question

According to the theory of social solidarity, the division of labor in a society helps to determine:

answer

the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained.

question

A white woman goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. She is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American woman goes into the store and is also excited about the sale, but hesitates to take too many clothes into the dressing room because she is afraid the staff will think she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American woman has:

answer

a double consciousness.

question

Which of the three historical epistemological stages did Comte argue would explain human society by identifying the "laws" that governed human behavior?

answer

the scientific stage

question

The examination of human behavior within a rational actor model is the focus of which of the following "cousins" of sociology?

answer

economics

question

Which of the following is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that together perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?

answer

a social institution

question

All of the following are examples of social institutions used to prevent websites from undermining colleges' degree-conferring abilities EXCEPT:

answer

families.

question

Which of the following sociologists applied Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain crime rates among African Americans after the abolition of slavery in the United States?

answer

W. E. B. Du Bois

question

A family, as a group of people living together and sharing individual stories, makes up a ____________ institution.

answer

social

question

Positivism is best defined as the:

answer

idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.

question

Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber, however, argued that:

answer

there are multiple influences (e.g., religion) on how social institutions are created.

question

Which of the following argues that the organizing narratives of history are over, and that progress has led to a condition where there are no shared, objective meanings?

answer

postmodernism

question

Sociology is the study of:

answer

group-level dynamics and social structures.

question

Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all "facts" are really:

answer

social constructs.

question

Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?

answer

Émile Durkheim

question

Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?

answer

Auguste Comte

question

American sociology in the United States began at which of the following universities?

answer

University of Chicago

question

Which area within the discipline of anthropology is most similar to sociology?

answer

cultural anthropology

question

Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte claim was characterized by the development of social physics to explain human behavior?

answer

the scientific stage

question

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?

answer

conflict theory

question

The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many sociological contributions from:

answer

Émile Durkheim.

question

While historians are more likely to focus on the unique case, sociologists would more likely focus on:

answer

commonalities.

question

Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as:

answer

dramaturgical theory.

question

In the book How to Observe Morals and Manners, the institution of marriage is criticized as:

answer

based on an assumption of the inferiority of women.

question

The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:

answer

based on an assumption of the inferiority of women.

question

The author of your text states that the most age-segregated social institution in our society is a:

answer

four-year college.

question

Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior and advocated sociological analyses that allowed for multiple influences?

answer

Max Weber

question

George H. Mead described how the "self " internalizes the views of society as a whole, transcending the individual and particular situations. He calls this larger society:

answer

the generalized other.

question

Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as:

answer

the returns to schooling.

question

Although positivism originated with Auguste Comte, the person who is often considered to be the first practitioner of positivism

answer

Émile Durkheim.

question

The Chicago School's main laboratory for sociological research was the city of Chicago itself, because:

answer

they were interested in how the social and physical environment shapes the individual.

question

According to research used to question credentialism, what might it cost to buy a college diploma online?

answer

$29.95

question

Which approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory?

answer

inductive

question

A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as:

answer

a panel study.

question

Positivist sociologists tend to use which of the following types of measures?

answer

quantitative

question

Rogers Brubaker (1992) studied the notions of citizenship and nationhood in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as:

answer

comparative research.

question

Factors that affect the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable are known as:

answer

moderating variables.

question

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n):

answer

hypothesis.

question

Because they are an accessible population, sociologists sometimes use undergraduate students in their research. In relation to the concept of generalizability in science, this tendency could represent a potential defect in research because:

answer

college undergraduates are not typical of the public at large

question

Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable.

answer

independent; dependent

question

Which of the following is the best example of a correlation?

answer

People with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health.

question

The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they lead to:

answer

increasing generalizability.

question

A(n) ____________ is an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon or situation in a particular social setting and is common in qualitative research.

answer

case study

question

Norm is interested in whether pet owners are more likely than those who do not own pets to have healthier lifestyles (e.g., exercise regularly, drink moderately, and refrain from nicotine use). By comparing the numbers he gathers on both groups, Norm will most likely be using what particular research method?

answer

quantitative

question

Jackson is using newspaper articles dating from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post-World War II. Jackson is using what research method?

answer

historical methods

question

Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research?

answer

establish that something is the cause of something else

question

When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called:

answer

VALIDITY

question

Georgia has volunteered at the local crisis center. While she is volunteering, she is given permission to "gather data" and ask the women about the circumstances surrounding their abuse. What method will Georgia most likely use?

answer

interviews

question

A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as:

answer

protected populations.

question

A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable is known as the:

answer

dependent variable.

question

There are advantages and disadvantages to different interview techniques. What might be an advantage that structured interviews have over unstructured (open-ended) interviews?

answer

It is easier to make careful tabulations and comparisons of answers.

question

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?

answer

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

question

In her study, Darby is using church membership as an indicator of how religious a person is. She discovers that some "very religious" people rarely attend church. Darby may conclude that:

answer

her measure of religiosity lacks validity.

question

Which of the following factors is needed to establish causality?

answer

time order

question

After consistently burning dinner for a month, John found out that his oven's temperature gauge was giving readings that were 50 degrees cooler than the oven's actual temperature. John's oven thermometer can be said to be:

answer

reliable but not valid

question

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measures the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is:

answer

reliability

question

Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable?

answer

travel to other countries

question

Comparative research usually involves studying:

answer

two cultures that have a good number of things in common but differ in one important dimension—this dimension becomes the subject of the study.

question

A standard yardstick measures 36 inches, but Sarah is using a "faulty" yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) ____________ indication of height, but she will have a(n) ____________ measure of height.

answer

valid; reliable

question

Paula begins to notice that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates larger ideas (theories) about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

answer

inductive

question

Many colleges and universities have gone to an online system for evaluating teaching effectiveness. Although this process guarantees anonymity, the completion rate (percentage of students who fill out evaluations) has dropped. Which of the following is NOT a significant problem with low response rates in this situation?

answer

Students who do not complete the evaluations may end up taking the wrong classes.

question

A qualitative researcher who assumes everything he observes would have happened exactly the same way if he wasn't there observing lacks:

answer

reflexivity.

question

Which of the following has been found to be disproportionately more common in lower-income schools and advertises in U.S. high schools in exchange for providing televisions, video equipment, and satellite dishes?

answer

channel one

question

Jean Kilbourne's college lectures and film, Killing Us Softly (1979), examine which of the following issues?

answer

sexism in the media

question

The United States has laws that prohibit cockfighting. People in Bali might say that people in the United States are:

answer

ethnocentric.

question

The study of culture tells us that:

answer

there are many ways to view the same symbol.

question

Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the United States and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggests that there is a:

answer

political economy of the media.

question

Stanley Lieberson, a sociology professor at Harvard, studied culture using first names. He found that names:

answer

reflect cultural trends of specific times.

question

Until Europeans came into contact with non-Westerners, they tended to see their culture as:

answer

the only way to live

question

In 1941, Time magazine ran an article on how to distinguish between Chinese and Japanese people. These descriptions reflected:

answer

the state of mind of many Americans at the time.

question

Legitimate advertisers tend to view culture jamming as:

answer

negative

question

Which of the following was a poet and cultural critic who defined culture as the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world, in contrast to narrow self-centeredness and material gain?

answer

Matthew Arnold

question

An example of nonmaterial culture is:

answer

values

question

Low culture, such as hip-hop music, is also known as:

answer

pop culture

question

One major concern with restricted ownership of major media outlets is that:

answer

de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support.

question

Deliberate, long-term media campaigns such as Smokey the Bear, which began in 1944 and is still with us today, are examples of ads used by nonprofit organizations to educate the public. They are commonly known as:

answer

public service announcements.

question

When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as:

answer

cultural relativism.

question

The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin' Rollen and Adbusters, is called:

answer

culture jamming.

question

Antonio Gramsci coined the term hegemony to mean that a dominant group wins "consent" of the masses through "moral and intellectual leadership." His thoughts are closely related to:

answer

Karl Marx.

question

Goth culture tends to exist:

answer

cross culturally

question

Which of the following is true regarding the value of high versus low culture?

answer

It is difficult to debate the worth of high and low culture.

question

Karl Marx asserted that culture:

answer

is a reflection of the means of production of a particular time.

question

If you are a member of a subculture, like the goth subculture, you can be sure that the meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members:

answer

can be different within the group.

question

While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings specific to the members of that group.

answer

subcultures

question

Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and learn the importance of being on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system, Gramsci would call this:

answer

hegemony

question

Everything in our constructed environment including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books is part of our:

answer

material culture

question

Although some criticize rap music for its violent lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their experiences. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking:

answer

reflection theory

question

Reflection theory is limited because it:

answer

fails to take into account why some cultural products have staying power and others fall by the wayside.

question

The first interracial kiss in a film took place in:

answer

1967

question

If ____________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ____________ are how they are put into play

answer

values; norms

question

The first form of mass media was the:

answer

book

question

Many Americans fear school shootings and terrorist attacks. This is due to the:

answer

exaggerated frequency of the reports of these rarely occurring events.

question

Sociologists view socialization as a lifelong process that begins when a child:

answer

is born.

question

Ultimately we hold people responsible for their behavior precisely because they can exercise choice over what they do. This speaks to the limits of socialization that sociologists refer to as:

answer

agency.

question

Most sociologists (and biologists) argue that race is a human invention, or is socially constructed. Which of the following statements does NOT highlight how race is socially constructed?

answer

People speak different languages.

question

Two young men are on an elevator together. After briefly acknowledging each other's presence, they politely ignore each other for the remainder of the ride. Goffman would refer to this behavior as an example of:

answer

civic inattention.

question

Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to studying human interaction that focused on how people produce (and maintain) a mutually shared social order. This method was called:

answer

ethnomethodology.

question

A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as student or professor, is known as a:

answer

status.

question

Which of the following scenarios involves the use of peer pressure?

answer

A student decides to go out for drinks after her friends make her feel guilty for studying too much.

question

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

answer

a convent

question

Unconscious signals of our true feelings, such as nonverbal behaviors, are known by Goffman as:

answer

given-off gestures.

question

Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist's work?

answer

George Herbert Mead

question

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called:

answer

roles

question

In managing impressions, people rarely challenge the credentials of an actor, even when they suspect that a false impression is being created. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain this tendency?

answer

People feel sorry for others who cannot pull off false impressions.

question

A good deal of impression management can be said to involve teamwork. Which of the following is NOT an example of teamwork?

answer

pedestrians on a street gathering to watch someone jump from a building

question

Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as:

answer

the opening

question

Studies have shown that people interact with babies differently based on whether the babies are boys or girls. Using role theory, we could argue that:

answer

sex is a master status in our society.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a given-off gesture?

answer

consciously stifling a laugh when someone walks into the class with toilet paper on his or her shoe

question

Goffman's term for refraining from directly interacting with someone you know until an opening bracket has been issued is known as:

answer

civic inattention.

question

Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on:

answer

how we make sense of our world and convey this understanding to others in our effort to create mutually shared realities

question

The sociological significance of roles is that they:

answer

lay out what is expected of people

question

An ascribed status is one:

answer

a person has little or no control over.

question

According to impression management, the backstage arena would include:

answer

where we are our private selves and where the real story takes place.

question

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors are:

answer

agents of socialization.

question

Although there are many agents of socialization, four of the primary ones according to the textbook are:

answer

family, schools, peers, and media.

question

The popular television show Sesame Street was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Being that this show was successful, we can argue that:

answer

the media serves as a powerful socializing agent.

question

Which theorist argued that other people essentially provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves?

answer

Charles Horton Cooley

question

Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods (2003), makes a compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middle-class families. Which of the following statements best summarizes what she found?

answer

Class differences, played out in the daily routines of parenting, have a powerful impact on children's life chances.

question

Cooley's theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is known as:

answer

looking glass self theory.

question

Twitter, texting, and Facebook have changed the way we communicate and have had a profound impact on all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

how we deal with anxiety.

question

Which of the following theories contains concepts such as front stage and backstage and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare?

answer

dramaturgical theory

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children learn to recognize an other through:

answer

imitation.

question

According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children learn to recognize an other through:

answer

imitation.

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