.

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Social Research

answer

Research that examines human behavior.

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Surveys

answer

A systematic method for collecting data from respondents including questionnaires, face- to- face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these.

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Validity

answer

The degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure.

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Variable

answer

A characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions.

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Counterculture

answer

A group or category of people who deliberately oppose and reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture.

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Cultural Imperialism

answer

The influence or domination of the cultural values and products of one's society over those of another.

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Cultural Integration

answer

The consistency of various aspects of a society, which promotes order and stability.

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Cultural Lag

answer

The gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture.

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Cultural Relativism

answer

The recognition that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.

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Cultural Universals

answer

Customs and practices that are common to all societies.

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Culture

answer

The learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.

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Culture Shock

answer

A sense of confusion or uncertainty that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment.

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Folkways

answer

Norms that members of a society look upon as not being critical and may be broken without severe punishment.

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Ideal Culture

answer

The beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow.

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Language

answer

A system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another.

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Laws

answer

Formal rules about behavior that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators.

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Mass Media

answer

Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people.

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Material Culture

answer

The tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share.

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Mores

answer

Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior.

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Multiculturalism

answer

The coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another.

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Nonmaterial Culture

answer

The shared set of meaning that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world.

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Norms

answer

A society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior.

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Popular Culture

answer

The beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life.

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Real Culture

answer

The actual everyday behavior of people in a society.

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Society

answer

A group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit.

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Subsulture

answer

A group or category of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society.

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Symbol

answer

Anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.

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Values

answer

The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly.

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Agents of Socialization

answer

The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society.

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Anticipatory Socialization

answer

The process of learning how to perform a role one does not yet occupy.

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Generalized Other

answer

A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence a child's interalization of society's norms and values.

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Impression Management

answer

The process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one's less appealing qualities.

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Interalization

answer

The process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question.

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Looking- Glass Self

answer

A self- image based on how we think others see us.

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Peer Group

answer

Any set of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.

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Resocialization

answer

A process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.

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Role Taking

answer

Learning to take th perspective of others.

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Self

answer

An awareness of one's social identity.

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Significant Others

answer

The people who are important in one's life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings.

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Social Learning Theories

answer

Approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood.

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Socialization

answer

The life long process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective particpation in a society.

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Sociobiology

answer

A theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings.

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Total Institutions

answer

Places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.

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Achieved Status

answer

A social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily.

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Ascribed Status

answer

A social position that a person is born into.

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Dramaturgical Analysis

answer

A technique that examines social interaction as if occuring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact.

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Ethnomethodology

answer

The study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible.

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Master Status

answer

An ascribed or achieved status that determines a persons identity.

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Nonverbal Communication

answer

Messages that are sent without using words.

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Role

answer

The behavior expected of a person who has a particular status.

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Role Conflict

answer

The frusterations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses.

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Role Performance

answer

The actual behavior of a person who occupies a status.

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Role Set

answer

The different roles attached to a single status.

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Role Strain

answer

The stress arising from incompatible demands among roles within a single status.

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Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

answer

A situation where if we define something as real and act upon it, it can, in face, become real.

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Social Exchange Theory

answer

The perspective whose fundamental premise is that any social interactio between two people is based on each person trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishments.

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Social Interaction

answer

The process by which we act toward and react to people around us.

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Social Structure

answer

An organized pattern of behavior that governs peoples relationships.

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Status

answer

A social position that a person occupies in a society.

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Status Inconsistency

answer

The conflict or tension that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently.

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Status Set

answer

A collection of social statuses that an individual occupies at a given time.

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Authoritarianism

answer

A political system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom.

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Authority

answer

The legitimate use of power.

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Charismatic Authority

answer

Authority based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.

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Democracy

answer

A political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.

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Government

answer

A formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.

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Lobbyist

answer

A representative of a special- interest group who tries to influence political decisions on the groups behalf.

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Monarchy

answer

A political system in which power is allocated solely on the basis of heredity and passed from generation to generation.

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Political Action Committee (PAC)

answer

A special- interest group set up to raise money to elect a candidate to public office.

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Political Party

answer

An organization that tries to influence and control government by recruiting, nominating, and electing its members to public office.

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Politics

answer

A social process through which individuals and groups acquire an exercise power and authority.

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Power Elite

answer

A small group of influencing people who make a nations major political decisions.

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Rational- Legal Authority

answer

Authority based on the belief that laws and appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate.

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Special- Interest Group

answer

A voluntary and organized association of people that attempts to influence public policy and policy makers on a particular issue.

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Totalitarianism

answer

A policital system in which the government controls every aspect of peoples lives.

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Traditional Authority

answer

Authority based on customs that justify the position of the ruler.

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Communism

answer

A political and economic system in which all members of a society are equal.

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Conglomerate

answer

A giant corporation that owns a collection of companies in different industries.

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Contingent Workers

answer

People who don't expect their jobs to last or who say that their jobs are temporary.

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Corporation

answer

A social entity that has legal rights, privileges, and liabilities apart from those of its members.

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Deindustrialization

answer

A process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufactoring.

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Discouraged Workers

answer

Unemployed people who want a job and have looked for work in the proceeding year but have not searched in the past 4 weeks because they have given up.

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Downsizing

answer

A euphemism for firing large numbers of employees at once.

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Economy

answer

A social insitution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and conosumes goods and services.

question

Globalization

answer

The growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.

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Interlocking Directorate

answer

A situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations.

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Monopoly

answer

Domination of a particular market or industry by one person or company.

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Offshoring

answer

Sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company's costs at home.

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Oligopoly

answer

A market dominated by a few large producers or suppliers.

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Socialism

answer

An economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.

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Transnational Conglomerate

answer

A corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries.

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Transnational Corporation

answer

A large company that is based in one country but operates across international boundaries.

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Underemployed

answer

People who have part- time jobs but want full- time work or whose jobs are below their experience and education level.

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Work

answer

Physical or mental activity that accomplished or produces something, either goods or services.

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Activity Theory

answer

Proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.

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Ageism

answer

Discrimination against older people.

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Boomerang Generation

answer

Young adults who have moved back into their parents home after living independently for a while or who never leave it in the first place.

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Child Maltreatment

answer

A wide range of behaviors that place a child at serious risk, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional mistreatment.

question

Cohabitation

answer

An arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship.

question

Continuity Theory

answer

Posits that older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.

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Divorce

answer

The legal dissolution of a marriage.

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Dual- Earner Couples

answer

Both partners are employed outside the home.

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Egalitarian Family System

answer

Both partners share power and authority fairly equally.

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Elder Abuse

answer

Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm to people aged 65 or older.

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Endogamy

answer

The practice of selecting mates from within one's group.

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Exogamy

answer

The practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.

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Extended Family

answer

A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents.

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Family

answer

An intimate group consisting of two or more people who: 1) live together in a committed relationship, 2) care for one another and any children, 3) share close emotional ties and functions.

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Fictive Kin

answer

Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family.

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Gerontologists

answer

Scientists who study the biological, phychological, and social aspects of aging.

question

Incest Taboo

answer

Cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brothers and sisters, father and daughter, or uncle and niece.

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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

answer

Abuse that occurs between two people in a close relationship.

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Life expectency

answer

The average length of time people of the same age will live.

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Marriage

answer

A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring.

question

Marriage Market

answer

A process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.

question

Matriarchal Family System

answer

The oldest females control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males.

question

Matrilocal Residence Pattern

answer

Newly married couples live with the wifes family.

question

Monogamy

answer

One person is married exclusively to another person.

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Neolocal Residence Pattern

answer

Each newly married couple sets up its own residence.

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No- Fault Divorce

answer

State laws the do not require either partner to establish guilt or wrongdoing on the part of the other to ge a divorce.

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Nuclear Family

answer

A form of family consisting of married parents and their biological or adopted children.

question

Patriarchal Family System

answer

The oldest men control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.

question

Patrialocal Residence Pattern

answer

Newly married couples live with the husbands family.

question

Polygamy

answer

A marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses.

question

Sandwich Generation

answer

People in middle generations who care for their own children as well as their aging parents.

question

Serial Monogamy

answer

Individuals marry several people, but one at a time.

question

Step Family

answer

A household in which two adults are married or living together and at least one of them has a child.

question

Charter Schools

answer

Self- governing public schools that have signed an agreement with their state government to improve students education.

question

Credentialism

answer

An emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, education attainment levels, or job qualifications.

question

Education

answer

A social institution that transmitts attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to its members through formal, systematic training.

question

Hidden Curriculum

answer

School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs which legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles.

question

Home Schooling

answer

Teaching children in the home as an alternative to enrolling them in a public or private elementary, middle, or high school.

question

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

answer

An index of an individuals performance on a standardized test relative to the performance level of others of the same age.

question

Magnet School

answer

A public school that is typically small and offers students a distinctive program and specialized curriculum in a particular area, such as business, science, the arts, or technology.

question

Schooling

answer

Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting.

question

Tracking

answer

Assigning students to specific educational programs and classes based on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.

question

Vouchers

answer

Public funded payments that parents can apply toward tuition or fees at a public or private school of their choice.

question

Charismatic Leader

answer

A religious leader whom followers see as having exeptional or superhuman powers and qualities.

question

Church

answer

A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society.

question

Civil Religion

answer

Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects.

question

Cult

answer

A religious group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society.

question

Denomination

answer

A subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.

question

False Consciousness

answer

An acceptance of a system that prevents people from protesting oppression.

question

Fundamentalism

answer

The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text.

question

New Religious Movement (NRM)

answer

Term used in instead of cult by most sociologists.

question

Profane

answer

Anything that is not related to religion.

question

Protestant Ethic

answer

A belief that hard work, diligence, self- denial, frugality, and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife.

question

Religion

answer

A social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices based on the supernatural and unites believes into a community.

question

Religiosity

answer

The ways people demonstrate their religious beliefs.

question

Ritual

answer

A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage.

question

Sacred

answer

Anything that people see as mysterious, awe- inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, and not part of the natural world.

question

Sect

answer

A religious group that has broken away from an established religion.

question

Secular

answer

The term sociologists use instead of profane to charcterize worldly rather than spiritual things.

question

Secularization

answer

A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion.

question

The causes of the US Civil War include:

answer

all of these: simultaneous existence of both democracy and slavery as allowed by the US Constitution of 1787, efforts to expand both Northern and Southern economies to the west, and states' rights.

question

The first state to secede from the Union was

answer

South Carolina

question

Fort Sumter was

answer

a federal garrison in the South

question

The First battle of Manassas

answer

is also known as the First Bull Run and was won by the South (confederates).

question

General McDowell

answer

was with the North (Union).

question

Major technological means that assisted the winning side of the First Bull Run was

answer

the railroad

question

The mechanical cotton gin

answer

both b and c: separates the seeds, hulls and foreign material from cotton and also led to greater cotton production and need for more slaves in the south.

question

Social stratification

answer

both a and b: is a process that involves competition and conflict over the means of production and also is a system of rewards and incentives to encourage efforts to achieve high positions and levels in society.

question

According to pluralist theory

answer

both b and d: power is more or less evenly distributed among all the various groups and conflicts among the groups are resolved through negotiation and compromise.

question

Elite theory

answer

both b and c: claims existence of a power elite consisting of the top leaders in business, politics, and the military and also points out that private preparatory schools transmit elite status from generation to generation.

question

Over a 60-year period since 1945, two of the top five countries with the highest average voter participation are

answer

Italy and South Africa

question

President Lincoln was alarmed by the outcome of the initial battle at Fort Sumter, whereupon he immediately issued orders on April 15, 1861 to recruit

answer

75,000 troops

question

The confederacy was formed as a separate nation in February 1861 with its own constitution, and who was elected as its president?

answer

Jefferson Davis

question

General purposes or functions of meso-level economic and political institutions include:

answer

both a and b: to maintain social control and to protect its citizens.

question

The sociological perspective in the purposes and functions of meso-level economic and political institutions is

answer

structural functionalist

question

Sociological Perspective

answer

as seeing the general in the particular

question

Positivism

answer

a way of understanding based on science

question

Theory

answer

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

question

Theoretical Approach

answer

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

question

Structural-Functional Approach

answer

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

question

Social Structure

answer

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

question

Social Functions

answer

the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

question

Manifest Functions

answer

recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

question

Latent Functions

answer

unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

question

Social Dysfunction

answer

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

question

Social- Conflict Approach

answer

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

question

Gender- Conflict Approach

answer

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women

question

Feminism

answer

support of social equality for women and men

question

Race-Conflict Approach

answer

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial ethnic categories

question

Macro-level Orientation

answer

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

question

Micro-level Orientation

answer

a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations

question

Symbolic Interaction Approach

answer

framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

question

Science

answer

a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation

question

Empirical Evidence

answer

information we can verify with our senses

question

Scientific Sociology

answer

the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior

question

Variable

answer

a concept whose value changes from case to case

question

Measurement

answer

procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case

question

Operationalize a Variable

answer

specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable

question

Reliability

answer

consistency in measurement

question

Validity

answer

actually measuring what you intended to measure

question

Cause and Effect

answer

a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another

question

Independent Variable

answer

variable that causes change

question

Dependent Variable

answer

variable that changes

question

Correlation

answer

relationship in which two or more variables change together

question

Control

answer

holding constant all variables except one in order to clearly see the effect of that variable

question

Replication

answer

repetition of research by other investigators

question

Critical Sociology

answer

the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

question

Gender

answer

the personal trait and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

question

Androcentricity

answer

male perspective

question

Overgeneralizing

answer

when researchers draw data from people of only one sex to support conclusions

question

Gender Blindness

answer

failing to consider the variable of gender at all

question

Double Standards

answer

when researches must be careful not to distort what they study by judging men and women differently

question

Interference

answer

if the subject reacts to the sex of the researcher, interfering with the research operation

question

Research Method

answer

systematic plan for doing research

question

Experiment

answer

a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

question

Hypothesis

answer

a statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables

question

Hawthorne Effect

answer

a change in a subjects behavior caused by awareness of being studied

question

Survey

answer

research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview

question

Population

answer

people who are the focus of research

question

Sample

answer

part of a population that represents the whole

question

Interview

answer

series of questions a researcher asks a respondent in person

question

Participant Observation

answer

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

question

Inductive Logical Thought

answer

reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory

question

Deductive Logical Thought

answer

reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing

question

Culture

answer

the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life

question

Nomenclature Culture

answer

ideas created by members of a society

question

Material Culture

answer

physical things created by members of a society

question

Culture Shock

answer

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

question

Language

answer

system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

question

Cultural Transmission

answer

process by which one generation passes culture to the next

question

Sapir- Whorf Theisis

answer

states that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

question

Values

answer

culturally defined standards tha people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

question

Beliefs

answer

specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true

question

Norms

answer

rules and expectations by which a society guides a behavior of its members

question

Folkways

answer

norms for routine or casual interaction

question

Social Control

answer

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

question

Technology

answer

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

question

Mores

answer

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

question

High Culture

answer

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

question

Popular Culture

answer

cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

question

Subculture

answer

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's populationcultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

question

Multiculturalism

answer

an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions

question

Eurocentrism

answer

the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns

question

Afrocentrism

answer

the dominance of African cultural patterns

question

Counterculture

answer

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

question

Cultural Integration

answer

the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

question

Cultural Lag

answer

refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards

question

Cultural Universals

answer

traits that are part of every known culture

question

Sociobiology

answer

a theoretical paradigm that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture

question

Family

answer

a social instrument found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children

question

Kinship

answer

a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption

question

Marriage

answer

a legally sanctioned relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing, that people expect to be enduring

question

Consanguine Family

answer

a family unit that includes parents and children as well as other kin

question

Conjugal Family

answer

a family unit composed of one or two parents and their children

question

Endogamy

answer

marriage between people of the same social category

question

Exogamy

answer

marriage between people of different social categories

question

Monogamy

answer

marriage that unites two partners

question

Polygamy

answer

marriage that unites three or more peopl

question

Polygyny

answer

marriage that unites one man and two or more women

question

Polyandry

answer

marriage that unites one woman and two or more men

question

Patrilocality

answer

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family

question

Matrilocality

answer

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family

question

Neolocality

answer

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents

question

Descent

answer

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

question

Patrilineal Descent

answer

a system tracing kinship through men

question

Matrilineal Descent

answer

a system tracing kinship through women

question

Bilateral Descent

answer

a system tracing kinship through both men and women

question

Incest Taboo

answer

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

question

Homogamy

answer

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

question

Infidelity

answer

sexual activity outside marriage

question

Family Violence

answer

emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another

question

Cohabitation

answer

the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

question

Karl Marx

answer

person who is a capitalist who fought for the rights of workers "the only reason business' prosper are because of the workers, and they often don't realize they are worth more"

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

person who explained the differences in terms of social integration and the rates of suicide between men and women

question

W.E.D DuBois

answer

person who solved parameters of social inequality

question

Philip Zimbardo

answer

known for experiment in the "Stanford County Prison" - found that even normal people can be prone to violence in specific settings

question

August Comte

answer

person who coined the term sociology to describe a new way of looking at society

question

August Comte

answer

person who's approach is called POSITIVISM - a way of understanding based on science

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

person who compared society to the human body

question

Robert K. Merton

answer

person who distinguished between manifest and latent functions

question

Jane Addams

answer

person who ran the women's hull house

question

Ida Wells Barnett

answer

woman who campaigned tirelessly for racial equality

question

Max Weber

answer

a German sociologist who emphasized the need to understand a setting from the point of view of people in it

question

Herbert Mead

answer

person who explored how our personalities develop as a result of social experience

question

foundations

answer

appreciating forces that shape you, your choices, and lifestyle

question

seeing the strange in the familiar

answer

what you take for granted and how its familiar to you but realize how strange it is to others

question

sociological perspective

answer

way of looking at and seeing out interpreting something- particular way of seeing something

question

metaphysical

answer

saw society as a natural rather than supernatural system

question

global perspective

answer

study of the larger world and our society's place in it

question

harriet marteneau

answer

first woman sociologist

question

oscar wilde

answer

said "truth is rarely simple and never simple"

question

statistical measure

answer

"average" for a large number of people

question

concept

answer

mental construct that represents some part of the world

question

proscription

answer

what people should not do

question

prescription

answer

what people should do

question

sanctions

answer

positive or negative and are used to keep the control

question

ideal culture

answer

what we want

question

real culture

answer

occurs in everyday life

question

key values of US culture

answer

equal opportunity, achievement & success, material comfort, activity & work, practicality & efficiency, progress, science, democracy & free enterprise, freedom, racism & group superiority

question

Harry & Margaret Harlow

answer

conducted monkey experiment- study power and isolation and potential

question

nature

answer

heredity

question

nurture

answer

social environment

question

Solomon Asche

answer

sociologist who conducted the visual perception test (group conformity)

question

Stanley Milgram

answer

student of Solomon- study of how punishment affects learning- electric chair and shock

question

fuzzy group

answer

come into occasional contact but lack a sense of boundaries and belonging

question

3 key words for power and control

answer

minimizes, denies, blames

question

battered woman syndrome

answer

form of abuse done to woman by her husband or any other man- economic, emotional, physical, or sexual

question

19-26 years old

answer

what are the ages for most targeted woman of abusers?

question

3 roles of the future

answer

full time worker, full time caretaker in house, primary caretaker of aging parents

question

battered child syndrome

answer

when parents have life and death rights over children and could dispose of them at will -- condition in young children who have received significant physical abuse ( parent or foster parent) -- sexual, emotional, social deprivation, absence of love

question

4 causes of child abuse

answer

1. both parents are deprived individuals 2. see baby as demanding/ unattractive/ spoiled/ not living up to standards 3. loss of job/ unwanted pregnancy/ prolonged crying has developed 4. no lifeline or rescue operation

question

4 ways to remedy child abuse

answer

lay therapists, families anonymous, crisis nursery, therapeutic day care center

question

lay therapists

answer

"mother" & "lifeline" -- someone who had a good raised childhood

question

Families Anonymous

answer

not alone and could derive a great deal of help from one another

question

crisis nursery

answer

when a child can be quickly removed from situation to place of safety

question

therapeutic day care center

answer

abusive parents can see kids play with other kids and interchange feelings

question

social cohesion

answer

keeps social groups together

question

functions of religion

answer

social cohesion, social control, providing meaning and purpose

question

functions of the family

answer

1) socialization 2) regulation of sexual activity 3) social placement 4) material and emotional security

question

Sociological perspective

answer

understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context

question

society

answer

a community of people who share a common culture

question

social location

answer

the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

question

science

answer

the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments

question

social sciences

answer

the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations

question

generalization

answer

a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation

question

scientific method

answer

the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories

question

positivism

answer

the application of the scientific approach to the social world

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

question

Karl Marx

answer

believed people should change society through revolution; society is made up of 2 classes: bourgeoisie and poletariat

question

class conflict

answer

Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

Marx's term for the capitalists, those who own the means of production

question

Proletariat

answer

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

goal was to get sociology recognized as a separate discipline and show how social forces affect people's behavior; used suicide research to realize that social factors are underlying for behaviors; human behaviors cannot be understood only in terms of the individual, must exam the social factor's that affect people's lives

question

Social integration

answer

the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; social cohesion

question

Max Weber

answer

German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.

question

value free

answer

the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research

question

values

answer

beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be

question

objectivity

answer

value neutrality in research

question

replication

answer

the repetition of a study in order to test its findings

question

Verstehen

answer

a German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have an insight into someone's situation"

question

social facts

answer

Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior

question

basic (pure) sociology

answer

sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups

question

applied sociology

answer

the use of sociology to solve problems—from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of global pollution

question

theory

answer

a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

question

symbolic interactionism

answer

a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

question

functional analysis

answer

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium (functionalism/ structured functionalism)

question

functions

answer

beneficial consequences of people's actions

question

dysfunctions

answer

consequences that harm a society

question

conflict theory

answer

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources founded by Marx

question

Macro-level analysis

answer

an examination of large-scale patterns of society

question

micro-level analysis

answer

an examination of small-scale patterns of society

question

social interaction

answer

what people do when they are in one another's presence

question

nonverbal interaction

answer

communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

question

public sociology

answer

sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective guiding politicians and policy makers

question

globalization

answer

the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism

question

globalization of capitalism

answer

capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system

question

research model

answer

1] select a topic 2] define the problem 3] review the literature 4] formulate the hypothesis 5] choose a reasearch method 6] collect the data 7] analyze the results 8] share the results ->stimulates more ideas for search ->generates hypotheses ->back to 1

question

hypothesis

answer

a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

question

variable

answer

a factor thought to be significant for human behavior which can vary from one case to another

question

operational definitions

answer

the way in which a researcher measures a variable

question

research method

answer

one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures

question

validity

answer

the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure

question

reliability

answer

the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results

question

replication

answer

the repetition of a study in order to test its findings

question

survey

answer

the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

question

population

answer

a target group to be studied

question

sample

answer

the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied

question

random sample

answer

a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

question

stratified random sample

answer

a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research

question

respondents

answer

people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires

question

questionnaires

answer

a list of questions to be asked of respondents

question

self-administered questionnaires

answer

questionnaires that respondents fill out

question

interview

answer

direct questioning of respondents

question

interviewer bias

answer

effects that interviewers have on respondents that lead to biased answers

question

structured interviews

answer

interviews that use closed-ended questions

question

closed-ended questions

answer

questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent

question

unstructured interviews

answer

interviews that use open-ended questions

question

open-ended questions

answer

questions that respondents answer in their own words

question

rapport

answer

a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying

question

participant observation (fieldwork)

answer

research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

question

generalizability

answer

the extent to which the findings from one group can be generalized or applied to other groups

question

case study

answer

an analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

question

secondary analysis

answer

the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers

question

documents

answer

in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photos, movies, CDs, etc.

question

experiments

answer

the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation

question

experimental group

answer

the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

question

control group

answer

the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable

question

independent variable

answer

a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable

question

dependent variable

answer

a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable

question

unobtrusive measures

answer

ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied

question

aggregate

answer

consists of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

question

category

answer

people who have similar characteristics

question

primary group

answer

a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

question

secondary group

answer

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

question

in-groups

answer

groups toward which people feel loyalty

question

out-groups

answer

groups toward which people feel antagonism

question

reference group

answer

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

question

social network

answer

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

question

clique

answer

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

question

electronic community

answer

individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together

question

group dynamics

answer

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

question

small group

answer

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members

question

dyad

answer

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

question

triad

answer

a group of three people

question

coalition

answer

the alignment of some members of a group against others

question

instrumental leader

answer

an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; task-oriented leader

question

expressive leader

answer

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; socioemotional leader

question

leadership styles

answer

ways in which people express their leadership

question

authoritarian leader

answer

an individual who leads by giving orders

question

democratic leader

answer

an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

question

laissex-faire leader

answer

an individual who leads by being highly permissive

question

rationality

answer

using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs

question

traditional society

answer

a society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterizes tribal, peasant, and feudal societies

question

rationalization of society

answer

a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea

question

capitalism

answer

the economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition

question

formal organization

answer

a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives

question

bureaucracies

answer

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records

question

mcdonaldization of society

answer

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation

question

bureaucratic alienation

answer

Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness

question

peter principle

answer

a tongue-in-cheek observation that the member of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work

question

goal displacement

answer

an organization replacing old goals with new ones; goal replacement

question

voluntary association

answer

a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; voluntary memberships

question

the iron law of oligarchy

answer

Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite

question

social environment

answer

the entire human environment, including direct contact with others

question

feral children

answer

children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans

question

socialization

answer

the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group—the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them

question

self

answer

the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us

question

looking-glass self

answer

a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us o 1. We imagine how we appear to those around us o 2. We interpret others' reactions o 3. We develop a self-concept

question

taking the role of the other

answer

putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act

question

significant others

answer

an individual who significantly influences someone else's life

question

generalized other

answer

the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self

question

Piaget and Development of Reasoning

answer

• 1. Sensorimotor stage—(birth to 2)—direct contact (touching, sucking, listening and looking) • 2. Preoperational stage—(2-7)—develop the ability to use symbols • 3. Concrete operational stage—(7-12)—reasoning abilities are developed and concrete • 4. Formal operational stage—(12+)—abstract thinking

question

id

answer

Freud's term for our inborn basic drives

question

ego

answer

Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society

question

superego

answer

Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups

question

Kohlberg and Development of Morality

answer

Children begin in amoral stage and continue to the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages

question

gender

answer

the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females

question

gender socialization

answer

the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female

question

peer group

answer

a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests

question

mass media

answer

forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, television, and blogs that are directed to mass audiences

question

gender roles

answer

the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male

question

social inequality

answer

a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied by others

question

agents of socialization

answer

individuals or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors or other orientations towards life

question

manifest functions

answer

the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions

question

latent functions

answer

unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions

question

anticipatory socialization

answer

the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status

question

social structure

answer

the framework that surrounds us, consisting of relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior

question

social class

answer

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power and prestige

question

status

answer

the position that someone occupies in a social group

question

status set

answer

all of the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

question

ascribed status

answer

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

question

achieved status

answer

a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part

question

status symbols

answer

items used to identify a status (ex. Wedding rings)

question

master status

answer

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies (ex. Gender, race)

question

status inconsistency

answer

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy

question

role

answer

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

question

group

answer

people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group

question

social institution

answer

the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

question

social integration

answer

the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds

question

mechanical solidarity

answer

Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

question

division of labor

answer

the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties

question

organic solidarity

answer

Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs

question

Gemeinschaft

answer

a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

question

Gesellschaft

answer

a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest

question

culture

answer

the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next

question

material culture

answer

the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, and jewelry

question

nonmaterial culture

answer

a group's ways of thinking and doing

question

patterns

answer

recurring characteristics or events

question

culture shock

answer

the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life

question

ethnocentrism

answer

the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their lives, norms, and behaviors

question

cultural relativism

answer

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

question

symbolic culture

answer

another term for nonmaterial culture

question

symbol

answer

something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others

question

gestures

answer

the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another

question

language

answer

symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving; Language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world

question

values

answer

the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

question

norms

answer

expectations, or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce behavior

question

sanctions

answer

either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them

question

positive sanction

answer

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward

question

negative sanction

answer

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reactions such as a frown to a formal reactions such as a prison sentence or an execution

question

folkways

answer

norms that are not strictly enforced

question

mores

answer

norms that are strictly enforced because they are though essential to core values or to the well-being of the group

question

taboo

answer

a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it

question

subculture

answer

the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

question

counterculture

answer

a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its member in opposition to the broader culture

question

pluralistic society

answer

a society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and orientations to life

question

value cluster

answer

values that together form a larger whole

question

value contradiction

answer

values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come in conflict with the other

question

ideal culture

answer

a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them

question

real culture

answer

the norms and values that people actually follow

question

cultural universals

answer

a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group

question

technology

answer

in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

question

new technology

answer

the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life

question

cultural lag

answer

Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations

question

cultural diffusion

answer

the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial culture traits

question

cultural leveling

answer

the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations

question

deviance

answer

the violation of norms (or rules or expectations); It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant

question

crime

answer

the violation of norms written into law

question

stigma

answer

"blemishes" that dis-credit a person's claim to a "normal" identity

question

social order

answer

a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

question

social control

answer

a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

question

negative sanction

answer

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or execution

question

positive sanction

answer

a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material award

question

genetic predisposition

answer

inborn tendencies

question

street crime

answer

crimes such as muggings, rape and burglary

question

personality disorders

answer

the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

question

differential association

answer

Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some group's learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

question

control theory

answer

the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate

question

inner controls

answer

internalized morality; stronger our bonds (attachments, commitments, involvements and beliefs), the more effective our inner controls

question

outer controls

answer

people who influence us not to deviate

question

degradation ceremony

answer

a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place

question

labeling theory

answer

the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

question

techniques of neutralization

answer

ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms o Denial of responsibility o Denial of injury o Denial of a victim o Condemnation of the condemners o Appeal to higher loyalties

question

cultural goals

answer

the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve

question

strain theory

answer

Robert Merton's term for the strange engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means to attain the cultural goal

question

Four deviant paths

answer

o Innovators—people who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try and reach them o Ritualism—people who become discouraged and give up on achieving cultural goals yet cling to conventional rules of conduct o Retreatism—reject both cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them o Rebellion—reject both society's goals and its institutionalized means

question

illegitimate opportunity structure

answer

opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life

question

white collar crime

answer

Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations

question

corporate crime

answer

crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

question

criminal justice system

answer

the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime

question

recedivism rate

answer

the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested

question

capitol punishment

answer

the death penalty

question

serial murder

answer

the killing of several victims in three or more separate events

question

hate crime

answer

a crime that is punished more severely because its motivated by hatred of someone's race

question

police discretion

answer

the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter

question

medicalization of deviance

answer

to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

question

3 dimensions of social stratification

answer

property, power, and prestige

question

colonialism

answer

the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources

question

world system theory

answer

economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together o 1. Core nations—the countries that industrialized first grew rich and powerful o 2. semiperiphery—located around the Mediterranean; economies stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations o 3. Periphery—fringe nations; developed the least; Eastern European nations which sold cash crops to core nations o 4. External area—nations left out of the development of capitalism altogether; most of Africa and Asia

question

globalization of capitalism

answer

capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system

question

culture of poverty

answer

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

question

neocolonialism

answer

the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized nations by the Most Industrialized Nations

question

multinational corporations

answer

companies that operate across national boundaries, also called transnational corporations

question

social class

answer

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in wealth, prestige and power; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

question

property

answer

material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds buildings businesses, cars, furniture, land and stocks

question

wealth

answer

the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts

question

income

answer

money received, usually from a job, business or assets

question

power

answer

the ability to get your way, even over the resistance of others

question

power elite

answer

C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military and politics who make the nation's major decisions

question

prestige

answer

respect or regard

question

status consistency

answer

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class

question

status inconsistency

answer

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

question

status

answer

the positions that someone occupies in a social group

question

anomie

answer

Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior

question

Marx's model of social class

answer

o 1. Capitalists—bourgeoisie, those who own the means of production o 2. Workers—proletariat, those who work for the capitalists o 3. Inconsequential others—beggars, etc

question

contradictory class locations

answer

Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests

question

Wright's Modification of Marx's Model

answer

o 1. Capitalists o 2. Petty bourgeoisie o 3. Managers o 4. Workers

question

6-tier model for class structure

answer

o Capitalist class—1% of population; worth more than entire bottom 90% of country; owns 1/3 of nations assests; old vs new money o The upper middle class—most shaped by education; 15% of population o The lower middle class—34% of population; can afford but struggle to maintain mainstream lifestyle o The working class—30% of population; relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers; less education and lower incomes; only high school diploma o The working poor—16% of population; unskilled, low paying, temporary and seasonal jobs; depend on food stamps o The underclass—a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations; inner city; 4% of population

question

intergenerational mobility

answer

the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next

question

upward social mobility

answer

movement up the social class ladder

question

downward social mobility

answer

movement down the social class ladder

question

structural mobility

answer

movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts

question

exchange mobility

answer

about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change

question

poverty line

answer

the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low cost food budget

question

feminization of poverty

answer

refers to the situation that most poor families in the U.S. are headed by women

question

culture of poverty

answer

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, and that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

question

deferred gratification

answer

doing without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future

question

Horatio Alger myth

answer

the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough

question

economic revolution

answer

rise of capitalism, the growth of urban life and the Industrial Revolution

question

political revolution

answer

development of nation-state system; movements for democracy; rise of popular struggles

question

philosophical revolution

answer

Enlightenment; intellectuals started to focus more on science, rationality and empiricism

question

causality

answer

the factors or variables that explain a particular outcome

question

mechanical solidarity

answer

social solidarity based on common consciousness

question

organic solidarity

answer

social solidarity based on cooperative and interdependent relations in society

question

empiricism

answer

using measurable and verifiable facts to support a hypothesis (proposition of cause and effect)

question

ethics

answer

behavior that follows a set of rules oriented towards the welfare of larger society instead of professional self-interest

question

morals

answer

the judgment of "good" or "bad" human behavior (usually based on philosophical principles)

question

expressive ties

answer

based on emotional investment or connection with others (ex. Parents, bf or gf)

question

instrumental ties

answer

based on goal attainment/maximizing interests (ex sports team, alliances/coalitions)

question

coercive organizations

answer

those which hold people against their will, such as mental institutions and prisons

question

A child learns to act like adults, she observes and internalizes her parents' values and attitudes into her personality. Lawrence Kohlberg refers to this behavior as:

answer

none of the above

question

Socialization refers to

answer

the process of transmitting cultural values to young members

question

For charles H. Cooley, the process wherby our self image develops from the ways others treat us is called the ________ process

answer

looking-glass self

question

The cases of children who were raised in extreme isolation demonstrate that

answer

normal human development requires continuing human interaction

question

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development argues that

answer

virtually all children go through the same sequence of mental development

question

Which of the following statements about the nature/nurture debate would Alex Thio see as the most accurate?

answer

While nature sets limits, socialization plays a very large role in determining who we are

question

John is playing with his toys and he is pretending to be a fireman like his father. According to Jean Piaget, by seeing himself from his father's point of view, John is

answer

none of the above

question

For humans to be socialized ,it is imperative that they have:

answer

regular social interaction with adults

question

Which of the following describes behavior associated with Jan Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

answer

when a child learns with his senses and body to interact with the environment

question

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the first level of moral development, young adults have a preconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of

answer

a right and wrong consequence

question

Taylor is a young girl whose parents surrounded her with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. based on our understanding of socialization, Taylor is probably

answer

ahead of other children in the areas she had been trained in

question

According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole in the game stage, they take on the role of the

answer

generalized other

question

Charles H. Cooley viewed society as a group of individuals helping each other to develop their personality. this means that

answer

the core of the self is in the concept of the self image that develops from the way others see us

question

Natasha recieves good grades, she learns a lot and she is liked by her professors, parents, and friends. she is outgoing and also participates in several extra curricular activities that the school develops for the betterment of the students. charles H. cooley would suggest that natasha

answer

has a good self image

question

in the sixth grade of the levels of development of the self, the "I" represents?

answer

the spontaneous, creative, and impulsive personality we can have

question

social exchanges are usually governed by

answer

the norm of reciprocity

question

which of the following statements about socialization are true EXCEPT?

answer

it is difficult to change an adult's personality becasue it has been formed in childhood

question

competition in the global market has helped U.S. companies

answer

become more efficient and productive

question

an ethnomethodologist would likely study

answer

the conversations among roommates in a college dormatory

question

many people use the internet as a key tool of communication. which of the following is a disadvantage of electronic communication?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following forms of social interaction are more likely to unsettle the social structure?

answer

competition

question

everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. the pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding it was:

answer

Erving Goffman

question

select below that one statement that is NOT a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life:

answer

examining social interaction in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality

question

the use of internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook:

answer

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life

question

at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of

answer

conflicting norms

question

Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain

answer

an incongruity between two realities

question

the analysis of how people define the world in which they live is called

answer

ethnomthodology

question

which of the following would NOT be classified as civil inattention?

answer

working on a group project in your sociology class

question

which of the following statements about conflict is the most true?

answer

conflict can often help a social structure by unifing members

question

the supportive social interaction's function that provides hidden, underlying meanings is absolutely crucial for

answer

ensuring social order

question

intelligence is either inherited or learned

answer

false

question

anticipatory socialization is the process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future

answer

true

question

superego is Freud's term for the part of the personality that is moral; popularly known as conscience

answer

true

question

Jean Piaget's described seven stages of cognitive development that each child goes through

answer

false

question

to be a genius, you must be born one

answer

false

question

preconventional morality is Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms

answer

false

question

humor is only fun and games

answer

false

question

because they speak the same language, men and women can easily understand each other

answer

false

question

Non verbal communication may involve proxemics, the use of space as a means of communication

answer

true

question

to symbolic interactionists, people usually don't take supportive interactions at face value but pay more attention to the hidden meanings behind expressed words and actions

answer

true

question

parents in ______ families try to cultivate a strng acceptance and security in tehir young children by indulging them, letting them have practically anything they want and letting them behave and misbehave in any way they want

answer

Asian Americans

question

according to _______, children develop their self concept in three stages

answer

George H Mead

question

________ morality was Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms

answer

postconventional

question

Children of _________ parents are traditionally socialized through an extensive network of relatives

answer

Native Americans

question

________ is an interaction in which two individuals follow mutually accepted rules, each trying to achieve the same goal before the other does

answer

competition

question

________ is an interaction in which two individuals disregard any rules, each trying to achieve his or her own goal by defeating the other

answer

conflict

question

________ is the use of body movements as a means of communication; also called body language

answer

kinesis

question

Alex Thio affirms that by studying and appreciating social diversity in our society, we ultimately

answer

develop a better understanding of ourselves

question

US sociology was reshaped during the 1960's by renewed awareness of

answer

poverty and years of social unrest

question

critics of the feminist theory criticize the theory becasue it

answer

overemphasizes the oppressiveness of patriarchy

question

a scientific theory is

answer

always open to revision in the light of new evidence

question

according to symbolic interactionists

answer

people respond to the interpretations of symbols and experiences

question

if you wanted to determine whether there is a gender difference in how often people think about sex, the best research method would be

answer

the survey

question

by using each of the three major sociological perspectives, researchers can

answer

bring more aspects of society into a sharper focus

question

Herbert Spencer's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that

answer

none of the above

question

sociologist Jane Johnson lived with Kickapoo indians and studied the tribal members' beliefs. This type of research is called

answer

ethnography

question

sociologists study human behavior through books, magazines, letters, songs, etc. this type of research is called

answer

content analysis

question

which of the following statements is most clearly linked with herbert spencer's view of society?

answer

the primary feature of society is its interactive parts that contribute to the function of the whole

question

the fourth step or level we have in the scientific method is

answer

selecting a research design by choosing one or more research methods

question

tom was a sunday school teacher, he played on a softball team and at nights he studied a master degree in computers. however, his main commitment was to his job. this mans that softball, chirch activities and his master program were his

answer

subordinate statuses

question

sam works overtime everyday in an important company as the head of the company, he therfore cannot spend as much time as he would like wih his children. he feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could loose his job. his situation is an example of

answer

role conflict

question

lisa attended her best friends funeral wearing cut off jeans and a red tank top. when the service started lisa whistled and cheered. lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the funeral was a violation of society's

answer

folkways

question

with time, norms and values have changed in our society and become law. the following are norms and values that have changed overtime and have become part of the law EXCEPT

answer

we support saluting each other

question

which if the following is apart of the concept of society?

answer

a collection of interacting persons who share culture and territory

question

the functionalist perspective explains cultural practices by looking at

answer

the purpose of the practice serves for society as a while

question

symbolic interactionists tend to stress the importance of culture as

answer

a guide and product of human creation

question

which of the following statements about hunting and gathering societies is false?

answer

these societies domesticate animals to eat

question

the sapir-whorf hypothesis about language and culture suggests that

answer

language shapes the ways in which people percieve the world

question

which of the following statements is the definition of social institution

answer

the stable sets of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures that are organized to satisfy basic needs

question

sociology is the systematic, scientific study of human society

answer

true

question

economic globalization is a closely knit community of all the world's societies

answer

false

question

participant observation is a research method that involves only asking questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors

answer

false

question

a micro view focuses on the immediate social situation in which people interact with one another

answer

true

question

patriarchy is a system of domination in which women exercise power over women

answer

false

question

primary group is a group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other

answer

false

question

condoleezza rice's position as national security advisor in the bush administration is an ascribed status, and her status as an african american and a woman are achieved

answer

false

question

according to alex thio, we feel role strain if we have to play two conflicting roles from the same status

answer

true

question

according to alex thio, both functionalist and conflict perspectives provide a structural view of culture as largely capable of constraining us

answer

true

question

according to the sapir-whorf hypothesis, our language makes us see the world in a certain way

answer

true

question

statuses that are given to us based on what we do, rather than who we are are called

answer

achieved status

question

social stratification is a profoundly important subject in sociology because

answer

almost every aspect of our lives, from family size to how much money we need, is linked to ou status in society

question

which of the following statements about economic inequality in the US is true?

answer

the poorest 20% in the US have 4.2% of the national income

question

a stratification system where there is little opportunity to accumulate wealth and where there is much social equality is called

answer

egalitarian system

question

for feminists, gender inequality should be studied as part of the overall stratification system because

answer

an analysis of a stratification system must include all of its members

question

sociologists are using the ____ method of identifying social class when they rely on a group of people from the community to rate or locate people in the class structure

answer

reputational

question

joseph is automatically rated as a member of the middle class because he has a master's degree. this way of assigning people to social classes, based on year's of education and occupation is called the

answer

objective method

question

according to the absolute definition of poverty in the united states, persons are poor when they

answer

lack the income needed to sustain a minimum standard of living

question

due to job loss, divorce, disabilities and old age, studies suggest

answer

a majority of americans will experience a brief period of poverty in their life

question

oscar lewis characterized people living in a culture of poverty as having all of the following attitudes EXCEPT

answer

future oriented

question

the essence of global stratification is

answer

inequality among nations

question

sociologists who follow the functionalists theory believe that social stratification is

answer

universal and necessary, it serves societies

question

the lack of minimum food and shelter necessarily for maintaining life is called

answer

absolute poverty

question

conflict theorists argue that social stratification

answer

is a reflection of power, not necessity

question

according to karl marx, the difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is

answer

the capitalists own the means of production and the workers do not

question

simon kuznets curve refers to the changing relationship between

answer

economic development and social inequality

question

which of the following statements about race and ethnicity is true?

answer

while a people's physical features do not change when they move to another country, their racial identification as blacks or whites may change

question

the term life chances refers to

answer

opportunities of living a good, long, successful life

question

the cultural traits of an ethnic group

answer

are culturally learned and passed from one generation to another

question

the famous golfer tiger woods, as an african american, has created the acronym cablinasian to describe his mixed racial background. mr woods is an example of all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the definition of race is the same in all societies

question

one of several problems with the biological classification of races is that

answer

most people are not physically distinctive

question

the sociological definition of race is based on

answer

the perception of society in defining people as biologically different

question

which of the following is an example of prejudice

answer

feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group

question

which of the following statements is NOT a false concept that the european settlers created a stereotype native americans

answer

they were accused of living in tribes

question

one result of efforts by the US government to promote tribal economic development and self-sufficient has been

answer

a national movement to make native americans feel proud of their cultural heritage

question

jim crow refers to

answer

laws enacted after federal troops left the south that segregated blacks from whites

question

the largest component of the hispanic community in the united states are the

answer

mexicans

question

chinese and japanese americasn are educationally and occupationally

answer

among the most succesful minorities

question

a degree of human prejudice can be explained by the tendency of human beings to place the blame for one's troubles on persons incapable of offering much resistance. this device is known as

answer

scapegoating

question

robert merton called people who believe in equality and put their beliefs into action

answer

unprejudice non discriminators

question

which of the following statements is NOT a reason why ethnic conflict is so fierce in many countries?

answer

the victims of ethnic conflict acted in ways that brought out ethnic hostility

question

Karl Marx believed that capitalist sough tomaximize profit by exploiting workers

answer

true

question

the class system is the least stratified, with minimal inequality

answer

false

question

according to alex thio, it is harder today than 30 years ago for americans to move from a lower to a higher social class

answer

true

question

as the world's leading democratic society, the united states has the most equal distribution of income

answer

false

question

according to the conflict perspective, society creates and maintains poverty because benefits can be derived from it

answer

false

question

according to the conflict perspective, racial and ethnic groups can contribute to social cohesion through assimilation, amalgamation or cultural pluralism

answer

false

question

genocide is the wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group

answer

true

question

there are there distinct, pure races: white, asian and black

answer

false

question

according to alex thio, despite the history of discrimination against them, asian americans are doing relatively well today

answer

true

question

the feudal system is made up of several segregated groups whose positions are ascribed and fixed in society

answer

false

question

when using the ______________ to determine class structure, sociologists find that some people generally rank themselves higher than what they really are

answer

subjective method

question

sociologists apply the ________ because it identifies social class using occupation, income and education

answer

objective method

question

which of the following is a social group?

answer

a couple married less than one

question

which of the following is true?

answer

a person measures his or her own worth by the standards of a reference group

question

which of the following is a social aggregate?

answer

people waiting at terminal C for flight 181

question

the key to increased productivity in today's organizations is not, as frederick taylor assumed, in the formal organization, but in the

answer

informal organization, the relationships of workers

question

what term do sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal?

answer

organization

question

jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. she was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. she would be an example of a

answer

instrumental type of leader

question

which of the following situations most likely illustrates a primary relationship?

answer

a family enjoying a picnic at the beach

question

how do japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by the most business organizations in the west?

answer

japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model

question

which of the following is among the characteristic of a bureaucracy?

answer

all of the above

question

which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intamcy, and stability?

answer

larger groups, such as fraternity, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships

question

the McDonaldization of society refers to

answer

the increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation

question

the privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms is called

answer

idiosyncrasy credit

question

reference groups provide us with

answer

a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors

question

people with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place are called a

answer

social category

question

among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is

answer

socialization

question

tom brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. he provided support if needed, but generally allowed members of his group to work by themselves. his leadership style would be called

answer

laissez-faire

question

early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on teh assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits. this view was called

answer

biological determinism

question

the culture of rape suggests all of the following attitudes EXCEPT

answer

women are treated as equals to men in all aspects of society

question

if you live in a high crime area, many of teh people you will befriend will be involved in criminal ativites, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. the conceptual context for the phenomenon is known as

answer

differential association

question

according to edwin sutherland, how do criminals adopt behavior?

answer

they learn criminal behavior from peers

question

with which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?

answer

deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control less powerful

question

the first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as

answer

anomic

question

many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called

answer

organized crime

question

sociological research and theory suggest that

answer

crime and deviance are rooted in the structure of society, including poverty, urban conditions, and generally, the crises faced by many young men

question

nowadays, corporate crime, or white collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. which of the following is an example of corporate crime?

answer

all of the above

question

which two theories explaining deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist?

answer

differential association and labeling theory

question

most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment

answer

is not effective deterrent to murder

question

a global analysis of deviance reveals social differences in a number of deviant activities. which of the following is NOT one of those differences?

answer

prostitution is more of a problem i the united states than in other countries

question

which of the following is NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers?

answer

prior involvement in drug use

question

according to some experts, the current drug laws do more harm than good becasue they

answer

lead to many crimes, including murder

question

the influence of organizations over our lives is entirely beneficial

answer

false

question

government agencies have goals and rules that are stated explicity so that the work of their many members can be coordinated

answer

true

question

according to amitai etzioni, in an organization, the function of the higher participants is to exercise power over the lower participants so that the latter will help the organization achieve its goals

answer

true

question

studies show that western companies cannot successfully operate with the kind of bottom up decision making used in japan

answer

false

question

human resource theory is a style that seems human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department

answer

true

question

the pentagon is an example of a secondary group

answer

true

question

having a network of friends and relatives can only bring joy and chase away lonliness, worries, and trouble, especially for widows

answer

false

question

the peter principle is the observation that "in every hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence"

answer

true

question

the addition of only one person to a group greatly increases the number of relationships

answer

true

question

most homicides and rapes involve killing and raping acquaintances, friends, and family members, and only a few involve strangers

answer

true

question

according to ____is the observation that "work expands to fill the time available for its completion"

answer

parkin's law

question

______ is a number of people who happen to be in one place but do not interact with one another

answer

social aggregate

question

herb, joe, and judy routinely meet for breakfast to discuss how to solve problems and promote work in the office. their meetings are part of their company's

answer

informal organization

question

individuals who commit _____ suicide are so strongly tied to their group that they effectively lose their selves and stand ready to do their group's bidding

answer

alturistic

question

in ___ the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized in effect, banished from conventional society

answer

disintegrative shaming

question

according to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to:

answer

socialization and culture

question

According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population is:

answer

a lack of unity regarding the role of women.

question

Which of the following represents the third wave of feminism?

answer

Welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes.

question

It can be safely said that

answer

nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women.

question

Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies:

answer

a division of labor between the sexes is found only in the U.S.

question

Which statement is TRUE about the role of women in politics today?

answer

Women play an important role but they are far from achieving equality.

question

Anna wanted to enter a political race against a man. Which of the following statements by her opponent is most likely based on sexism?

answer

Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is a one-issue candidate.

question

The basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular:

answer

stereotypes of what women and men are supposed to be.

question

Which statement is TRUE about the role of women today in the work force?

answer

Women are still far from economically equal to men.

question

Which of the following definitions of sexual harassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993?

answer

Any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.

question

The physical process of aging is called:

answer

senescence

question

Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hereditary genes.

question

Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because

answer

like many other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.

question

Which of the following kinds of intelligence continues to grow with age?

answer

Crystalline intelligence.

question

Prejudice against older people is expressed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

answer

exclusion from politics

question

The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the "young old" have over the "oldest old"?

answer

all of the above

question

The basic division of labor in society has been influenced by gender stereotypes about how men and women should behave and therefore what work they are best suited to do.

answer

true

question

As a highly democratic society, the United States has proportionately more female political leaders than other nations.

answer

false

question

According to the conflict perspective, interaction between the sexes often sustains or reinforces gender inequality.

answer

...

question

The normal process of aging cannot be avoided but good health, proper diet, nutrition and exercise can make a significant difference in health for people of all ages.

answer

true

question

_____ is the belief that women and men should be equal in various aspecs of their lives.

answer

feminism

question

According to _____ perspective, it is functional for society to assign different tasks to men and women.

answer

functionalist

question

_____ refers to the physical process of aging.

answer

senescence

question

_____ is an abnormal condition characterized by serious memory loss, confusion, and loss of the ability to reason

answer

senility

question

_____ also involves sexual abuses against women, of which the most common is sexual harassment.

answer

sexism

question

According to Sigmund Freud, the ____ is the part of the personality that is rational.

answer

ego

question

_______ referred to supportive interactions as 'supportive interchanges' 'mutual dealings' or 'acts of identificatory sympathy.

answer

erving Goffman

question

Hank tends to treat others as enemies. This type of interaction with others is called _____ interaction.

answer

Oppositional

question

According to economist ____ 1.1 billion or nearly one-fifth of the people in the world is extremely poor, struggling to survive with an income of less than $1 a day

answer

Jeffrey Sachs

question

The changing relationship between development and inequality is known as the work developed by economist:

answer

Simon Kuznets

question

______is an unfavorable action against individuals that is taken because they are members of a certain category.

answer

discrimination

question

For African Americans, progress has not been significant in housing and economic conditions because of tradition and customs. We called it:

answer

de facto segregation

question

In some of our social institutions, there is still the persistence of _____. The problem is that it is not recognized by everybody because of the long history that we have practiced it.

answer

institutionalized discrimination

question

A manager who becomes the vice president of a company illustrates:

answer

intragenerational mobility

question

_____ is a negative attitude toward members of a minority that is often based on negative stereotypes.

answer

prejudice

question

At the end of the nineteenth century, there was mob violence in the North against African Americans of the Deep South blaming them for their failures and lack of money. This is call:

answer

scapegoating

question

jane is a nursing student who reads books about the life of nurses, and uses nursing expressions when talking to her friends. for her nurses are her:

answer

reference group

question

according to ______ capitalist organizations are the capitalist' tool for exploiting the working class

answer

Karl Marx

question

american sociologist in the 1930's, ______ agreed with Emile Durkheim theory concerning that deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies

answer

Robert Merton

question

accordin to _______ deviance is learned through interactions with other people like friends

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

race, class and ______ play a significant role in deviance, particularly crime and delinquency

answer

gender

question

_____ ______ is the condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings

answer

status inconsistency

question

judy begins a new job as a nurse. her supervisor expects her to be on time and take good care of her patients. these expectations make up her:

answer

prescribed role

question

we will experience ____ ______ if we simultaneously play two conflicting roles from two different statuses

answer

role conflict

question

______ are strong norms that specify normal behavior of people and constitute demands on our behavior, not just expectations

answer

mores

question

functionalist perspective emphasizes society's stability while the _____ ______ portrays society as always changing and always marked by conflict

answer

conflict perspective

question

charles wright mills called the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals the ____ _____

answer

sociological imagination

question

in ____ _____ sociologists search for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher

answer

secondary analysis

question

the perspective that views society as a set of interdependent parts working together to provide social order is known as the ______ perspective

answer

functionalist

question

Roles

answer

the behaviors, obligations, & privileges attached to a status. (What is expected of you)

question

Group

answer

People who regularly interact with one another. Members share similar values, norms, & expectations. Belonging allows others to decide our behavior.

question

Social Institutions

answer

The ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs. Shape behavior. (Family, Religion, Education, Economy, Medicine, Politics, Law, Science, Military, Mass Media)

question

Society

answer

People who share a culture and a territory.

question

Social Transformations of Society

answer

Hunting & Gathering->Horticultural/Pastoral(dmestication of animals)->Agricultural(Invention of plow)->Industrial(invention of steam engine)->Postindustrial(microchip)->Biotech?(decoding human genome)

question

Hunting & gathering Society

answer

This first society depended on men hunting & women gathering plants. Small groups. No rulers, accumulate few personal items, decisions through discussion.

question

Pastoral Society

answer

2nd society (herding). Based on pasturing of animals. Developed in regions with low rainfall. Nomadic.

question

Horticultural Society

answer

2nd society. (gardening) Based on cultivation of plants by use of hand tools. Developed permanent settlements. Started division of labor and with surplus started trade. This started social inequality. (war-slavery)

question

Consequences of animal domestication & plant cultivation

answer

More dependable food supply->food surplus->larger human groups->division of labor->trade->accumulation of objects->war->slavery->social inequality->inherited wealth->concentration of wealth & power->Change in leadership.

question

Agricultural Society

answer

3rd society. When plow was invented it created a food surplus. People developed cities & "culture". The dawn of civilization. Inequality became fundamental of life. Elite protected status with armies & taxes.

question

Industrial Society

answer

4th society. The industrial revolution with the steam engine. Even more surplus & inequality. Shift from slavery to wages. Shift from monarchies to political systems.

question

Postindustrial Society

answer

5th society. Technology & information. Selling expertise rather than raw materials. Not producing- transmitting. Service industries.

question

Biotech Society

answer

Emerging society. Economy centered on applying & altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine, & materials.

question

Social integration

answer

(Durkheim) the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values & other social bonds (mechanical solidarity)

question

Mechanical Solidarity

answer

People who perform similar tasks develop a shared consciousness.

question

Organic Solidarity

answer

(Durkheims social integration)When the division of labor makes people depend on one another- the work of each person contributes to the whole group.

question

Gemeinschaft to Gesellshaft

answer

Moving from small villages with intimate bonds and reliance to reliance on paid work outside of the family and self interests.

question

Modernization

answer

The sweeping changes brought by the industrial revolution.

question

G7 plus

answer

(Geopolitics) The division of world power btwn- Japan, Germany, US, Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy

question

Unilinear theories

answer

A theory on cultural evolution that assume that all societies follow the same path- savagery, barbarism, civilization.

question

Multilinear theories

answer

A theory on cultural evolution assumes that there are different routs that lead to the same stage of development-industrialization.

question

Ogburn's Processes of Social Change

answer

Invention, Discovery, & Diffusion (technology drives changes)

question

Cyclical theories

answer

Assume that civilizations are born, youth, maturity, then decline & die like an organism (egypt, greece, & rome)

question

Thesis

answer

(Marx) An arrangement of power, containing its own antithesis. A struggle creates a new arrangement known as a Synthesis. This Synthesis becomes the new thesis and so on.

question

Dialectical Process

answer

Marx- view that each ruling group sow the seeds of its own destruction. Thesis->Antithesis->Synthesis->Classless state.

question

Invention

answer

Ogburn's process- Combination of existing elements to form new ones ie. cars, computers, plastics. Urban sprawl, Telework, New construction.

question

Discovery

answer

Ogburn's process- New way of seeing some aspect of the world. ie. Columbus discovering N.America, DNA

question

Diffusion

answer

Ogburn's process- Spread of an invention or discovery from one area to another. ie. airplanes, money, condoms.

question

Cultural Lag

answer

Ogburn- How some elements of a culture lags behind the changes that come from invention, discovery, & diffusion. Technology is usually first to change & culture lags behind.

question

Demography

answer

the study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations. Can the world support all of this growth?

question

Malthus Theorem

answer

Argument that although population grows geometrically, the food supply increases only arithmetically. This means that if births go unchecked, population will outstrip its food supply.

question

New Malthusians

answer

Believe that the population issue is really & even worse than the Malthus theorem. That it follows the exponential growth curve.

question

Exponential Growth Curve

answer

new malthusians believe that if growth doubles during approximately equal intervals of time, it suddenly accelerates. Currently @ 7 billion.

question

The Demographic Transition

answer

(Anti-malthusions) Stable Population->Rapidly growing Population->Stable Population->Shrinking Population (population free fall?)

question

Population Pyramids

answer

Depict a countries population by age & sex.

question

Fertility Rate

answer

A demographic variable. The number of children that the average woman bears.

question

Fecundity

answer

The number of children that women are CAPABLE of bearing. Not Fertility rate.

question

Crude Birth Rate

answer

The annual number of live births per 1,000 population. Can be inaccurate.

question

Mortality

answer

measured by the crude death rate.

question

Migration (net migration rate)

answer

The difference btwn the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000. (push & pull factors)

question

Push Factor

answer

What people want to escape- poverty, persecution of religion, political ideas.

question

Pull Factors

answer

What draws people to a new land- opportunity of education, higher wages, better jobs, freedom to worship, future for children.

question

Growth Rate

answer

The net change after people are born, die, & migrate. Calculated by the basic demographic equation-> growth rate=births-deaths+net migration

question

City

answer

a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and don't produce their own food. (started w/the plow)

question

Urbanization

answer

the movement of the majority of the population to cities and the influence it is having on society.

question

Metropolis

answer

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs. They are linked by transportation and communication.

question

Megalopolis

answer

When a metropolis is so big and influential. It is an overlapping area of at least 2 metropolises & suburbs.

question

Megacity

answer

When a cities pop hits 10 million. New york & 19 others.

question

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's)

answer

The US census bureau divides the country. Each area has a central city of at least 50,000.

question

Edge Cities

answer

Clusters of buildings and services near the intersection of major highways. Not traditional cities.

question

Gentrification

answer

The movement of middle class people into rundown areas of a city for cheaper prices. Results in renovation but displaces original, low-income residents.

question

Suburbanization

answer

People moving from cities to suburbs. Automobile major drive to this.

question

Human Ecology

answer

(Park) describes how people adapt to their environment. (urban ecology)

question

Concentric Zone Model

answer

(Burgess) That a city expands outward from its business district center. (bullseye)

question

Sector Model

answer

(Hoyt) Reformed from concentric zones- That a city has many sectors i.e. working class housing & expensive homes. (invasion-succession cycle)

question

Multiple-Nuclei Model

answer

Cities have several centers, each having a specialized activity.

question

Peripheral Model

answer

Portrays the impact of radial highways on the movement of people and services away from the central city.

question

Gans Research

answer

Research in Boston showing that community does exist in the city. The residents liked living there because of the low rent.

question

Who lives in the cities

answer

(Gans) Cosmopolites, Singles, Ethinic Villagers, Deprived, & Trapped.

question

Diffusion of Responsibility

answer

The more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help.

question

Norm of Noninvolvement

answer

Urban dwellers avoid intrusion from strangers. (newspaper, ipod, personal space)

question

Disinvestment

answer

a result of bank redlining. pushes areas further into decline and raises crime.

question

Deindustrialization

answer

Companies moving factories to countries where labor costs are lower. Leaving people without manufacturing jobs and no other experience.

question

Urban Renewal

answer

A social policy to tear down and rebuild- displaces residents of low-income.

question

Enterprise zone

answer

A designated area of a city offering economic incentives (tax breaks) for businesses to move there. Usually fail due to crime.

question

Federal Empowerment Zone

answer

a form of enterprise zone that also offers low interest loans to sustain businesses during transition. More successful.

question

Social Movements

answer

Large numbers of people who organize either to promote or resist social change. A result of social inequality. (cultural crisis)

question

Proactive social movements

answer

When a social movement finds a particular condition intolerable and have a goal to promote social change.

question

Reactive Social Movement

answer

When a social movement feels threatened because of a condition of society changing. They react to resist that change.

question

Social Movement Organizations

answer

When a social movement want to further their goals they develop this. They can then effectively recruit members and publicize their message.

question

Alterative Social Movement

answer

seeks only to alter a specific behavior in individuals. (woman's christian temperance union)

question

Redemptive Social Movement

answer

Targets individuals for a total change. (Christianity)

question

Reformative Social Movement

answer

Seek to reform some specific aspect of society. (animal rights movement)

question

Transformative Social Movement

answer

Seeks to transform the social order itself. (revolutions)

question

Transnational Social Movement

answer

Wants to change some specific condition that cuts across society. Improving quality of life. (Womans movement)

question

Public opinion

answer

How people think about some issues.

question

Propaganda

answer

The presentation of info in an attempt to influence people.

question

Stages of social movements

answer

Initial unrest->Resource mobilization->Organization->Institutionalization->Organizational decline and possible resurgence.

question

Post modern society

answer

The use of technology to extend out ability to communicate, travel, & analyze info.

question

social stratification

answer

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

question

social mobility

answer

a change in position within the social hierarchy

question

caste system

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth

question

class system

answer

social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

question

meritocracy

answer

social stratification based on personal merit

question

status consistency

answer

the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

question

structural social mobility

answer

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

question

ideology

answer

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality

question

Davis-Moore Thesis

answer

the assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

question

capitalists

answer

people who won and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

question

proletarians

answer

people who sell their labor for wages

question

alienation

answer

the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

question

blue-collar occupations

answer

lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor

question

white-collar occupations

answer

higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity

question

conspicuous consumption

answer

buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

question

income

answer

earnings from work or investments

question

wealth

answer

the total value of money and other assets minus outstanding debts

question

intragenerational social mobility

answer

a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime

question

intergenerational social mobility

answer

upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

question

relative poverty

answer

lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

question

absolute poverty

answer

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

question

feminzation of poverty

answer

the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

question

global stratification

answer

patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

question

high-income countries

answer

the nations with the highest overall standards of living

question

middle-income countries

answer

nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

question

low-income countries

answer

nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor

question

colonialism

answer

the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

question

neocolonialism

answer

a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

question

multinational corporation

answer

a large business that operates in many countries

question

modernization theory

answer

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations

question

dependency theory

answer

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

question

gender

answer

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

question

gender stratification

answer

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

question

matriarchy

answer

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

question

patriarchy

answer

a form of social organization in which males dominate females

question

sexism

answer

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

question

gender roles

answer

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

question

minority

answer

any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

question

intersection theory

answer

analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage

question

sexual harassment

answer

comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

question

feminism

answer

support of social equality for women and men, opposition to patriarchy and sexism

question

race

answer

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

question

ethnicity

answer

a shared cultural heritage

question

minority

answer

any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

question

stereotype

answer

a simplified description applied to every person in some category

question

social distance

answer

how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category

question

prejudice

answer

a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

question

racism

answer

the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

question

scapegoat

answer

a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles

question

discrimination

answer

unequal treatment of various categories of people

question

institutional prejudice and discrimination

answer

bias build into the operation of society's institutions

question

pluralism

answer

a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

question

assimilation

answer

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

question

segregation

answer

the physical and social separation of categories of people

question

genocide

answer

the systematic killing of one category of people by another

question

miscegenation

answer

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

question

kinship

answer

a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

question

family

answer

a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children

question

extended family

answer

a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family

question

nuclear family

answer

a family composed of one or two parents and their children also known as a conjugal family

question

marriage

answer

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing

question

endogamy

answer

marriage between people of the same social category

question

exogamy

answer

marriage between people of different social categories

question

monogamy

answer

marriage that unites two partners

question

polygamy

answer

marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

question

descent

answer

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

question

incest taboo

answer

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

question

homogamy

answer

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

question

family violence

answer

emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another

question

cohabitation

answer

the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

question

profane

answer

included as an ordinary part of everyday life

question

sacred

answer

set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence

question

religion

answer

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred

question

totem

answer

an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred

question

liberation theology

answer

the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character

question

church

answer

a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society

question

state church

answer

a church formally linked to the state

question

denomination

answer

a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism

question

sect

answer

a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society

question

charisma

answer

extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers

question

cult

answer

a religious organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions

question

animism

answer

the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity

question

religiosity

answer

the importance of religion in a person's life

question

secularization

answer

the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred

question

civil religion

answer

a quasi-religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society

question

fundamentalism

answer

a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion

question

social change

answer

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

question

social movement

answer

an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change

question

claims making

answer

the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue

question

relative deprivation

answer

a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison

question

disaster

answer

an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property

question

modernity

answer

social patterns resulting from industrialization

question

modernization

answer

the process of social change begun by industrialization

question

division of labor

answer

specialized economic activity

question

anomie

answer

Durkeim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals

question

mass society

answer

a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties

question

class society

answer

a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification

question

social character

answer

personality patterns common to members of a particular society

question

tradition-directness

answer

rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living

question

other-directedness

answer

openness to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed by imitating others

question

postmodernity

answer

social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies

question

affirmative action

answer

a policy made by the Kennedy administration to provide broader opportunities to qualified minorities

question

authoritarian personality

answer

individuals that rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong

question

block busting

answer

The illegal and discriminatory practice of helping ethnic or minority individuals into predominantly non-ethnic or minority-dominated areas, and then using scare tactics to force current neighborhood residents to sell their homes at depressed prices.

question

National Housing Act 1934

answer

passed to make housing and mortgages more affordable, created the Federal Housing Administration, white flight, block busting

question

red-lining

answer

neighborhoods that were outlined in red because they were risky investments because of the habitation of minorities

question

Thomas Theorem

answer

If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

question

teacher expectancy effect

answer

if a teacher expects something out of his/her students then the students feel obligated to meet these expectations, but if these expectations are low then the students have a limited potential

question

zakah

answer

zakah is a fixed proportion collected from the surplus wealth and earnings of a Muslim. It is then distributed to prescribed beneficiaries and for the welfare as well as the infrastructure of a Muslim society in general.

question

residential security map

answer

maps used by the FHA to ensure maximal value for richer communities by getting rid of minorities

question

income

answer

earnings from work or investments

question

wealth

answer

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

question

tracking

answer

assigning students to different types of educational programs

question

domestic violence

answer

violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women

question

Rostow's Stages of Development

answer

1. traditional stage: cannot imagine life can or should be any different 2. take-off stage: people start to use their talent and imagination sparking economic growth 3. drive to technological maturity: "growth" is widely accepted idea that fuels a society's pursuit of higher living standards 4. high mass consumption: economic development driven by industrial technology raises living standards as mass production stimulates mass consumption

question

urban renewal

answer

following World War II, and continuing into the early 1970s, "urban renewal" referred primarily to public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities, although some suburban communities undertook such projects as well.

question

just-world hypothesis

answer

people's tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve

question

horizontal mobility

answer

changing jobs at the same class level

question

false consciousness

answer

is the Marxist thesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society are misleading to the proletariat, and to other classes

question

vertical mobility

answer

changing jobs at a higher class level

question

divorce causes

answer

individualism, romantic love fades, women are less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, divorce is socially acceptable, divorce is easy to get

question

family forms

answer

one parent families, cohabitation, gay and lesbian couples, singlehood, two parents

question

functionalist view of religion

answer

Durkheim defines three major functions of religion: 1. social cohesion: unites people through shared symbolism, values, and norms, establishes rules of fair play 2. social control: "divine right", encourages people to obey cultural norms 3. providing meaning and purpose: our lives serve some greater purpose

question

hidden curriculum

answer

we teach different to students of different social statuses, richer students are encouraged more, and poorer students are encouraged less

question

Pierre Bourdieu

answer

education serves as a means of social reproduction, inequality is spread from one generation to the next, did studies in France to show greater class division because of social capital

question

confessions of an economic hitman

answer

Perkins takes the reader through his career and explains how he created economic projections for countries to accept billions of dollars in loans they surely couldn't afford. He shares his battle with his conscience over these actions and offers advice for how Americans can work to end these practices which have directly resulted in terrorist attacks and animosity towards the United States.

question

conflict view on religion

answer

divides people rather than uniting them

question

cost of sexism

answer

men have higher suicide rates, limits talents and ambitions of women

question

cycle of violence

answer

is Bachman and Saltzmans theory that domestic violence occurs in four stages: happiness, glossed-over disagreements, acute battering and violence, finally a honeymoon period

question

David Jacobs

answer

institutional racism criminologist at OSU, does research on prison admissions

question

wage trends

answer

minimum wage continues to increase, but so do the price of goods canceling out the effect, the increased wages keeping the poor, poor

question

Milkhemet Mitzvah

answer

Jewish term similar to the meaning of Jihad or "Just War," meaning to go out and seek territory or wealth

question

political economy theory

answer

analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system.

question

Protestant work ethic

answer

capitalism grew in protestant areas. Their work ethic went up

question

Rerun Novarum/Laborem Exercens

answer

Memo passed out by Pope Leo to Bishops on social issues; workers deserved wages that would support their families. Pope John Paul then later reiterates what Pope Leo says in 1981.

question

Van Ausdale and Feagan

answer

class position, race and ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation form a multilayered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others, adults see children as not being racist but they really are

question

Joe Feagin

answer

Talks about the glass ceiling. Point at which women can see the next level in work, but are unable to reach that level. Says that class position, race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation form multi-layered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others.

question

Kinsey

answer

Study in 1940. Found 37% men had at least 1 sexual experience with another man.

question

Lauman

answer

Study in 2000's. Says that 1.4% of women and 2.8% or men identify as homosexual.

question

Mead

answer

If gender is natural, it wouldn't vary, but this isn't always true. Also did societies in New Guinea

question

international monetary fund

answer

international organization that oversees monetary issues among countries

question

Culture

answer

the entire way of life a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next (material and symbolic) ex: language, gestures, style, beauty, custmos/rituals, tools/artifacts, music, family practices, the way we do things/think. all societies have it. it is not innnate. everything we do has to do with it.

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

the principle of using one's own culture as a means of standard by which to evaluate another group of individuals ~ leading to the view that other cultures are abnormal ~ suspend it through sociological imagination, culture shock, and beginners mind

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

the principle of understand other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging them by ones own culture

question

Material Culture

answer

objects associated with culture

question

Symbolic Culture

answer

ideas associated with culture (beliefs, values, assumptions, ways of behavior, norms, interactions, communication)

question

Values

answer

ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right an wrong in a particular group ~ articulates the essence of everything a group cherishes and honors

question

Norm

answer

Rule/guideline regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable and appropriate within a culture

question

Law

answer

formally defined norm ~ what is legal/illegal in a society

question

Folkway

answer

loosely enforced norm that ensures smooth social interaction

question

More

answer

norm that carries a greater moral significance ~ severe reprecussions for violations

question

Taboo

answer

norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust and horror

question

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

answer

the idea that language structures thoughts and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language

question

Sanction

answer

positive or negative reactions to the way that people follow or disobey norms ~ rewards for conformity and punishments for violations

question

Social Control

answer

the formal and informal mechanism used to increase conformity to values and norms and they increase social cohesion

question

Multiculturalism

answer

policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation

question

Hogemony

answer

Antonio Gramsii ~ describes the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society

question

Counter Culture

answer

group within society that openly rejects and opposes society's values and norms

question

Prescriptions

answer

behaviors approved by group

question

Proscription

answer

behaviors to avoid

question

Subculture

answer

group within a society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms and lifestyles

question

Culture Wars

answer

clashes within the society as to what the norms should be

question

Ideal Culture

answer

what members believe it should be

question

Real Culture

answer

what actually exists

question

Compliance Conformity

answer

mildest type of conformity

question

Identification Conformity

answer

inbetween ~ desire to maintain a relationship

question

Internalization Conformity

answer

strongest type of conformity, makes a groups beliefs their own

question

Popular Culture

answer

high culture of elite groups ~ usually associated with the masses, consumer goods and commercial products

question

Reference Group

answer

group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

question

Group Cohesion

answer

sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

question

Group Think

answer

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members ~ creating a demand for unanimous agreement

question

Social Loafing

answer

as more individuals are added to a task each individual contributes a little less

question

Social Identity Theory

answer

group formation that stress the need of the individual members to feel a sense of belonging

question

Coercive Power

answer

force

question

Influential Power

answer

persuasion

question

McDonaldization

answer

the spread of rationalization and the accompany increases in efficiency and dehumanization

question

Deviance

answer

behavior, trait, belief that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (social - not moral - judgement)

question

Functionalist Theory on Deviance

answer

argue that deviance serves as a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion

question

Conflict Theory on Deviance

answer

believe that a society's inequalities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance, so the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized

question

Dominant Culture

answer

group within society that is most powerful

question

High Culture

answer

associated with the elite

question

Polysemy

answer

having many interpretations/meanings

question

Cultural Diffusion

answer

the dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another

question

Cultural Leveling

answer

the process by which cultures that were once distinct became increasingly similar

question

Cultural Imperialism

answer

the imposition of one's culture on another through mass media and consumer products

question

Informal Norms

answer

(what sociologist are more interested in) lines, personal space, no eye contact in elevators

question

Nature vs. Nurture

answer

refers to an ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits *both sides play a role, hereditary provides the potential, social environment determines which potential we realize

question

Socialization

answer

2 fold process: 1) process by which individuals are taught to become functioning members of society 2) process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our own social group (begins in infancy)

question

Self

answer

experiences of a distinct, real, personal identity that is seperate and different from all other people

question

Sociologists and the Self

answer

they look at both the individual and society to gain a sense of where the self comes from - the self is created and modified over the course of a lifetime

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

psychoanalytic approach divides the mind into 3 interrelated systems: id, ego, superego

question

Id

answer

consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive energy

question

Dramaturgy

answer

Goffman; compares the social interaction to the theatre, where individuals take on roles and act them out to present a favorable impression to the "audience"

question

Thomas Theorem

answer

Goffman; "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

question

Erving Goffman

answer

believed that the meaning was constructed through interaction (dramatology and impression management)

question

Generalized Other

answer

the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or society in general) that a child learns and takes into account when shaping their behavior

question

3 Stages of creating self through social interactions

answer

Meade; 1) preporatory stage: under 3, no sense of self, imitating others 2) play stage: pretend to be someone else 3) game stage: generalized others (children see themselves as objects)

question

George Herbert Meade

answer

expanded Cooley's ideas abou the developmental self, he also believed that the self was created through social interaction and that his process started in childhood (children learn language and develop self at the same time) - the acquisition of language skills coincide with the growth of mental capacities (think of selves as seperate, see us in relationships with others)

question

Looking Glass Self

answer

Charles Cooley; notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us ** other people are like a mirror that show us who we are, they give us a response and we interpret it

question

Charles Cooley

answer

believed that one's sense of self depends seeing our self reflected in interactions with others (LGS)

question

Unconscious Mind

answer

source of our conscious thoughts and behaviors

question

Ego

answer

deals with the real world, operates on reason, mediates with the id and super ego

question

Super Ego

answer

conscience- keeps us from engaging in socially undesirable behaviors; ego ideal: upholds our vision of who we believe we should be

question

Psychosexual Stages of Development

answer

4 distinct stages of development of the self between birth and adulthood; ages 1 through 5 set stage for the rest of life

question

Agents of Socialization

answer

social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which social situations take place (family, schools, peers, and mass media)

question

Socially Constructed

answer

changes over time by society

question

Impression Management

answer

Goffman; social life is sort of a game, where we work to control the impressions others have of us-- effort to control the impressions we make on others to create desired views

question

Group

answer

collection of people who share the same attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other

question

Innovators

answer

individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve them

question

Ritualists

answer

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals, but still operate to approved means

question

Retreatists

answer

reject society's goals and the means to achieve them

question

Rebels

answer

reject both society's goals and means to achieve them and instead create their own goals by own means

question

Labled Theory

answer

deviance is a consequence of external judgements or labels which both modify the individuals self concept and change the way others respond to the labled person (self fulfilling prophecy- prediction causes itself to come true)

question

Crowd

answer

temporary gathering of people in a public area, members might interact but they do not identify with each other and won't remain in contact

question

Aggregate

answer

collection of people who share a physical location but do not have listing social relations

question

Primary Groups

answer

people who are most important to our sense of self ~ face to face interactions, intense feelings of belonging

question

Secondary Groups

answer

large, less intimate, temporary

question

Social Network

answer

web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to others who may also affect them

question

Anomie

answer

alienation and loss of purpose that results from weaker social bonds

question

In Group

answer

group one identifies with

question

Out Group

answer

group one feels opposition/rivalry towards

question

Merton's Structural Strain Theory

answer

argues that the tension/strain between socially approved goals and an individuals inability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject the goals, the means, or both

question

Differential Association Theory

answer

we learn to be deviant through out associations with deviant peers

question

Studying Culture

answer

scientists usually focus on thier culture, we need to study the mundane as well as exceptional and look at everyday life

question

Conflict Theory

answer

sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, emphasizes a materialistic view of society, an economic structure is a crucial factor in shaping society

question

Manifest Functions

answer

the obvious intended functions of a social structure for the social system (education=to learn/get degree)

question

Latent Functions

answer

the less obvious/unintended functions of a social structure (education=experience school problems and opportunities, provides jobs for the community)

question

Microsociology

answer

interactions between individuals and the ways in which those interactions construct the larger society

question

Paradigm

answer

broad theoretical model about how things work in the social natural world

question

Sociological Imagination

answer

a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level

question

Socologists study...

answer

how society affects the individual and how the individual affects society

question

Sociology

answer

the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large scale instituions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions

question

Society

answer

group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others

question

Martineau

answer

translated Comte's Philosophy into English

question

Macrosociology

answer

looks at the large scale social structure to see how it effects the individual

question

Mechanical Solidarity

answer

social bond where shared traditions and beliefs create a sense of social cohesion (sameness, don't like outsiders, agrarian societies) ld?

question

Social Theory

answer

guiding principle that attempt to explain and predict the social world

question

Paradigm Shift

answer

major break from the assumptions made by the previous model

question

Troubles and Issues

answer

ex. marriage: experience personal troubles, 250/1000 result in divorce=issues

question

Culture Shock

answer

the experience of visiting an exotic foreign country

question

Symbolic Interactionism

answer

sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that behaviors are not inherent but are created through interaction (American Thought)

question

The Classical Period

answer

1800's; work from this period forms the theoretical foundations for all sociological work; wanted to make sense of the changing worlk by the french and industrial revolution

question

Scientific Method

answer

procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasized collecting concrete data through observation and experiment

question

Theory

answer

abstract proposition that both explains the social world and makes predictions about future events (change over time, like a pair of eye glasses)

question

Research Ethics

answer

confidentiality, informed consent, honesty

question

Existing Sources

answer

access to distant times and places

question

Experiments

answer

control over every aspect

question

Surveys

answer

quantitative, representative/random sample

question

Hypothesis

answer

relationship between the dependent and independent variable

question

Interviews

answer

direct contact with respondents, qualitative data, carful contructing questions, must avoid leading questions and double barreled questions

question

Dependent Variable

answer

factor changed by the independent variable

question

Independent Variable

answer

factor that is predicted to change

question

Variable

answer

what you try to explain

question

Ethnography

answer

active participation in and observation of a naturally occurring setting AND written account (field notes) of what goes on, can't be replicated, not representative of population, researcher bias

question

Quantitative Data

answer

numerical

question

Qualitative Date

answer

non numerical

question

Organic Solidarity

answer

social bond based on a division of labor that created interdependence and individual rihts (industrial societies)

question

Beginner's Mind

answer

Bernard McGrane; people wanting to use a sociological perspective should use this, approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way, does not deny individual responsibility

question

Disenchantment

answer

the inevitable result of the dehumanizing features of bureaucracies that dominated the moderned societies, bureaucratic goals had become more important than traditions and values

question

Rationalization

answer

the application of economic logic to all human activity

question

Structural Functionalism

answer

Talcott Parsons; society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its seperate structures

question

Social Cohesion

answer

shared values provided by religion helping to bring people together

question

Suicide

answer

the more firmly connected people are to other, the less likely they are to commit suicide

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

tried to establish sociology as an important academic discipline, social bonds exist in all societies, had theories about mechanical and organic solidarty, suicide, and anomie

question

Talcott Parsons

answer

structural functionalism, addressed the types of functions that social structure might fulfill (adaptation to the environment, socialization of children, realization of goals, social cohesion, maintenence of cultural patterns)

question

Robert Merton

answer

clarified the difference between manifest functions and latent functions

question

Max Weber

answer

interested in the shift to industrial society, interested in rationalization, believed society was governed by bureaucracies (large military operations), believed life was filled with disenchantment

question

Karl Marx

answer

lived during the industrial revolution, capitalism was emerging, believed capitalism was creating class conflict and social inequality between the rich and the poor

question

Auguste Comte

answer

early classical, coined the term sociology, began thinking about how the scientific method can be applied to social affairs

question

Positivism

answer

Comte; seeks to identify laws that describe the behavior of a particular reality (math, physics, not religion)

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

early classical, for the idea of evolution and coined the term "survival of the fittest", believed SOCITIES over time adapt to their environment as well (social darwinism)

question

Middletown Clip

answer

a lot changed once the town wasn't industrial based, policy actions: shorten the work week - more time with children, sociological: why is this happening-what's next?

question

Peter Burger's Invitation to Sociology

answer

sociology is not just about collecting statistical data, it is about understanding, has to be tested again and again, question is what is going on, why, how, not what is right or wrong.

question

Social Stratification

answer

the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy - every society has it, passed from parents to children, creates beliefs about groups in society, (slavery, caste system, social class)

question

Social Inequality

answer

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society

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Apartheid

answer

the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups, used to be legal in South Africa

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Upper Class

answer

largely self sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system (in US = 1% of the population)

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Upper Middle Class

answer

mostly professionals and managers, considerable financial stability (14% US)

question

Middle Class

answer

white collar workers, broad range of incomes, (30% US)

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White Collar

answer

workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower management jobs

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Working/Lower Middle Class

answer

blue collar, less likely to have a college degree (30% US)

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Blue Collar

answer

manual labor

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Working Poor

answer

poorly educated workers who work full time but remain below poverty line (20%)

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Underclass

answer

poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance (5%)

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Status Inconsistency

answer

situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individuals socioeconomic status

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Marx and Social Stratification

answer

saw capitalism arising, the rich owned the means of production and the poor owned only their labor

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Feudal System

answer

system of social stratification based on hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers- serfs (breaking down as capitalism formed)

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Prestige

answer

Weber; social honor people are given because of their membership in well regarded social groups

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Social Reproduction

answer

Pierre Bourdieu; the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class is passed down from one generation to the next

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Cultural Capital

answer

the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society

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Class Consciousness

answer

awareness of one's own social status and that of others

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Education and SES

answer

how children perform in school usually determines whether they go to college, more education=more money, the higher the family's SES, the higher the expectations

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Criminal Justice and SES

answer

people of lower SES are more likely to encounter the CJS, white collar criminals can hire the best legal representation

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Family and SES

answer

people are likely to marry people with similar social and cultural backgrounds

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Health and SES

answer

bottom of the social class ladder are least likely to obtain adequate nutrition, shelter, clothing, health care, >> more prone to illness

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Social Mobility

answer

the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes

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Closed System

answer

social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another

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Open System

answer

social system with little opportunity to more from one class to another

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Intergenerational Mobility

answer

movement between social class from one generation to next

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Intragenerational Mobility

answer

occurs over one's lifetime

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Horizontal Social Mobility

answer

the occupational movement of individuals/groups within a social class

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Vertical Social Mobility

answer

movement between different class statuses

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Structural Mobility

answer

changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society

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Relative Deprivation

answer

a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society

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Absolute Deprivation

answer

an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

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Culture of Poverty

answer

entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve it

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Just World Hypothesis

answer

argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly and predictable and far which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates

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Residential Segregation

answer

the geographical segregation of the poor from the rest of the population

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Disenfranchisement

answer

the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic political means

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Meritocracy

answer

a system based in which rewards are distributed based on merit

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Simplicity Movement

answer

a loosely knit movement that opposes circumcision and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less in accordance with nonmaterialistic views

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Slavery

answer

the most extreme system of social stratification and is based on legal ownership of people

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Caste System

answer

form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed

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Karl Marx and Stratification

answer

bourgeosie=capitalists and proletariat=larborers, inequality would grow as workers continued to be exploited, class status results from wealth, power, and prestige

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Goffman and Stratification

answer

according to our clothing, speech, gestures, possessions, friends and activities people know our SES (cars, word choice)

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American Dream

answer

justifies the class hierarchy by reinforcing the idea that success depends only on effort, suggesting the poor are lazy (criticized)

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Race

answer

a socially defined category, based on real or percieved biological differences between groups of people

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Ethnicity

answer

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factors

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Symbolic Ethnicity

answer

an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not impact everyday life

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Situational Ethnicity

answer

ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

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Minority Group

answer

group that is denied the same access to power as the dominant group, not necessarily fewer in number

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Racism

answer

set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group, used to justify inequality (assumption that the differences between groups are genetic)

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Prejudice

answer

an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change despite evidence against it

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Discrimination

answer

unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group (motivated by prejudice)

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Individual Discrimination

answer

one person against another

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Institutional Discrimination

answer

carried out by an institution

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Passing

answer

presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into

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Embodied Identity

answer

those elements of identity that are generated through others perception of our physical traits

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Genocide

answer

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial and ethnic, national, or cultural group

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Population Transfer

answer

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

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Internal colonialism

answer

the economical and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation

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Segregation

answer

the formal and legal seperation of groups by race and ethnicity

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Assimilation

answer

a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous

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Racial Assimilation

answer

racial minority groups are absorbed through intermarriage

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Cultural Assimilation

answer

racial groups are absorbed by adopting the dominant group's cultre

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Pulralism/Multiculturalism

answer

pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society

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Functionalists and Race

answer

focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bongs (could also lead to conflict)

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Symbolic Interactionist and Race

answer

focus on the ways race, class and gender intersect each other to produce an individual's identity

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Weber and Stratification

answer

class status was the product of 3 components (wealth, power and prestige

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Sex

answer

individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories (male/female)

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Gender

answer

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

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Intersexed/Hermaphroditic

answer

person whose chromosomes are neither male/female

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Human Sexual Dimorphism

answer

the extent to which physical differences define the distinctions between two sexes

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Essentialists

answer

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and cannot be changed

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Gender Identity

answer

the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender

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Constructionists

answer

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined

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Patriarchy

answer

"rule of the father", male dominated society

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Instrumental Role

answer

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure

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Expressive Role

answer

position of the family member who provides emotional support

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Transgendered

answer

one whose sense of gender identity is at odds witht heir physical sex, but they have not sought surgery

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Gender Role Socialization

answer

the life long process of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through 4 agents: families, schools, peers, and media

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Social Learning

answer

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction

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Feminization of Poverty

answer

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single father and increasing costs of child care

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Second Shift

answer

the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the days paid labor is completed

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Feminism

answer

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, also the social movements organized around the belief

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First Wave

answer

the earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid 19th century until American women learn the right to vote in 1920

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Suffrage Movement

answer

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for woman

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Second Wave

answer

the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 70s often asociated with the issues of women's exual access to employment and education

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Third Wave

answer

the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety or identities women can possess

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Male Liberationism

answer

a movement that originated in the 1970's to discuss the challenges of masculinity

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Mens Right Movement

answer

an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men

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Pro feminist Mens Movement

answer

an offshoot of men's liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women

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Sexual Orientation

answer

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders

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Homosexuality

answer

the tendency to feel sexual desire towards emmbers of one's own gender

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Civil Unions

answer

proposed as an alternative to gay marriage, a form of legally recognized committment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage

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Bisexuals

answer

individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders

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Transsexuals

answer

individuals who identify with opposite sex and have surgery

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Asexual

answer

person who has no interest in or desire for sex

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Queer Theory

answer

social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity

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Homophobia

answer

fear or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display gender innappropriate behavior

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Functionlists and Gender

answer

gender roles exist because they are an efficient form of social organization

question

Conflict Theory and Gender

answer

gender roles result from male dominance

question

Symbolic Interactionists and Gender

answer

emphasizes HOW gender is socially constructed, maintained and produced everyday

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Social Institutions

answer

systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals

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Politics

answer

methods and tactics intended to influence govrnment policy, policy related attitudes, and activities

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Government

answer

the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws

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Power

answer

the ability to impose one's will on others

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Authority

answer

non coercive power

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Authoritatianism

answer

system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

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Monarchy

answer

a government by a king or queen and kept in family

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Democracy

answer

a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate

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Disenfranchised

answer

stripped of voting rights

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Plurialism

answer

system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and mechanisms of power

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Power elite

answer

C Wright Mills; small number of people who control the economic, political, and military institutions of asociety

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Special Interest Groups

answer

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials or public opinion

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Political Action Committee

answer

organization that raises money to support the interests of a select group or organization

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527 committees

answer

organizations that have no official connection to candidate but raise and spend funds like a campaign does

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Durkheim and Work

answer

workplace can be a source of community life for workers (esp during industrial revolution), afterwards there was a stronger sense of community

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Disembodied Colleagues

answer

Durkheim; more common for people to communicate over technology

question

Marx and Work

answer

importance of capitalism in our economy, increasing alienation felt by workers, loss of control over their work because of capitalism and how to do their work,

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Weber and Work

answer

rationalization of work, increase in division of labor to increase efficiency, each person has a job and they have to get it done quickly

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Opinion Leaders

answer

high profile people whose interpretation of events influence the media

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Simulcram

answer

an image or media representation that does not show reality

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Tracking

answer

the placement of students in education tracks that determine the types of classes they shoudl take

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Hidden Curriculum

answer

values or behaviors learned indirectly

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Charter Schools

answer

public schools run by private entitiess to give parents greater control

question

Early College High Schools

answer

students earn a high school diploma and 2 years of credit towards a bachelors

question

Home Schooling

answer

parents teach children

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School Vouchers

answer

money from government to parents toward private school if the public school fails

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Community College

answer

2 years of general education

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Distance Learning

answer

online

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Religion

answer

system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane

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Belief

answer

proposition or idea held on the basis of faith

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Ritual

answer

practice based on religious beliefs

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Sacred

answer

holy, divine, supernatural

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Profane

answer

everyday

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Monotheistic

answer

single devine figure

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Liberation Theology

answer

movement within to catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor

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Religiosity

answer

regular practice or religious beliefs, measured in frequency of attendence

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Fundalmentalism

answer

emphasizes literal interpretation of texts and a return to a time of greater religious purity (conservative)

question

Evangelical

answer

conservative christians who emphasize converting others to their faith

question

Unchurched

answer

those who are spiritual that are not religious and adopt aspects of religious attractions

question

Secular

answer

seperates church from state

question

C Wright Mills and Politics

answer

American Political System- controlled by 6000 elite members only club

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Early Education

answer

Greece, in church until Enlightenment

question

Agricultural Revolution

answer

social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production

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Industrial Revolution

answer

rapid transformation of social life because of technological or economical developments

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Information Revolution

answer

recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 70d

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Knowledge workers

answer

people who work with info, ideas, judgements, designs, etc

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Service Work

answer

helps others, not manufacturing goods

question

Capitalism

answer

free market competition, privitization of the means of production, supply and demand

question

Socialism

answer

collective ownership of means of production, collective distribution of goods, and services and government regulation of the economy

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Communism

answer

eliminates private property, extreme socialism, all citizens work for government and no class distinctions

question

Telecommunity

answer

working from home using technology

question

Resistance Strategies

answer

workers express discontent with working conditions and try to reclaim control of them

question

Union

answer

workers who bargain for increased wages, benfits or condition

question

Globalization

answer

changes due to increased international trade in the late twentieth century

question

Sweatshop

answer

workers are extremely expolitated, low wages and long hours poor conditions

question

Outsourcing

answer

company uses labor from another country because its cheaper

question

Independent/Third Sector

answer

nonprofit organizations

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Family

answer

social group whose members are bound by legal, biological or emotional ties

question

Extended Families

answer

large group of relatives (3 generations) in one household

question

Kin

answer

relatives

question

Nuclear Family

answer

couple with children

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Endogamy

answer

marriage to someone within their social group

question

Exogamy

answer

marriage to someone from a different social group

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Antimiscegination

answer

the prohibition of interacial marriage, cohabitation or sexual interaction

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Monogamy

answer

marriage/relationship with one person

question

Polygamy

answer

marriage to more than one person at once

question

Polygyny

answer

men have multiple wives

question

Polygandry

answer

women have multiple husbands

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Propinquity

answer

tendency to marry people in close proximity

question

Instrumental tasks

answer

tasks to maintain family life

question

Expressive Tasks

answer

emotional tasks

question

Domestic Violence

answer

verbal physical financial sexual psychological behaviors to gain power

question

Cycle of Violence

answer

common behavior patterns in abusive relationships, happy>tense>tension explodes>abuse>repeat

question

Cohabitation

answer

living together not married or involved

question

Custody

answer

physical and legal repsonsibiliy of child decided by court

question

Intentional Community

answer

any of a variety of groups who form a communal living arrangements outside of marriage

question

Social Ecology

answer

study of human populations and their impact on the natural world

question

Environment

answer

natural world, human made environment, and interaction between the two

question

Biosphere

answer

parts of Earth that support life

question

Environmental Sociology

answer

study of the interaction between society and the natural environment (social cause and consequences of environmental problems)

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Renewable Resources

answer

replenish at a rate comparable to the rate they are consumed

question

Nonrenewable Resources

answer

take long to replenish

question

Biodiversity

answer

variety of species and plants and animals existing at any given time

question

Environmental Protection Agency

answer

1969, so man and nature can exist together

question

Greenhouse Gases

answer

allow sunlight to pass through, but trap heat, effecting temp.

question

Greenhouse Effect

answer

increased greenhouse gasses cause the earths temp. to rise (from human activity)

question

Global Warming

answer

increase in temp. due to increase in greenhouse gasses and human activity

question

Global Dimming

answer

less air reaching the earth because of pollution (more light into space)

question

New Ecological Paradigm

answer

understanding that humans have to coexist and need to modify their human activity

question

Anthropocentric

answer

human centered- humans should take priority over concerns in the environment

question

Environmental Movement

answer

first stage, organized around concerns with the relationship between humans and environment

question

Conservation Era

answer

earliest stage of environmental movement (wilderness areas)

question

Modern EM

answer

second stage, focused on consequences of new technologies, oil, chemical production, and nuclear power plants

question

Mainstream Environmentalism

answer

third stage, campaigns, politics, scientific expertise

question

Grassroots Environmentalism

answer

fourth stage, major, citizen participation

question

NIMBY

answer

not in my backyard

question

Green Party

answer

US political party to bring political attention to enviromentalism

question

Ecoterrorism

answer

violence to protect the environment

question

Sustainable Development

answer

reconcile economic growth with environmental protection

question

Ecological Footprint

answer

estimation of goods one uses and waste they make

question

Emigration

answer

leaving one country to live in another

question

Immigration

answer

permanent residence in another country

question

Malthusian Thoery

answer

population growth will outplace growth in food production and other resources - leading to a major health disaster

question

Demographic Freefall

answer

decrease in fertility rates because having children is an economic liability

question

Family Planning

answer

contraception

question

Suburbanization

answer

after WW2, people moved away from center cities and to the edges

question

Urban Sprawl

answer

the expansion of urban boundaries with poorly planned development

question

White Flight

answer

movement of upper and middle class whites who could afford to move to the subarbs

question

Urban Renewal

answer

efforts to fix decaying inner cities

question

Gentrification

answer

poor into middle class communities

question

Social Atomism

answer

social situations that emphasizes individualism over group identities

question

Altruism

answer

unselfish concern for the well being of others and helping performed without self interested motivation

question

Bystander Effect

answer

the more people the less likely one is to do something

question

Pluralistic Ignorance

answer

one groups decides not to take action because other groups haven't

question

Social Change

answer

transformation of a culture over time

question

Collective Behavor

answer

behavior that follows from the formation of a group who take action towards a shared goal

question

Contagion Theory

answer

collective action, individuals who joined a crowd become infected by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason

question

Emergent Norm Theory

answer

collective behavior, individual members of a crowd made their own decisions about behavior and norms are created through these behaviors

question

Mass Behavior

answer

large groups of people engaging in the same behaviors without being in the same place

question

Social Dilemma

answer

situation in which a behavior that is fine by one person is practiced by many and leads to collective disaster

question

Tragedy of the Commons

answer

Social dilemma in which individuals over exploit a resource

question

Public Goods Dilemma

answer

individuals most give money to a resource even though it does not benefit them

question

Social Movement

answer

any group with committment to promoting or resisting change

question

Mass Society Theory

answer

people join social movements not because of the ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves

question

Relative Deprivation Theory

answer

actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in society

question

Resource Mobilization Theory

answer

practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action

question

Activism

answer

any activity intended to bring about social chane

question

Regressive

answer

resistance to particular social changes

question

Progressive

answer

efforts to promote forward thinking social change

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Technological Determinism

answer

assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, not the other way around

question

Virtual Community

answer

people linked by their consumption of the same electronic media

question

Global Village

answer

new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, people everywhere can interact

question

Cultural Diffusion

answer

the spread of non material culture to new cultural groups regardless of the movement of people

question

Globalization

answer

increasing connection between economic social and political systems all over the globe

question

Cultural Imperialism

answer

cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products rather than by military force

question

Cultural Leveling

answer

process by which societies lose their uniqueness

question

troubles

answer

privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one's individual life.

question

issues

answer

problems that effect large numbers of people, and have their origins in the institutional arrangments and history of a society.

question

Alexis de Tocqueville

answer

wrote "Democracy in America"

question

Harriet Martineau

answer

wrote "Society in America"

question

The Classic three

answer

Karl Marx (capitalism), Max Weber (multidimensionalism, Verstehen), Emile Durkheim (functionalism)

question

Jane Adams

answer

ran the hull house, a place to improve lives of slum-dwellers and immigrants, etc.; wanted improvement for the poor; won nobel peace prize

question

Auguste Comte

answer

"father" of Sociology; idea of 'positivism'

question

Organic metaphor

answer

conceiving society as an organism, a system of interrelated functions and parts that work together to create a whole.

question

Replication Study

answer

research that is repeated exactly but on a different group of people at a different time.

question

dramaturgical model

answer

a perspective that sees society like a stage (that is, a drama) wherin social actors are "on stage," projecting and portraying social roles to others.

question

verstehen

answer

the process of understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.

question

C Wright Mills

answer

Described the importance of the sociological imagination when viewing the world, especially for people with power.

question

Dependent variable

answer

the variable that is a presumed effect

question

Independent variable

answer

a variable treated as the presumed cause of a particular result.

question

Intervening variable

answer

a variable caused by the independent variable and which in turn causes the dependent variable.

question

Data

answer

the systematic information that sociologists use to investigate research questions.

question

reliability

answer

the likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure was repeated.

question

validity

answer

the degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept.

question

probability

answer

the likelihood that a specific behavior or event will occur.

question

Karl Marx

answer

'conflict theory'; believed society is shaped by money; two classes: working, and capitalist

question

Max Weber

answer

to understand social behavior you have to understand the meaning that a behavior beholds. (verstehen) also developed a multidimensional analysis of society.

question

multidimensional evolutionary theory

answer

(of social change) a theory predicting that over time societies follow not one but several evolutionary paths. Weber came up with this

question

Mode

answer

the value that appears most frequently in a set of data.

question

Median

answer

the midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in numerical order.

question

mean

answer

the sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average.

question

types of research

answer

1. survey: polls, questionnaires, and interviews 2. participant observation 3. Controlled experiment 4. Content analysis 5. Historical Research 6. Evaluation Research

question

culture shock

answer

feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation

question

5 characteristics of culture

answer

1. is shared 2. is learned 3. is taken for granted 4. is symbolic 5. varies across time and place.

question

Mcdonaldization

answer

process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast-food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life. Calculability, control, predictability, and efficiency.

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is understood. (associating the word purple with seeing the color) language determines how we see things.

question

Deviant cultures

answer

subculture and counter culture

question

mores

answer

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior

question

reflection hypothesis

answer

contends that the mass media reflect the values of the general population.

question

ethnomethodology

answer

a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how others respond. Pissin' people off and see what they do.

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

the habit of seeing things only from the opinion/point of view of one's own group.

question

ascribed status

answer

a status determined at birth

question

achieved status

answer

a status attained by effort

question

zytago music

answer

originates from Louisiana and Eastern Texas

question

blue grass music

answer

originates from the Appalachians

question

id

answer

the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts.

question

superego

answer

the dimension of the self representing the standards of society.

question

ego

answer

the part of the self representing reason and common sense

question

symbolic interaction theory

answer

a theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them.

question

Emile Durkheim

answer

believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function

question

deviance

answer

behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms.

question

primary group

answer

a group characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships.

question

secondary group

answer

a group that is relatively large in number and not as intimate or enduring as a primary group

question

Positivism

answer

Accurate observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge

question

W.E.B. Dubois

answer

Said "The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line". 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard. Helped create NAACP

question

Oliver Cox

answer

Was a Trinidadian-American sociologist noted for his early Marxist viewpoint on Fascism.

question

Primary data

answer

When sociologists gather original data and material

question

Secondary data

answer

Data that has already been gathered and organized by another party

question

Cultural diffusion

answer

The spreading of of ideas or products from one culture to another

question

Norms

answer

shared rules of conduct which tell people how to act in specific situations

question

Values

answer

Shared set of beliefs among a society

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Dominant culture

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The culture of the most powerful group in society

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Counterculture

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A culture created to defy the dominant culture. For example hippies and "emos"

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Institution

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An established and social organization of social behavior with a recognized purpose

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Social structure

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An organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose a society

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Sociological Imagination

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When we "think ourselves away" from the familiar routine to see things in a different, more sociological perspective.

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Develop a better understanding of ourselves

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According to Thio, by studying and appreciating social diversity, we ultimately

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Always open to revision in the light of new evidence

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A scientific theory is

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An important factor behind the emergence of the new sociological thinking in the nineteenth century

answer

a) new political forms and ideas, such as those expressed in the French Revolution b) New economic forms created in the Industrial Revolution c) New ways of understanding he world in scientific rather than religious terms

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Emile Durkheim's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that

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suicide rates can increase as a result of excessive isolation from people

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Karl Marx

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An early theorist who saw class conflict as the main source of soical change.

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Feminist Theory

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The theoretical approach places gender, class, and race at the core of the theory.

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Functionalism

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The theoretical approach that uses the analogy of the human body in assessing the role of each part of society in the continuation of society as a whole.

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Postmodernism

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The theoretical perspective holds that the grand narratives that have meaning to history in the past no longer make any sense.

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Practical Benefits of the study of sociology

answer

a) increased awareness and understanding of cultural differences b) ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences of public policies c) increased self understanding d) increased understanding of the implications of globalization in your community

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Independent Variable

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There are many different kinds of variables. A variable that produces an effect on another variable is called an

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independent; dependent

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"The better the grades Sheri gets in school, the better paying job she is likely to get." In this example, the grades are (blank) variable and occupational income is the (blank) variable.

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Ethnography

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The research method that would give a rich, detailed, inside view of a particular group, setting, or subculture.

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Advantage of survey research

answer

Results can be easily quantified and analyzed

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Experiment

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The research method that tests hypotheses under controlled conditions

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Triangulation

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The use of two or more methods of research to verify results is called

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The second step in the research procedure

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Review the literature (evidence) and familiarize with related research

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Subculture

answer

a) high school students who are members of the chess club b) vegans, that is, strct vegetarians who will not eat eggs or cheese. c) computer hackers who spend their time creating computer viruses d) people who live in Hawaii apart from the core culture

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Ethnocentrism

answer

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own

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Hunting and Gathering Societies

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The type of society that is described as the oldest, having little inequality, no divisions of rich and poor, few differences in power, emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, participatory decision making, and the use of simple tools.

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Sapir and Whorf

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The linguistic hypothesis holds that language predisposes us to see the world in a certain way was developed by these two.

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Folkways

answer

Lisa attended her friend's wedding wearing cut-off jeans and a tank top. When the minister began the ceremony, Lisa whistled and cheered. Lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the wedding was a violation of society's (blank).

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Role Conflict

answer

Bob works overtime and he therefore cannot spend as much time with his children as he would like. He feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could lose his job. The is an example of (Blank).

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NOT part of the characteristics of Postindustrial Societies

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Production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations

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Cultural relativism

answer

assessing society by its own cultural standards is known as (blank)

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His Role Set

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Charles is always overwhelmed with work; among the many activities he develops apart from being a father, he has to write papers, teach too many courses, attend the conference, advise his students, and cheer on his colleagues. His situation is an example of (blank).

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Sociocultural evolution

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the process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one with significant consequences for social and cultural life.

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Participant Observation

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a research method that involves askig questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.

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Patriarchy

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A system of domination which men exercise power over women.

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Sociology

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The systematic, scientific study of human society

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Class Conflict

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Durkheim's terms for the struggle between capitalists, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who do not.

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Primary Group

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A group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other

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Knowledge

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A collection of relatively objective ideas and facts about the physical and social worlds.

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Scientific findings

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Always subject to verification or refutation by other scientists.

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Secondary analysis

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The sociologist searches for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher.

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For humans to be socialized, it is imperative that they have

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regular social interaction with adults

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Taking the role of the other

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A child learns to act like adults she observes. Mead refers to this behavior.

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The importance of human conduct

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Social scientists have developed alternative theories of child development. All the theroies of child socialization share a common understanding of...

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Behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage

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When a child learns with his senses and body interact with the environment

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The stages of cognitive development

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Jean Piaget's theory of child development learning how to think is based on

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Conflicting norms

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According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of.

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Ahead of other children int he areas he has been trained in

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Frank is a young boy whose parents surrounded him with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. Based on our understanding of socialization, Frank is probably...

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Generalized other

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According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole, the take the role of the...

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Developmental socialization

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John received a work promotion that will permit him more autonomy than his previous position. Sociologists see these new responsibilities as part of John's...

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The socialization process is complex and involves different and distinct stages throughout the life course. These stages are determined by:

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a) biological factors b) social influences c) cultural differences d) economic circumstances

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The difference between social identity and self-identity

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Social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences.

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Taking on the role of the other

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Brooke likes to pretend taht she is a firefighter. She uses her mother's garden hose to put out pretend fires and climbs trees to rescue her teddy. Mead would say that she is...

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The understanding of collaborative behavior among peers

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In the fifth stage of the Levels of Development of The Self, the 'WE' represents...

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Is probably well organized

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Bobby receives good grades in school, he is outgoing and participates in several extra-curricular activities. Cooley would suggest that Bobby...

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Twixters are financially dependent

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Lev Grossman states that the major reason young people have to live back with their parents is because...

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Civil Inattention

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Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glace at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of inteaction...

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Studying day-to-day interactions is important because

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it gives us insight into the similarities and varieties of behaviors

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Ethnomethodology

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The study of folk methods people use to make sense of what others say and do

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An ethnomethodologist would likely study

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the conversations among roommates in a college dormitory

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Many people use the Internet as a key tool of communication. The following are disadvantages of electronic communication.

answer

a) Contact between people becomes indirect rather than face-to-face. b) People become isolated from one another as we all work at our own computers. c) We lose then ability to interpret other people's faces and other forms of nonverbal communication. d) It takes more time to communicate what we want and feel.

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Not classified as civil inattention

answer

riding the bus to work

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Erving Goffman

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Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed it and emphasized the importance of understanding it was...

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Not a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life

answer

Examining social interation in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality.

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The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as Myspace and Facebook

answer

adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life.

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Oppositional

answer

Tom see his coworkers as competitors and tends not to share information with any of them. He would be involved in (blank) interaction with his coworkers.

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Status and Independence

answer

When the two sexes communicate with each other, women tend to use the language of connection and intimacy, and men the language of...

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Presenting his self

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Julian was a salesman who took a prospective client to dinner. He dressed carefully, spoke in a confident way, and hoped his guest did not notice his obvious flaws. Julian was involved in...

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Social construction of reality

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The process by which people create through social interaction a certain idea, feeling, or belief about their environment is called the...

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An incongruity between two realities

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Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain...

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Proxemics

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The use of space as a means of communication

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Social reproduction

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Made possible by socialization

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The concept of childhood

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As a distinct phase of life between infancy and teenage did not arise until the past two or three centuries.

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The id

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Freud's term for the part of personality that is irrational, concerned only with seeking pleasure

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Example of a social group

answer

A couple married less than a year

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Standards of a reference group

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A person measures his or her own worth by this.

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Example of a social aggregate

answer

people waiting at Terminal C for flight 181

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Social Networks

answer

a) It's not what you know, it's who you know b) Not all networks are social groups. c) The Bohemian Grove is an elite network.

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Organization

answer

That term that sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal.

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Instrumental

answer

Jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. She was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. She would be an example of an (blank)

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A situation that most likely illustrated a primary relationship

answer

A family enjoying a picnic at the beach.

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Japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model.

answer

Japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by most business organizations in the West in this way.

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Characteristics of a bureaucracy

answer

a) Ownership is not in the hands of the workers. b) There is a complete separation between work ad home life c) Each job has a definite and fixed salary attached to it. d) A set of rules governs the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization.

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The relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability

answer

Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships.

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The McDonaldization of society

answer

The increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation.

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Idiosyncrasy credit

answer

The privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms.

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Reference groups provide us with

answer

A standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors

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Social Category

answer

People with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place.

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Socialization

answer

Among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is...

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Lasissez-faire

answer

Tom Brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. He provided support if needed, but generally allowed member of his group to work by themselves.

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Biological determinism

answer

Early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on the assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits.

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In the US, virtually everyone has committed a punishable act

answer

Alex Thio reviews the variety of behaviors that is punishable by fines or jail terms, and concludes that...

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Differential association

answer

If you live in a high crime area, many people you will befriend will be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as...

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According to Edwin Sutherland, how do criminals adopt criminal behavior?

answer

They learn criminal behavior from peers.

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A conflict theorist would closely agree with this statement

answer

Deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control the less powerful.

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Anomic

answer

The first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as...

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Organized crime

answer

Many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox, but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called...

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Social studies show that prisons

answer

are more likely to create hardened criminals than rehabilitated them.

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Now a days, corporate crime, or white-collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. The following are examples of corporate crime.

answer

a) A pesticide company dumps pollutants into the local river. b) Food manufacturers label an item as light when in fact in has as many calories as the regular item. c) Auto mobile companies manufacture a car or truck with a high possibility of an explosion on impact with another object. d) Corporate executives lie about company profits.

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Differential association and labeling theory

answer

The two theories that explain deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist.

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Not an effective deterrent to murder

answer

Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment is....

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Significant others

answer

The popular perception of rape is that it is committed by strangers. However, research suggests that many rapes are not reported because they are committed by...

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Prior involvement in drug use

answer

NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers

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Tackling poverty, inequality, and education

answer

The current 'war on drugs' focuses on cutting off the supplies of drugs rather than...

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Subtle surveillance

answer

The maintenance of written and computerized records by modern organizations is form of...

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Human resource management

answer

A style that sees human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department.

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Labeling theory

answer

begins from the assumption that all deviant acts are intrinsically criminal.

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A rebel

answer

According to Merton, (blank) wants to replace old values and change the social structure.

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True of all systems of social stratification

answer

A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her position.

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Life Chances

answer

This conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background.

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NOT an accurate statement about class systems

answer

The boundaries between classes are very clear cut.

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Increased significantly; dropped

answer

During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has (blank) overall, though it has (blank) in the past twenty years.

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Factors that account for racial disparities in wealth and income.

answer

a) education b) parents' social class c) discrimination

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Working Class

answer

People who work in blue-collar and pink-collar occupations.

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What precipitated the emergence of the "new urban poor" in the past quarter century?

answer

a) economic globalization, which led to high unemployment among the unskilled sectors of the lower class b) racial discrimination in hiring for the remaining low-skilled jobs in urban centers c) changes in government policies that cut back or eliminated welfare programs d) the cycle of poverty that is reinforced among the poor.

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Social mobility refers to

answer

the movement of individuals and groups between class positions.

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Structural mobility

answer

Social mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinda of occupations in a society.

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Capitalists; the working class

answer

Karl Marx called those who own the means of production (blank) and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage (blank).

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How globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society.

answer

a) Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. b) Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low wage labor pool and pushing wages down. c) Labor unions have been weakened by globalization

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Best describes the caste system

answer

It is a stratification system based on one's fix position at birth.

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The reality of economic inequalities that continue to grow in society

answer

Consumerism and consumption have blurred class differences to some extent in our society. Television and widespread mall stores reinforce the idea that there are no intense class boundaries. Consumerism and consumption, however, do NOT alleviate...

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Two reasons that have been attributed to the emergence of the new urban poor during the past twenty-five years

answer

unskilled and semi-skilled jobs moving overseas, and dramatic cutbacks of government assistance programs.

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Not considered cultural capital

answer

Having your child work at a fast food restaurant after school.

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A common criticism of the culture of poverty theory

answer

the poor passively accept their circumstance

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As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to

answer

cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that end to set people apart.

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Symbolic ethnicity

answer

When people assimilate in to the larger culture, but occasionally participate in ethnic customs, they are practicing...

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Prejudice

answer

Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as...

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Racism

answer

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinction is...

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Institutional racism

answer

Racism that is not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations is known as:

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Symbolic ethnicity

answer

John celebrates Bastille Day every year by putting out his French flag, drinking French wine, and eating French food. His friend Charles didn't even know John was French until he attended his latest party. This is an example of...

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Assimilation

answer

When a group takes over the attitudes and language of the dominant community.

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Why has racism thrived in the period since European expansion in to the rest of the world?

answer

a) As cultural symbols, white and black have long been seen as opposites in European culture, with white representing purity and black symbolizing evil. b) The concept of race itself was invented and spread by Europeans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. c) Racism was needed to justify the exploitation of nonwhite peoples by Europeans.

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An example of the interaction between between micro and macro factors that influence migration

answer

A family that leaves Liberia to escape the civil war moves to Minneapolis, Minnesota, because they can work at a family business.

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One of the several problems with the biological classification is that

answer

most people are not physically distinctive.

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An example of prejudice

answer

feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group.

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Institutionalized discrimination

answer

The long histories of discrimination in education, the economy, politics, and other areas of American life has resulted in...

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Scapegoating

answer

A social psychological cause of prejudice and discrimination.

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Prejudiced discriminators

answer

According to Robert K. Merton's analysis of prejudice ad discrimination, the KKK is...

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'Third wave' of feminism

answer

welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes

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A lack of unity regarding the role of women

answer

According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population

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Gender roles are somewhat flexible from society to society

answer

Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies...

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It can be safely said that

answer

nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women

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Socialization and culture

answer

According to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to

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The role of women in politics today

answer

Women play an important role but they far from achieving equality

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Sterotypes that women and men are supposed to be

answer

the basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular

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Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is an one-issue candidate

answer

Mollie wanted to enter a political race against a man. This statement is most likely based on Sexism.

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This definition of sexual harrassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993

answer

any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.

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This is true about the role of women today in the work force

answer

Women are still far from economically equal to men

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Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because

answer

like other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.

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Hereditary genes

answer

Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT

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Social forces such as gender and race

answer

can aggravate the impact of chronic problems of the elderly

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Andragogy and geragogy are most likely to emphasize

answer

building on the extensive life experience of older learners

question

Medical Care

answer

As the number of elderly people continues to grow, which area of public policy will feel the greatest burden

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The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the young old have over the oldest old?

answer

a) The young old tend to be more educated b) The young old grew up during a time of economic prosperity c) The young old went to school, acquired wealth, and stable employment.

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Procreation

answer

The family that one established through marriage, consisting of oneself and one's spouse and the future children, is called a family of....

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Exogamy

answer

In most societies, people are required to practice, (blank) which is the act of marrying someone from outside one's group.

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The interaction between husband and wife

answer

The aspects of family life that would be of the most interest to symbolic interactionists.

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Romantic love

answer

It provides for intrinsic satisfaction as opposed to extrinsic rewards.

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Two-Career Family

answer

one form of family in the United States that has become very common

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Bilateral

answer

In modern American society, for the most part, families prefer (blank) residential patterns.

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Violence with the American family

answer

has cultural encouragement

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Different research projects have found all of the following to be true about the effect of a wife's employment on the marriage, EXCEPT that it

answer

almost always benefits both husband and wife

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Increased individualism

answer

Jane was married but after a while she became more concerned about her own needs and interests. She decided to get a divorce an dgo back to school. Her experience was based on what cause of divorce?

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an increase in unwed mothers

answer

Two reasons for the increase in single-parent families are increased divorce and

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Research has found that children raised by homosexual couples

answer

develop the same as children raised by heterosexual parents.

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The rise in cohabitation rates

answer

has raised concerns about the institution of marriage.

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Domestic Parternship agreement

answer

In the US, gay couples generally do not have the same legal protection and financial benefits as heterosexual couples. Recently, a number of cities in the U.S. have addressed the issue by providing unmarried couples a...

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An outcome for the family that sociologists predict as the most likely...

answer

many diverse forms of the family.

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Gender Roles

answer

Vary greatly from culture to culture.

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Stress

answer

process of perceiving and responding to events (stressors)

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Eustress

answer

good stress

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Reaction to a Threatening Stressful Event

answer

panic, freeze up

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Reaction to a Challenging Stressful Event

answer

alert, focused

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Sympathetic Stress Response

answer

body arouses, fight or flight

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Parasympathetic Stress Response

answer

calms body, conserves energy

question

Adrenal Gland

answer

gland that releases hormones

question

3 Types of Hormones

answer

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

answer

the body's resistance to stress can last only so long until exhaustion - seyle's adaptive response to stress

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Phase 1

answer

alarm, mobilize resources

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Phase 2

answer

resistance, cope with stressor

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Phase 3

answer

exhaustion, reserves depleted

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Health Psychology

answer

subfield of psychology - contributes to behavioral medicine

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Behavioral Medicine

answer

interdisciplinary field that studies behavior and medicine

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18 - 24 years old

answer

most stressed out age group

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Change

answer

factor that leads to stress

question

Learning Process

answer

learning to cope with stress

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Catastrophic Events

answer

hurricanes, combat stress, floods

question

Life Changes

answer

death, divorce, loss of job, promotion

question

Daily Hassles

answer

traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout

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Stress is Intensified By

answer

actual or lack lack of situational control

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Coronary Heart Disease

answer

clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

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Atherosclerosis

answer

Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels.

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Hypertension

answer

a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)

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Type A Personality

answer

higher stress level - competitive, impatient, aggressive, and anger prone

question

Type B Personality

answer

more laid back - easygoing, relaxed

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Type D Personality

answer

distressed, depressed, anxious - newer type

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Psychological Illness

answer

"mind-body" illness - stress related - forms of hypertension and headaches

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Hypochondriasis

answer

misinterpreting normal physical sensation as symptoms of a disease

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Lymphocytes

answer

2 types of white blood cells in body's immune system

question

B Lymphocytes

answer

stored in bone marrow - release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

question

T Lymphocytes

answer

stored in thymus gland - attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

question

Placebo Effect

answer

positive effects derived from expectations

question

Nocebo Effect

answer

negative effects derived from expectations

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Personality

answer

a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - fairly stable across time and situations

question

Kokology

answer

how you respond to scenarios

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What Drives the Unconscious Mind?

answer

childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation - influences personality

question

Freud's Theory of Personality

answer

attributes our thoughts/actions to unconscious tension

question

Psychoanalysis

answer

approach to treating disorders - exposing and interpreting unconscious tenstion

question

Unconscious

answer

according to Freud...reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories

question

Freuds 3 Structures That Control Personality

answer

id, superego, ego

question

Id

answer

unconscious psychic energy - strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives,

question

Super Ego

answer

the part of personality that presents internalized ideals - promotes standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations

question

Ego

answer

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality - the arbitrator between the id and superego - operates on the reality principle, satisfies the id in ways that realistically bring pleasure than pain

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Freud Idea

answer

parental strife and sexual motivation are powerful influences on personality development

question

Identification

answer

children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

question

Psychosexual Stages

answer

childhood stages of development - id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

question

Freuds Psychological Stages

answer

oral stage - anal stage - phallic stage - latency stage - genital stage

question

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

answer

pleasure on the mouth - suckling, biting, chewing

question

Anal Stage (18-36 months)

answer

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

question

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

answer

pleasure zones is the genitals; incestuous sexual feelings

question

Latency Stage (6-puberty)

answer

dormant sexual feelings

question

Genital Stage (puberty on)

answer

maturation of sexual interests

question

Fixation

answer

lingering focus of energy at a psychosexual stage - occurs when conflicts are unresolved

question

Oedipus Complex (for a male)

answer

sexual desires toward mother - jealousy and hatred for the "rival" father

question

Freud Idea

answer

the unconscious mind helps us cope with stress and anxiety

question

6 Defense Mechanisms

answer

repression - regression - reaction - projection - rationalization - displacement

question

Repression

answer

banish anxiety arousing thoughts and memories from consciousness

question

Regression

answer

retreat to more infantile psychosexual stage

question

Reaction

answer

unconsciously switching impulses into its opposite form - expressing the opposite of the anxiety arousing feeling

question

Projection

answer

disguise threatening impulse by attributing them to other others

question

Rationalization

answer

provide justification that substitute for the real (more threatening) unconscious reason for actions

question

Displacement

answer

shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward "acceptable" or "less threatening" object or person

question

Projective Test

answer

type of personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli that triggers the projection of one's inner dynamics

question

Free Association Test

answer

projective test using methods that explore the unconscious - person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

question

Other Projective Tests

answer

thematic apperception test (TAT) - rorschach inkblot test -

question

Rorschach Inkblot Test

answer

the most widely used projective test

question

3 Criticisms of Freud's Theories

answer

not a true science - conscious interpretation of events is equally as important as unconscious mind - sex and aggression are not all consuming emotions. people are driven by a variety of goals/needs

question

Alfred Alder

answer

importance of childhood tension - growth motivation, deficiency motivation - "inferiority complex"

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Karen Horney

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balanced Freud's masculine biases; counted notion of "penis envy"

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Carl Jung

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emphasized the "collective unconsciousness" - shared, inherited reservoir of memory from our species history

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Abraham Maslov

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studied self actualization in productive and healthy people

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Humanistic Perspective

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self actualization including ultimate need, after others needs are met, motivation to fulfill one's potential

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Carl Rogers

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focused on growth and fulfillment - geniuses, acceptance, empathy - introduced group therapy

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Rogers Acceptance

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unconditioned positive regard - altitude of total acceptance toward selves and others/self concept: "who am I?" our thoughts/feelings about ourselves

question

Trait

answer

innate characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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Hans and Sybil Eysneck

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2 personality dimensions: stability-instability/introversion-extroversion

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Personality Inventory

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a structured survey - items gauge feelings and behaviors - assess select personality traits

question

Theory Driven Survey

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based on definition of traits

question

Empirically Derived Survey

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develop a pool of items that predict traits

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Extrovert

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one who gains energy, motivation and comfort from social interactions

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MMPI

answer

most widely researched and used personality traits/identifies emotional disorders/used for multi-purpose screening

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Big Five Personality Inventory

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identifies dominant personality traits/ typically used in healthy populations/used for multi-purpose screening

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Social -Cognitive Perspective

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behavior influenced by the interaction between people and their social contexts

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Reciprocal Determinism

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interacting influences between personality and environment

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Personal Control

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our sense of controlling our environments, rather than feeling helpless

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External Locus of Control

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forces beyond one's control determine fate

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Internal Locus of Control

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perception that one controls own fate

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Learned Helplessness

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hopelessness and passive resignation/learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events/results in stress and depression/uncontrollable bad events->perceived lack of control->generalized helpless behavior

question

Self

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shaped by biases

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Self Serving Basis

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readiness to perceive oneself today

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Spotlight Effect

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overestimate others noticing our appearance, performance, and blunders

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Self Esteem

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ones' feelings of high or low self worth

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Self Efficacy

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belief in one's ability to perform a certain task

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Synthetic Model

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interaction between biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences - creates psychological disorders

question

Mental Healthcare

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developing science and practice

question

Anxiety Disorders

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distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized Anxiety Order (GAD)

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uncontrollable worry about domains of functioning - chronic autonomic nervous system arousal - 66% women

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Panic Disorder

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minutes long episodes of intense dread

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Phobia Disorder

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persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

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Dissociative Disorders

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awareness becomes separated from previous memories; thoughts and feelings

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Personality Disorders

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disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring behavior patterns; impairs social functioning

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3 Clusters of Personality Disorders

answer

expresses anxiety - expresses eccentric behaviors - impulsive behaviors

question

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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"sociopath" or "psychopath" - lacks conscience for wrongdoing - may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist - usually male; characteristics can emerge at an early age

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Mood Disorders

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characterized by emotional extremes

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Major Depressive Disorder

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for no apparent reason, person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressive moods, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest/ pleasure in most activites

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Bipolar Disorder

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person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy, and the overexcited state of mania (Manic-Depression)

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Manic Episode

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disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optomistic state

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Depressed Brain Has Less?

answer

serotonin and norepinephrine

question

Who Is More Likely to Commit Suicide?

answer

men

question

Who Is More Likely to be Depressed?

answer

women

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