question

physicians did not have particularly high prestige but the power peaked when

answer

the 1980s

question

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their:

answer

peers

question

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their:

answer

peers

question

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

answer

quack

question

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

answer

peers

question

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

interpersonal confidence 40.

question

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

answer

supplier induced demand

question

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

answer

gives physicians more economic clout

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

One can best equate homeopathy to:

answer

vaccines

question

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

answer

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

question

Under HMOs, doctors usually don't get more money each time a patient comes in, so the incentive might be to:

answer

under treat the patient

question

In about the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was that more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians were:

answer

became workers instead of owners

question

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

answer

patient could be under treated

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

medicaid

question

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

answer

medicare

question

The researchers in the Whitehall Study examined what occupational sector

answer

civil servants

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had which of the following risk factors?

answer

higher levels of stress

question

The Whitehall Study found which of the following factors important in determining health outcomes?

answer

what a person does for a living

question

The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include

answer

women

question

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

answer

family health history

question

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

answer

morbidity rates

question

Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions

answer

psychological stress

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality

question

It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates because:

answer

they do better economically

question

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

answer

all african americans may still experience discrimination

question

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status (SES) states that:

answer

genetics and biology affect SES so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.

question

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

answer

psychosocial

question

Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.

answer

3.6

question

According to existing studies, why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction

question

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

answer

large

question

women have more hypertension bc

answer

entering high stress jobs

question

Which of the following are benefits of being a tall man?

answer

better health

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

answer

medication replaced counseling

question

Use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV is now required by:

answer

insurance

question

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

answer

eliminating malaria

question

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

answer

African american women

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ Americans.

answer

500000

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide.

answer

25 million

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

b. his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

answer

equal health for all

question

Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:

answer

b. the family was indeed a universal human institution.

question

In terms of cross-cultural family forms, which of the following statements is true

answer

The traditional family is not the dominant form anywhere

question

In the 1950s, which of the following structural functionalists identified the traditional nuclear family model as a functional necessity in modern industrial society?

answer

parsons

question

As discussed in Chapter 12, in which cultures would it be acceptable for a man to marry his 14-year-old cousin?

answer

in victorian england and in some modern day muslim tribes

question

Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?

answer

zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that western mothers do

question

In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

answer

1967

question

In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?

answer

Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others.

question

In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

answer

polyandry

question

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?

answer

on the decline in us and everywhere else

question

It is commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

answer

increasing steadily since 1900

question

Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?

answer

90%

question

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:

answer

increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce

question

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

answer

husbands and wives were partners in the home and in making a living

question

John and Monique are married. Both of their parents live with them, as does John's sister and brother-in-law and some nieces and nephews. This is known as a ____________ network.

answer

kinship

question

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

answer

beanpoles

question

Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?

answer

an increase in real wages

question

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:

answer

b. the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

question

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based on gender and:

answer

income

question

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

answer

standards of cleanliness have increased as well

question

powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the U.S. government, what happened?

answer

d. Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

question

Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally ____________ families.

answer

fair

question

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

answer

their extrafamilial female networks

question

Why was the traditional family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

answer

African American women have always had to combine work and family

question

Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty

answer

du bois

question

Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since

answer

the 1960s

question

the larges minority in the us is

answer

latino

question

At any given point in the past few decades, about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?

answer

about half

question

most frequent form of domestic violence

answer

sibling on sibling

question

In 2007, intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths. What percentage of these deaths occurred among males

answer

30%

question

Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

answer

civil union

question

According to your text, approximately ____________ percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate.

answer

14%

question

According to your text, approximately what percentage of the nation's population age 16 years and older is innumerate?

answer

22%

question

Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

answer

human capital

question

A paradox of the American education system is that education is

answer

a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.

question

Coleman Report is a systematic:

answer

wide-scale evaluation of data from students and school facilities showing that differences in school characteristics explained only a small portion of educational differences between schools.

question

Results from the Coleman Report were surprising because findings indicated that:

answer

achievement differences between schools could be explained best by family background and peers with whom children attended school.

question

One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:

answer

when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved

question

Which of the following is NOT a finding of research examining the effects of class size on educational achievement?

answer

Students who have been in small classes are less likely to have discipline problems when they are subsequently placed in regular-sized classes.

question

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Project STAR?

answer

the students were in middle school

question

Taking into account students' family backgrounds, ____________ schools tend to outperform ____________ schools in preparing children academically

answer

catholic;non-catholic private

question

Studies show that ____________ school students score highest on achievement tests, followed by ____________ school students.

answer

Catholic; secular private and public

question

Social capital is:

answer

b. the collection of relationships that can facilitate the actions and behaviors of others.

question

The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:

answer

a. it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.

question

In 2010, approximately ____________ percent of American adults over age 25 had a college degree.

answer

19%

question

As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence?

answer

People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities.

question

Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century?

answer

d. Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?

answer

c. A result of industrialization is that jobs have become more and more skilled, and a more educated workforce is required to fill these positions.

question

What was the nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006?

answer

The College Board admitted there was a scoring error that tended to incorrectly underestimate the scores on more than 4,000 tests.

question

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?

answer

The SAT does not predict college success well for older students who have been out of high school for some time; admission criteria need to be adjusted for adult students.

question

The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they are as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that:

answer

a. researchers now question how meritocratic the SAT is, because the SAT may test knowledge that is biased against certain groups.

question

When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT

answer

no longer predicts college grades well

question

Affirmative action practices refer to policies that:

answer

grant preferential treatment to subgroups within a population.

question

Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that Group A was four times more likely to gain admission, and Group B was three times more likely to be admitted. Groups A and B are, respectively:

answer

athletes and legacy students

question

____ 197. Which of the following statements is true with regard to preferential admissions to colleges and universities?

answer

In the last 15 years, admissions preference for athletes has risen steadily, surpassing that of minority students.

question

If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?

answer

asian students

question

Which of the following is NOT a sociological criticism of the idea that IQ affects educational outcomes?

answer

If there is a relationship between innate intelligence and educational performance, then there is no need to look at social factors.

question

Which of the following is NOT an element of socioeconomic status?

answer

racial background

question

With regard to race and high school graduation rates, which of the following is correct?

answer

In 2010, about 84 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from high school, as compared to about 87 percent of whites in the same age range.

question

With regard to race and college degree completion, which of the following is correct? a. In 2010, about 86 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from college, as opposed to about 28 percent of whites in the same age range. b. In 2010, about 81 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from college, as opposed to about 86 percent of whites in the same age range. c. In 2010, about 20 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from college, as opposed to about 30 percent of whites in the same age range. d. In 2007, about 28 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from college, as opposed to about 18 percent of whites in the same age range.

answer

C

question

Cultural capital refers to:

answer

d. social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage.

question

According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

answer

embodied, objectified, and institutional.

question

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of cultural capital?

answer

Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.

question

The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this?

answer

a. If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent-teacher meetings.

question

Bill Cosby is concerned with black underachievement in the American school system. He suggests that:

answer

a. more African American parents actually parent.

question

With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?

answer

d. When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.

question

With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:

answer

stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups.

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The Maori of New Zealand have lower education qualification levels than other New Zealanders. b. Maoris have lower educational attainment and IQ scores than non-Maori New Zealanders. c. The Burakumin of Japan have a history of discrimination but have educational achievements similar to non-Buraku Japanese. d. When Buraku children attend schools in the United States, they perform as well as non-Buraku Japanese children.

answer

C

question

Which of the following trends in current educational achievement is NOT supported by research evidence?

answer

Only girls whose parents are college-educated achieve as much as boys.

question

Contrary to popular belief:

answer

a. girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.

question

Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades

answer

larger;higher

question

With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?

answer

When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources

question

What effect did the agricultural revolution in Europe have on the transition to capitalism?

answer

it helped capitalism develope

question

Jenny lives in a society in which there is a strong norm against mixing business with pleasure. Work and leisure activities are physically separate, occurring at different times, on different days, at different places, and often with different people. Jenny lives in a ____________ society.

answer

modern capitalist

question

Under feudalism, what was one of the major resources exchanged among lords, vassals, and serfs

answer

protection

question

On a feudal estate, Bob is the lord, Jim is the vassal, Tom is the serf, and Frank is the knight. Who receives the profits from the agricultural activity on the land?

answer

jim

question

The dominant economic system before the agricultural revolution was:

answer

the fuedal system

question

George lives in fifteenth-century England. He is bound to the land but does not own it. He works the land but must give a portion of his harvest to the landowner. In return, he gets protection from roaming bandits and thieves. George is a:

answer

serf

question

How did the enclosure movement change the economy in the early Tudor period in England?

answer

c. It created a large, new pool of urban labor.

question

You are the lord of an estate. During the enclosure movement in Tudor England, what did you likely do with some of your common land?

answer

b. kicked off the commoners who had used the land for grazing

question

At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, a massive transition was propelled by the development of new technologies, including:

answer

the power loom and steam engine

question

What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?

answer

they were evicted

question

The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ____________ system to become obsolete in favor of a new system of legal currency.

answer

barter

question

Adam Smith, the father of liberal economics, determined that groups of individuals pursuing their own self-interest manage to stay intact and not fall into the chaos of civil strife because:

answer

individual self-interest in an environment of others acting similarly will lead to a situation of competition.

question

According to Adam Smith, the most efficient way to produce something is

answer

d. through a division of labor that breaks production into its constituent parts.

question

Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:

answer

c. any and all economic exchange requires two partners.

question

Adam Smith demonstrated with his pin factory example that

answer

d. by dividing labor, factory production increases output by making it more efficient.

question

Because the monetary system is increasingly depersonalized, Simmel argues that it is now possible to:

answer

have true friendships

question

In terms of the evolution of payment and exchange, wage labor is more developed than piecework payment because under wage labor:

answer

the employer assumes responsibility for the quality of the raw materials, the technology, and the production process.

question

What is one advantage of piecework payment over in-kind payment

answer

c. The worker can do whatever he wants with the cash.

question

Karl has been hired to paint a house blue, but he mixes the color wrong, and it turns out purple instead of blue. Under which wage system(s) would he be responsible for paying for new paint?

answer

piecework and payment in kind

question

The good thing about a salary, according to Simmel, is that:

answer

workers still get paid, even if the electricity goes out for the day and no work gets done

question

Your grade level and amount of experience determine your:

answer

civil service salary

question

A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:

answer

wage level

question

An honorarium is similar to a:

answer

b. gift for something you have agreed to do for someone, like giving a speech.

question

Marx described workers as being alienated from

answer

all of the above

question

Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which created the necessary social conditions for capitalism by creating theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination?

answer

max weber

question

The money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family. According to the textbook, what group did this assumption harm the most?

answer

black women

question

The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:

answer

a. it has turned to the traditional African American three-generation household.

question

What percentage of working mothers with children age 17 and under say that full-time work is the ideal situation for them?

answer

21%

question

According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, because workers want to advance in their careers, many avoid taking full advantage of:

answer

family-friendly office policies.

question

Arlie Hochschild argues that many workers seek refuge from (the) ____________ in the ____________.

answer

home; workplace

question

Which term refers to the end result of negotiations among multiple players, enforcing rights, imposing sanctions, or encouraging business at a regional or worldwide level?

answer

new rules

question

____________ trade agreements, such as NAFTA, encourage business at a regional or worldwide level

answer

multilateral

question

The global distribution of wealth is referred to as a "champagne glass distribution" because:

answer

the top 5 percent of global adults own more than one-third of the world's wealth.

question

Which term refers to the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person?

answer

juristic person

question

Corporations are considered people because:

answer

they are entities distinct from their owners.

question

Some critics claim the Carlyle Group uses insider political knowledge, or ____________, to dominate heavily regulated markets.

answer

political arbitrage

question

The Bell Telephone Company, which for decades was the only provider of telephone service in the United States, was a(n):

answer

monopoly

question

There are two producers of wagon wheels that together are the exclusive providers to a large community. The executives of these companies meet to set minimum prices and production levels, thereby ensuring that they each will make a higher profit than they would in a free market. This is an example of a(n):

answer

oligopoly

question

Levi Strauss has a corporate code of conduct regarding labor that says:

answer

any contractor working with Levi Strauss must conform to good labor practices.

question

Organizations ruled by traditional authority run into problems when a situation occurs

answer

for which the first leader did not set a precedent

question

____________ is defined by Weber as the probability that a command with a given specific content will be obeyed by a particular group of people.

answer

domination

question

According to the textbook, what is the major reason unions are on the decline in the United States today

answer

c. People don't trust unions, saying they are corrupt and outdated.

question

Weber used the term charisma to describe a person's

answer

superhuman aura

question

In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner found that a political candidate can't win an election unless:

answer

The electorate likes him/her

question

Weber broke down domination into two types. What are they?

answer

authority and economic power

question

What term, as defined by the textbook, refers to the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance

answer

power

question

When a company dominates because it has a monopoly on the industry, this is called domination by:

answer

economic power

question

The relations among European states, such as Britain and France, led to the development of a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states. This is referred to as the international:

answer

state system

question

According to the state-centered approach, a politician from West Virginia who pushes a bill to improve health benefits for miners would do so to improve his or her own:

answer

power

question

Sociologist T. H. Marshall discussed three types of citizenship rights. Which of the following is one of these rights?

answer

political rights

question

Within the international community, an unwritten rule exists that neighboring states must first recognize a new state's autonomy before:

answer

more distant ones will do so

question

A prominent British economist postulated that government intervention, in the form of social expenditures, could pull the economy out of a recession by stimulating demand for products and services. This is referred to as:

answer

a. Keynesian economics.

question

According to political theorist T. H. Marshall, a group of protesters picketing a political speech is exercising ____________ rights.

answer

civil

question

Social rights to public assistance, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), are contingent on proof of insufficient financial resources. This is referred to as

answer

right to means tested programs

question

You believe that you have received an unfair grade on a paper, but you know that arguing with your professor would do little good. You leave the classroom and angrily throw the paper into the nearest trash can. Steven Lukes would call this the ____________ dimension of power

answer

second dimension of power

question

____ 125. Which kind of rights give the state the responsibility to interfere in its citizens' lives?

answer

social

question

People living within a state have certain citizenship rights. For example, if you were to look for an apartment, you would be free to live in any neighborhood that you chose. These are a person's ____________ rights.

answer

social

question

Hollywood films are often popular abroad and can be vehicles for some of the favored U.S. ideologies, such as free trade or democratic political institutions. In this case, attraction is used to influence external state actors. This is an example of

answer

soft power

question

According to Lukes's first dimension of power, when is power most visible?

answer

when different agendas clash and conflict results

question

Which of these is a characteristic of dictatorships?

answer

limited suffrage

question

Soft power, or co-optive power, is getting others to:

answer

d. want what you want through attraction rather than coercion.

question

Barrington Moore hypothesized that some states end up as democracies and others become dictatorships because the fate of each nation is determined by the struggle:

answer

between social classes

question

According to Hobbes, to achieve peace for ourselves and to avoid death, humans enter into a ____________ and submit to an overarching sovereign authority charged with ensuring peace for everyone

answer

social contract

question

A trade union representing workers in particular job categories acts as a(n) ____________ when it attempts to influence policy

answer

interest group

question

Why does Puerto Rico have higher voting rates than the United States?

answer

election day is a holiday.

question

According to Mancur Olson's ideas on collective action, what groups are better equipped to get what they want?

answer

small

question

According to Mancur Olson's ideas on collective action, what groups are better equipped to get what they want?

answer

small

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