Information Ethics and Social Principles – Flashcards
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The two principal catalysts for the Information Age.
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Computers and communication networks
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Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, who worked for.
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IBM
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A system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data.
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Data-processing system
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The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced after this time period.
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World War II
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Programming languages were developed to
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Make programming faster and less error-prone.
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These were the early programming languages.
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BASIC, COBOL, FLOW-MATIC, and FORTRAN
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Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer.
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Time-sharing system.
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A semiconductor device containing transitors, capacitors, and resistors is called.
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Integrated circuit
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This company produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers.
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IBM
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The company that invented the microprocessor.
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Intel
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This man wrote, "An Open Letter to Hobbyist," in which he complained about the software theft.
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Bill Gates
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A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was.
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Spreadsheet program
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The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC.
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Microsoft
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ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that would facilitate
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Exchange of programs and data
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One of the first and most important applications of ARPANET
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email
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The term used to describe a high-speed Internet connection.
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Broadband
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On average, the country that has the fastest broadband connection.
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South Korea
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A common name for a wireless Internet access point
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hotspot
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Hypertext is supposed to mimic
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Associative memory of human beings
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The visionary who invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live network videoconferencing at "the mother of all demos" in 1968.
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Douglas Engelbart
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The World Wide Web is the created by
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Tim Berners-Lee
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An association of people organized under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time is called a
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Society
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Rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are called
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Morality
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Ethics
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a rational examination of people's moral beliefs, a branch of philosophy, one way to determine which activities are "good" and which are "bad," and a field of study more than 2,000 years old.
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A relativist claims that there are
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no universal moral principles
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Objectivism is based on the idea that morality has an
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existence outside the human mind
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The divine command theory is an example of
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objectivism
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An argument in favor of the divine command theory.
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"God is all-knowing"
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Ethical egoism is based on
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Determining long-term beneficial consquences
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An argument in favour of ethical egoism
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"The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first"
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According to Kant, our sense of "ought to" is called
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dutifulness
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According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends upon the
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underlying moral rule
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According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative
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It is wrong for one person to "use" another
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The Principle of Utility is also called the
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Greatest Happiness Principle
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Two philosophers closely associated with utilitarianism are
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Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
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Utilitarianism is an example of the
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Consequentialist theory
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The problem of moral luck is raised as a criticism of
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act utilitarianism
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Utilitarianism does not mean "the greatest number," because
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It focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed
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Thomas Hobbes called life without rules and a means of enforcing them
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"the state of nature"
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An early proponent of the social contract was
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise the right is called
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A negative right
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A right that is guaranteed without exception is called
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An absolute right
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The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society is callled
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The difference principle
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Modern writers often refer to moral virtues as
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Virtues of character
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According to Aristotle, moral virtue results from
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Repetition of the appropriate acts
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According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that
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you have developed the virtue
