Hist Exam 2 Study Questions – Flashcards
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1. While progressivism has many meanings, it tended to be based on the central assumption that A. American society was capable of improvement. B. Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C. urbanization was harmful to the United States. D. the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. E. individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible.
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A. American society was capable of improvement.
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2. The term "muckrakers" referred to A. western progressives. B. Social Darwinists. C. socialists. D. critics of imperialism. E. journalists.
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E. journalists.
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3. At the turn of the twentieth century, Lincoln Steffens wrote extensively of the need to reform A. the "yellow press." B. urban politics. C. the railroad corporations. D. the meatpacking industry. E. the federal bureaucracy.
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B. urban politics.
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4. In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study of A. the Carnegie Steel Company. B. child industrial labor. C. urban "boss rule." D. the Standard Oil trust. E. Congress.
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C. urban "boss rule."
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5. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the "Social Gospel" was A. a reform movement guided by the American Catholic Church. B. first described by Andrew Carnegie. C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform. D. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. E. a belief that God had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor.
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C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform.
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6. At the turn of the twentieth century, leaders in the settlement house movement tended to be A. first-generation immigrants. B. from the lower class. C. female. D. Catholic. E. uneducated.
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C. female.
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7. Thorstein Veblen argued that A. only the wealthy leisure class had adequate time and money to help the needy. B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems. C. true social reform would only occur if the nation's wealth were redistributed. D. the leaders of corporations were the natural choice to create social reform. E. the philanthropy of industrial tycoons had subverted the natural workings of society.
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B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems.
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8. Regarding organizing the professions during the progressive era, A. most professions attempted to expand the ranks of Americans in their fields. B. by 1916 all states had established professional bar associations. C. the medical field remained largely unorganized. D. there was little organized activity in rural America. E. state and local governments generally impeded attempts to professionalize.
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B. by 1916 all states had established professional bar associations.
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9. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of A. medicine. B. business. C. education. D. agriculture. E. law.
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A. medicine.
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10. Regarding women and the professions during the progressive era, A. almost no women were able to have professional careers. B. the majority of professional women were nurses. C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women. D. educated black women were barred from all professional opportunities. E. women were forced out of nursing as the occupation gained distinction.
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C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women.
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11. During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of A. a lower birth rate. B. the movement to work outside the home. C. increased schooling for children. D. higher levels of education. E. All these answers are correct.
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E. All these answers are correct.
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12. The term "Boston marriage" refers to A. two women who lived together. B. an unmarried man and woman who lived together. C. the marriage of a woman who had become pregnant. D. a married man with a mistress. E. a marriage lasting less than two years.
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A. two women who lived together.
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13. In regards to divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 A. the majority of divorces were initiated by men. B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce. C. the rate of divorce rate declined. D. nearly all states did not allow divorce. E. women began gaining the right to divorce in many states.
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B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce.
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14. During the progressive era, supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters A. would end future political scandals. B. would ensure fair elections. C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women. D. were unlikely ever to vote for a woman running for national office. E. would help to defeat the growing movement for temperance.
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C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women.
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15. In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, A. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women. B. many states gave full voting rights to women. C. New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California all granted women the right to vote. D. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California. E. All these answers are correct.
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D. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California.
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16. Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by A. the political parties. B. the federal government. C. private contractors. D. state governments. E. philanthropic organizations.
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A. the political parties.
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17. During the progressive era, one of the first targets for political reformers was A. Congress. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. the federal bureaucracy.
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C. municipal governments.
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18. During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to A. require city council members to run by district rather than at-large. B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers. C. make all city government positions appointive. D. strengthen the power of city councils at the expense of mayors. E. move city elections to presidential years in order to increase turnout.
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B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers.
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19. The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken the power of A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
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D. state legislatures.
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20. The recall and direct primary were progressive era political reforms designed to weaken A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts.
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B. political parties.
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21. As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for A. campaign finance reform. B. mandatory health insurance. C. a repeal of the income tax. D. employee profit sharing in large corporations. E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.
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E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum.
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22. During the progressive era, the power of the political parties A. declined, while voter turnout increased. B. declined, as did voter turnout. C. increased, as did voter turnout. D. increased, while voter turnout declined. E. stayed basically the same, as did voter turnout.
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B. declined, as did voter turnout.
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23. During the progressive era, political "interest groups" A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. B. were attacked by progressive reformers. C. gradually became less powerful as time went on. D. were attacked by progressive reformers and gradually became less powerful as time went on. E. All these answers are correct.
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A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties.
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24. In the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City, A. New York state banned factories from employing women under the age of sixteen. B. factories taller than ten stories could only use the upper floors as storage of materials. C. few true reforms of industry were made. D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners. E. Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York state commission examining the fire.
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D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners.
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25. During the progressive era, W. E. B. Du Bois asserted all the following EXCEPT that A. Booker T. Washington's ideas were unnecessarily limiting to blacks. B. talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. C. blacks should fight for immediate civil rights. D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office. E. blacks should aspire to the professions.
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D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office.
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26. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People A. was an exclusively black organization. B. was a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. C. tried to defend Booker T. Washington's ideas from W. E. B. Du Bois's attacks. D. was both an exclusively black organization and a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement. E. None of these answers is correct.
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D. was both an exclusively black organization and a competitor organization to the Niagara Movement.
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27. The Women's Christian Temperance Union A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history. B. called for an end to saloons, not for a full prohibition on alcoholic beverages. C. was later replaced by the Anti-Saloon League. D. was headed by a male president. E. was founded during the progressive era.
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A. was, at one time, the largest women's organization in American history.
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28. Between 1914 and 1919, the temperance movement A. gained momentum as a result of World War I. B. was opposed by most conservative Christians. C. saw the Women's Christian Temperance Union peak at 125,000 members. D. resulted in the unanimous passage by states of the Eighteenth Amendment. E. gained the support of most Catholic immigrants.
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A. gained momentum as a result of World War I.
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29. Regarding the immigrant population in the United States, progressive reformers A. supported limiting the number of new arrivals. B. favored quickly assimilating new arrivals into American society. C. argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. D. both supported limiting the number of new arrivals, and argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems. E. All these answers are correct.
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D. both supported limiting the number of new arrivals, and argued that the growing immigration population had created social problems.
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30. In the early twentieth century, the theory of eugenics A. contended that inequalities between humans were rooted in education. B. aimed to subvert and oppose the rising tide of nativism. C. were exposed by a federal commission as a fraudulent science. D. asserted that the root of many urban problems was overcrowded cities. E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.
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E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.
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31. During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America A. grew weaker. B. grew stronger. C. renamed itself the Progressive Party. D. virtually disappeared. E. continued as it had in the past.
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B. grew stronger.
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32. During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was A. Lincoln Steffens. B. William Haywood. C. Florence Kelley. D. Eugene V. Debs. E. A. Mitchell Palmer.
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D. Eugene V. Debs.
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33. During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World A. advocated a single union for all workers. B. was dominated by anarchists. C. emphasized education for the working class. D. rejected the economic principles of both capitalism and Marxism. E. was a more violent organization than the public recognized at the time.
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A. advocated a single union for all workers.
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34. During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president, A. he was a champion of labor unions. B. he made the breaking up of business combinations his highest priority. C. he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities. D. his primary accomplishment was to reform the meatpacking industry. E. he deeply antagonized the conservative Old Guard wing of his party.
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B. he made the breaking up of business combinations his highest priority.
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35. In the 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers, President Theodore Roosevelt A. sided with the miners. B. sided with the mine owners. C. ordered in federal troops to keep the peace. D. ordered federal arbitration. E. ordered in federal troops to break the strike.
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D. ordered federal arbitration.
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36. All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration EXCEPT A. the Meat Inspection Act. B. the Pure Food and Drug Act. C. the Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act. D. the National Reclamation Act. E. the Interstate Commerce Act.
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E. the Interstate Commerce Act.
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38. When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt A. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. B. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation. C. restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government land. D. both was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation and helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. E. All these answers are correct.
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D. both was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation and helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness.
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39. The first director of the National Forest Service was A. Gifford Pinchot. B. William Howard Taft. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis.
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A. Gifford Pinchot.
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40. Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president in 1908 because A. the Constitution prevented him from doing so. B. he had lost much of his public popularity. C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again. D. he was denied the nomination of his party. E. he felt he had accomplished everything he wanted to do as president.
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C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again.
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41. In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him. B. narrowly defeated his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. C. was opposed by progressives and conservatives. D. had a public image very much like that of Theodore Roosevelt. E. decisively defeated his Republican opponent in the general election.
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A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him.
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42. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 A. fulfilled a campaign promise President William H. Taft had made to Theodore Roosevelt. B. sharply lowered tariffs. C. resulted in President William H. Taft losing favor with progressives. D. resulted in a sudden decline in the national economy. E. was passed only after Taft pressured the congressional Old Guard to support the bill.
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C. resulted in President William H. Taft losing favor with progressives.
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43. In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot saw A. President William H. Taft fire Ballinger due to a conflict of interest. B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination. C. conservative Republicans turn against President Taft. D. progressives come to oppose Pinchot. E. former supporters of Roosevelt rally behind Taft.
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B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination.
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44. In 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, Theodore Roosevelt announced a set of political principles that called for A. greater activism by the federal government. B. limiting the authority of President William H. Taft. C. an end to legal racial discrimination. D. equal pay for male and female workers who performed the same jobs. E. a return to the laissez-faire policies of his two administrations.
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A. greater activism by the federal government.
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45. The 1912 presidential election was an ideological contest between A. conservatives and reformers. B. different types of progressivism. C. the "New Freedom" and the "New Nationalism." D. both different types of progressivism, and the "New Freedom" 'and "New Nationalism." E. All these answers are correct.
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B. different types of progressivism.
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46. In his political program known as the "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts A. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. B. should be destroyed. C. should exist only if they benefited the middle class. D. should have the right to expand. E. should exist only if they recognized labor's right to organize.
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B. should be destroyed.
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47. In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress A. passed a graduated income tax. B. decided to inflate the currency. C. increased business regulatory fees. D. raised the tariff on agricultural goods. E. passed heavy excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
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A. passed a graduated income tax.
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48. A major reform of American banking was achieved in 1913 with passage of the A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. B. Economy Act. C. Federal Securities Act. D. Federal Reserve Act. E. Currency Act.
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D. Federal Reserve Act.
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49. The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating A. child labor. B. industrial safety. C. tenant agriculture. D. the garment industry. E. information about contraceptives.
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A. child labor.
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1. In the 1890s, the interest in American expansion overseas was motivated in part by A. fears that domestic natural resources would soon be in limited supply. B. economic prosperity in the 1890s. C. a belief that the United States was dangerously overpopulated. D. the notion that European influence in the world was subsiding. E. a desire to calm labor unrest at home by focusing on foreign policy.
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A. fears that domestic natural resources would soon be in limited supply.
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2. Arguments used by Social Darwinists in the United States to justify expansionism A. included the belief that weak nations should be left room to develop. B. contended that all nations were engaged in a constant struggle to survive. C. were created and first promoted by Charles Darwin himself. D. differed sharply from arguments used for domestic economic affairs. E. suggested that harmony among "races" depended on open markets and free trade.
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B. contended that all nations were engaged in a constant struggle to survive.
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3. The author who called on the United States to increase its naval forces in his book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, was A. William McKinley. B. Richard Olney. C. James G. Blaine. D. Alfred Thayer Mahan. E. Leonard Wood.
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D. Alfred Thayer Mahan.
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4. The author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History believed the United States A. should take possession of the Hawaiian Islands. B. should go to war with England to destroy its navy. C. had too cumbersome a navy and should streamline it by decommissioning capital ships. D. should both take possession of the Hawaiian Islands and go to war with England to destroy its navy. E. All these answers are correct.
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A. should take possession of the Hawaiian Islands.
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5. Prior to its annexation by the United States in 1898, Hawaii A. did not have a sugar industry. B. was largely governed by a representative assembly. C. had a native population of under ten thousand inhabitants. D. had little contact with the United States. E. had witnessed a revolution staged by American planters.
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E. had witnessed a revolution staged by American planters.
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6. The American settler who served as prime minister of Hawaii for over a decade was A. G. P. Judd. B. Arthur MacArthur. C. Leonard Wood. D. Richard Olney. E. William Hooper.
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A. G. P. Judd.
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7. The leader of Hawaii who was forced to yield authority to the American government upon annexation was A. King Kamehameha I. B. G. P. Judd. C. William Hooper. D. Queen Liliuokalani. E. King Kamehameha III.
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D. Queen Liliuokalani.
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8. Regarding Samoa, the American Navy had a particular interest in the natural harbor at A. Oahu. B. Manono. C. Pago Pago. D. Savaii. E. Upolu.
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C. Pago Pago.
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9. In the late nineteenth century, the United States' interest in Samoa saw competition from A. Russia. B. Germany. C. Japan. D. Australia. E. Spain.
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B. Germany.
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10. The Spanish-American War began primarily because of events in A. Cuba. B. the Philippines. C. Puerto Rico. D. Mexico. E. Guatemala.
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A. Cuba.
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11. In 1898, pressure for American entry into war in Cuba came from A. William Jennings Bryan. B. imperialists. C. Spain. D. England. E. Cuban émigrés living in the United States.
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B. imperialists.
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12. A letter stolen in 1898 from Dupuy de Lôme, Spain's minister to Washington, was controversial because it A. included praise for the destruction of the battleship Maine. B. discussed the use of Spanish spies in Washington D.C. C. described William McKinley as a weak president. D. mocked the military capabilities of the United States. E. argued that Mexico should attack the U.S. to regain California and Texas.
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C. described William McKinley as a weak president.
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13. Later evidence related to the explosion that sank the Maine suggested the likely cause was A. an accident in an engine room. B. the work of a Cuban agent. C. the work of Spanish sailors. D. a floating mine of unknown origin. E. sabotage by a disgruntled naval officer.
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C. the work of Spanish sailors.
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14. The American politician who referred to the Spanish-American conflict as "a splendid little war" was A. William McKinley. B. Elihu Root. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. William Jennings Bryan. E. John Hay.
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E. John Hay.
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15. Which of the following statements regarding the Spanish-American War is FALSE? A. The war lasted only a few months, with fewer than 500 American battle casualties. B. U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped and supplied. C. More than 5,000 U.S. soldiers died from disease during the war. D. Cuban rebels did most of the fighting even after the Americans joined in the war. E. Most Americans shared the opinion that it was a "splendid little war."
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B. U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped and supplied.
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16. The bulk of U.S. soldiers in the Spanish-American War came from A. National Guard units. B. volunteers. C. a draft. D. the federal professional army. E. hired mercenaries.
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A. National Guard units.
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17. The story of race and the Spanish-American War saw A. Cubans refuse to fight alongside of U.S. blacks. B. a significant number of black troops in the American forces. C. blacks fighting in integrated American units for the first time. D. only whites fight for the United States. E. African Americans realize that the U.S. military was comparatively less racist than Cuba.
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B. a significant number of black troops in the American forces.
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18. In the early stage of the Spanish-American War, Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in A. Puerto Rico. B. Havana Bay. C. Manila Harbor. D. Port-au-Prince. E. the Gulf of Mexico.
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C. Manila Harbor.
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19. Theodore Roosevelt's famous charge in the battle of San Juan Hill A. has been considered bold and reckless. B. was a minor part of the battle. C. actually took place on Kettle Hill. D. resulted in nearly a hundred Americans dead or wounded. E. All these answers are correct.
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E. All these answers are correct.
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20. The Foraker Act of 1900 A. made all Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States. B. established an American colonial government over Puerto Rico. C. put Puerto Rico under American military rule. D. called for Puerto Rico to be considered for statehood. E. abolished slavery in Puerto Rico.
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B. established an American colonial government over Puerto Rico.
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21. The greatest American debate over the consequences of the Spanish-American War involved A. who would control Cuba. B. the question of desegregating the army. C. relations with Spain. D. the annexation of Puerto Rico. E. the status of the Philippines.
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E. the status of the Philippines.
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22. The Treaty of Paris concluding the Spanish-American War A. required Spain to pay the United States $20 million for its military costs. B. was quickly ratified by the United States Senate. C. transferred the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States. D. was rejected by Spain and was never implemented. E. rejected most of the terms of the earlier armistice.
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C. transferred the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States.
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23. Criticism within the United States of American colonialism included all the following EXCEPT that A. the financial costs of administering colonies would require burdensome taxes. B. imperialism was immoral and contrary to the nation's commitment to human freedom. C. foreign obligations and entangling alliances would threaten American liberties. D. the nation's population would be "polluted" by "inferior" races. E. imperialism would mean a flood of cheap laborers and unwelcome competition.
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A. the financial costs of administering colonies would require burdensome taxes.
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24. In 1899, those who favored the annexation of the Philippines argued A. they were interested in greater trade with Asian countries. B. the United States was already in possession of it. C. that it would bring partisan advantage to the Republican Party. D. both that the United States was already in possession of it, and that it would bring partisan advantage to the Republican Party. E. All these answers are correct.
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E. All these answers are correct.
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25. In 1899, supporters of the annexation of the Philippines argued the United States had set a precedent for taking land while treating its inhabitants as dependents in the case of the A. North's occupation of the South following the Civil War. B. federal government's treatment of American Indians. C. nation's claiming of Florida from Spain in 1819. D. United States' taking of Hawaii in 1898. E. United States' claiming of California and Texas after the Mexican War.
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B. federal government's treatment of American Indians.
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26. The presidential election of 1900 A. pitted Theodore Roosevelt against William Jennings Bryan. B. saw the Democrats take back the White House. C. found the American public largely in favor of national colonialism. D. saw many Americans express uncertainty over the morality of colonialism. E. saw the Republicans win despite a growing economic depression.
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C. found the American public largely in favor of national colonialism.
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27. In the early 1900s, which American dependency did NOT receive territorial status? A. Cuba B. Alaska C. Puerto Rico D. Hawaii E. None of these answers is correct; all received territorial status.
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A. Cuba
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28. The 1901 Platt Amendment was directed at A. the Philippines. B. European imperial powers. C. Puerto Rico. D. Guam and Tutuila. E. Cuba.
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E. Cuba.
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29. According to the terms of the 1901 Platt Amendment, A. Cuba could only form treaties with nations that were allied with the United States. B. the United States had the right to intervene in Cuba to protect life and property. C. Cuba was to be made a demilitarized region. D. the United States Congress had to approve each member of the Cuban legislature. E. Cuba was to be granted full political independence.
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B. the United States had the right to intervene in Cuba to protect life and property.
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30. In the early twentieth century, Cuba A. attracted little investment by American businesses. B. won a large measure of political independence from the United States. C. developed a stable economy through its sugar industry. D. was occupied by troops from the United States for years at a time. E. saw intermittent resistance against "Yankee imperialism."
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D. was occupied by troops from the United States for years at a time.
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31. Beginning in 1898, the American war in the Philippines A. lasted for years and resulted in thousands of American deaths. B. saw close to 10,000 Filipinos die in the conflict. C. was led by General George Pershing. D. saw the United States withdraw its military and negotiate a diplomatic end to the conflict. E. went much more smoothly than the recent Spanish-American War.
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A. lasted for years and resulted in thousands of American deaths.
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32. In its war in the Philippines, the United States military A. faced considerable guerrilla tactics. B. became increasingly vicious and brutal. C. came to view Filipinos as almost subhuman. D. both faced considerable guerilla tactics, and came to view Filipinos as almost subhuman. E. All these answers are correct.
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E. All these answers are correct.
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33. The first civilian governor of the Philippines, who gave Filipinos broad local autonomy, was A. Emilio Aguinaldo. B. Arthur Macarthur. C. Elihu Root. D. Theodore Roosevelt. E. William Howard Taft.
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E. William Howard Taft.
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34. The "Open Door notes" A. sought to give the United States a monopoly on trade with China. B. gave the United States a reason to be militarily involved in China. C. were directed to imperial powers in Europe and Asia. D. were written by Theodore Roosevelt. E. argued that Japan should open its borders to free trade.
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C. were directed to imperial powers in Europe and Asia.
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35. In 1900, the "Open Door notes" A. gained more international support after the Boxer Rebellion. B. were well received in Japan. C. could only be enforced by the United States through diplomacy. D. were never put into practice. E. were accepted only by the United States and Russia.
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A. gained more international support after the Boxer Rebellion.
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36. In 1900, the Chinese Boxer Rebellion was directed at A. the Chinese government. B. all foreigners in China. C. only Americans in China. D. only Japanese in China. E. the growing Chinese communist movement.
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B. all foreigners in China.
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37. President Theodore Roosevelt defined "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations on the basis of A. race. B. naval power. C. economic development. D. both race and economic development. E. All these answers are correct.
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D. both race and economic development.
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38. President Theodore Roosevelt's policies regarding Asia were intended to A. favor Japan. B. favor Russia. C. favor China. D. secure American dominance there. E. prevent any single rival nation from being dominant.
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E. prevent any single rival nation from being dominant.
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39. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905, A. relations between Japan and the Roosevelt administration steadily improved. B. President Roosevelt took no direct action against Japan. C. the Japanese military presence in the Pacific declined. D. the Russian government collapsed. E. President Roosevelt negotiated a secret free trade agreement with Russia.
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??E. President Roosevelt negotiated a secret free trade agreement with Russia.
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40. As part of his Asian diplomacy, President Theodore Roosevelt A. signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia. B. sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. C. extracted from Russia a recognition of Japan's territorial gains in the Russo-Japanese War. D. both signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia, and sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. E. All these answers are correct.
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D. both signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia, and sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power.
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41. The 1904 "Roosevelt Corollary" A. was invalidated by the Supreme Court during the Wilson administration. B. stated that neighboring countries had to adhere to U.S. policy in times of war. C. was created as a result of a military crisis in Cuba. D. stated that the U.S. had a right to intervene in the affairs of neighboring countries. E. stated that England and England alone was exempted from the Monroe Doctrine.
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D. stated that the U.S. had a right to intervene in the affairs of neighboring countries.
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42. Prior to the United States' construction of the Panama Canal, A. the French had failed to build a channel at the same site. B. the United States had failed to build a canal across Nicaragua. C. the British had failed to build a canal across Costa Rica. D. the Germans had failed to build a canal at the same site. E. no country had attempted to build a canal connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific.
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A. the French had failed to build a channel at the same site.
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43. In order to secure control of the Panama Canal zone, the United States A. carried out the overthrow of the president of Panama. B. organized a trade embargo against Colombia. C. assisted a revolution in Panama. D. purchased the land for the canal from Colombia. E. surrounded the canal site with a "Great White Fleet."
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C. assisted a revolution in Panama.
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44. "Dollar Diplomacy" is associated primarily with the administration of A. William McKinley. B. William Howard Taft. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. Woodrow Wilson. E. Warren Harding.
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B. William Howard Taft.
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45. The policy idea behind "Dollar Diplomacy" was to A. create stable governments in less-developed nations. B. reduce the deployment of troops from the United States to other nations. C. encourage other nations to peg their currency to the U.S. dollar. D. financially reward Latin nations that supported the interests of the United States. E. extend investments by the United States in less-developed regions.
answer
E. extend investments by the United States in less-developed regions.
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46. The diplomatic efforts by President Woodrow Wilson toward Latin America A. were decidedly non-expansionist. B. curtailed the use of the military as a tool of diplomacy. C. became known as the "good neighbor" policy. D. were similar to those of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. E. were the product of considerable interest and experience in international affairs.
answer
D. were similar to those of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.
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47. In the early twentieth century, the United States' actions toward Mexico included A. encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government. B. a refusal to formally recognize the Huerta government. C. sending an American expeditionary force across the border into Mexico. D. both encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government and refusing to formally recognize the Huerta government. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
D. both encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government and refusing to formally recognize the Huerta government.
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48. In his dealings with Pancho Villa, President Woodrow Wilson A. ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa. B. saw American troops capture Villa and bring him to the United States. C. eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. D. both ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, and eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
A. ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa.
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49. In 1914, the "Triple Entente" consisted of A. Italy, France, and Russia. B. Great Britain, France, and the United States. C. Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. D. Great Britain, France, and Russia. E. Germany, Italy, and Japan.
answer
D. Great Britain, France, and Russia.
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50. On the eve of the Great War, the chief rivalry in Europe was between A. Germany and Great Britain. B. Austro-Hungary and Russia. C. Germany and France. D. France and Russia. E. France and Great Britain.
answer
A. Germany and Great Britain.
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51. The immediate cause of war in Europe in 1914 was A. a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade. B. the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania. C. the death of Otto von Bismarck in Germany. D. the German invasion of Poland. E. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
answer
E. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
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52. In 1914, when war erupted in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson A. called on the American public to be completely impartial. B. expressed sympathy for Germany. C. declared that the "Triple Alliance" must be defeated. D. held secret diplomatic meetings with Great Britain. E. brokered separate peace treaties with both sides of the conflict.
answer
A. called on the American public to be completely impartial.
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53. In 1914-1915, the United States responded to a British naval blockade of Germany by A. ending trade with all of Europe to maintain its neutrality. B. ending trade with Great Britain to pressure it to lift the blockade. C. defying the blockade and continuing to trade with Germany. D. ending trade with Germany but continuing it with Great Britain. E. rerouting all trade with Germany through the Mediterranean.
answer
D. ending trade with Germany but continuing it with Great Britain.
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54. As a result of the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania, A. the United States declared war on Germany. B. Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action. C. President Wilson prohibited Americans from traveling to Europe. D. Great Britain began an intensive campaign to build a submarine fleet. E. the United States began leasing its submarines to Great Britain.
answer
B. Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action.
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55. By the fall of 1915, President Woodrow Wilson A. stated that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year. B. ordered American troops to staging camps in England. C. had come to support a rapid increase of the nation's armed forces. D. was firmly rooted with the peace faction of the Democratic Party. E. sent Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to broker a peace settlement.
answer
A. stated that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year.
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56. In the election of 1916, supporters of Woodrow Wilson A. helped the president easily beat his Republican opponent. B. called his Republican opponent a pacifist who would not act to save England. C. felt betrayed when the president stated that the nation's entrance into the war was inevitable. D. were anxious for the president to declare war before election day. E. claimed his Republican opponent would lead the nation into war.
answer
E. claimed his Republican opponent would lead the nation into war.
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57. In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, in a speech before Congress, A. suggested the creation of the a league of nations in the postwar period. B. insisted that the nation's financial interests had to be protected from a German victory. C. asked for a declaration of war against Germany. D. said Britain and France could not win the war without the United States. E. argued that entering the war would be a tragic mistake under any circumstances.
answer
A. suggested the creation of the a league of nations in the postwar period.
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58. The so-called Zimmerman telegram A. was intercepted by agents working for the United States. B. included a proposal for the return of the American Southwest to Mexico. C. helped weaken public support in the United States for war. D. revealed plans by Germany to expand the use of its submarine fleet. E. revealed that Germans were attempting to foment a race riot in the American South.
answer
B. included a proposal for the return of the American Southwest to Mexico.
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59. In March 1917, the United States moved closer to entering the Great War when A. the czarist government of Russia was overthrown. B. the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. C. Russia asked the Allies to call for an armistice. D. a German offensive threatened to capture Moscow. E. Russia and Germany negotiated a separate peace.
answer
B. the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.
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60. President Woodrow Wilson's request to Congress for a declaration of war A. was passed without a dissenting vote. B. was nearly voted down in the Senate. C. came before Germany took any military action against the United States. D. took place two weeks after German submarines had torpedoed three Americans ships. E. was supported by Republicans but opposed by most in Wilson's own party.
answer
D. took place two weeks after German submarines had torpedoed three Americans ships.
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61. As the United States entered World War I, its most immediate military effect was in A. western Europe. B. the Far East. C. north Africa. D. eastern Europe. E. the Atlantic Ocean.
answer
E. the Atlantic Ocean.
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62. As the United States entered World War I, A. President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. ground troops would not be used. B. Britain and France had few reserves of combat-age men. C. Russia decided to re-enter the war. D. Germany made plans to surrender. E. Germany was threatening an invasion of Great Britain.
answer
B. Britain and France had few reserves of combat-age men.
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63. The United States Selective Service Act A. was enacted during the last months of World War I. B. gave the government, for the first time, the authority to draft citizens for military duty. C. was supported by President Woodrow Wilson. D. drafted far fewer men than those who volunteered for military duty. E. brought nearly 300,000 men into the army.
answer
C. was supported by President Woodrow Wilson.
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64. During World War I, American ground troops A. saw combat that was relatively brief but intense. B. were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. C. were not available for battle in significant numbers until the fall of 1918. D. both saw combat that was relatively brief but insane, and were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. E. None of these answers is correct.
answer
A. saw combat that was relatively brief but intense.
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65. In World War I, the American Expeditionary Force was commanded by A. George Marshall. B. Arthur MacArthur. C. George Patton. D. John Pershing. E. Leonard Wood.
answer
D. John Pershing.
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66. During World War I, the United States military role in Europe A. saw American soldiers engage solely in light skirmishes. B. saw U.S. forces carry the fighting into Germany. C. lasted only a few months but saw heavy American casualties. D. saw American combat troops kept separate from Allied forces. E. took place mostly in Belgium and the Netherlands.
answer
C. lasted only a few months but saw heavy American casualties.
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67. During World War I, extensive systems of trenches were used by both sides A. because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field. B. because they prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers' positions. C. because soldiers were safer from poisonous mustard gas closer to the ground. D. both because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field, and because they prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers' positions. E. None of these answers is correct.
answer
A. because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field.
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68. During World War I, the new technology of warfare A. created logistical problems that slowed many offensives. B. allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. C. were largely responsible for the appalling level of casualties. D. both created logistical problems that slowed many offensives, and allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
D. both created logistical problems that slowed many offensives, and allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat.
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69. During World War I, airplanes were used for all the following EXCEPT A. bombing the enemy. B. transporting troops. C. attacking other aircraft. D. reconnaissance. E. "dogfighting."
answer
B. transporting troops.
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70. During World War I, technologically-advanced submarines used engines powered by A. diesel. B. gasoline. C. steam. D. electricity. E. coal.
answer
A. diesel.
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71. The country that lost the greatest number of lives in World War I was A. Russia. B. Great Britain. C. France. D. Germany. E. Italy.
answer
D. Germany.
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72. American casualties in World War I were A. numbered at approximately 350,000. B. numbered at approximately 60,000. C. as likely to be from disease as from combat. D. very low in all battles that U.S. troops participated in. E. comparable in number to those of the European powers.
answer
C. as likely to be from disease as from combat.
question
73. During World War I, the United States government primarily financed the war through A. deficit spending and currency manipulation. B. foreign loans and the printing of new currency. C. private business and banking loans. D. currency inflation and the sale of gold reserves. E. public bond sales and new taxes.
answer
E. public bond sales and new taxes.
question
74. During World War I, the Council of National Defense (CND) eventually organized the national economy by A. geographic regions. B. specific economic sectors. C. the individual needs of each branch of the military. D. local communities. E. time zone.
answer
B. specific economic sectors.
question
75. During World War I, the War Industries Board (WIB) A. was seen as a model for rational organization when led by Herbert Hoover. B. was plagued by mismanagement and inefficiencies under Bernard Baruch. C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies. D. saw itself as an adversary of individual businesses. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies.
question
76. In 1918, the National War Labor Board did NOT give American workers A. an eight-hour work day. B. equal pay to women for equal work. C. collective bargaining rights. D. maintenance of minimal living standards. E. recognition of the right to strike.
answer
E. recognition of the right to strike.
question
77. In the United States during World War I, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) A. established strict rules of censorship for journalists reporting on the war. B. became increasingly sensationalist in its information campaign. C. criticized the federal government's reporting of the war. D. was led by a panel of American military officers. E. became a haven for pacifists and conscientious objectors.
answer
B. became increasingly sensationalist in its information campaign.
question
78. The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918 A. eliminated jury trials for anyone charged under these laws. B. were most frequently directed at German Americans. C. were created after the Supreme Court invalidated the Espionage Act of 1917. D. made illegal any public expression opposing the war. E. were rarely if ever enforced by the Wilson administration.
answer
D. made illegal any public expression opposing the war.
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79. In the United States after it entered World War I, A. most German Americans supported the American war effort. B. German books were removed from many schools and libraries. C. the playing of German music was banned in many communities. D. sauerkraut was renamed "liberty cabbage." E. All these answers are correct.
answer
E. All these answers are correct.
question
80. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" included A. a ban on the production of armaments. B. an end to secret treaties. C. an international agreement to "outlaw war." D. the division of postwar Germany into two countries. E. recognition of independence for all imperial colonies..
answer
B. an end to secret treaties.
question
81. In 1918, President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" received significant political support from A. the British government. B. the United States Senate. C. the French government. D. both the British and French governments. E. None of these answers is correct.
answer
E. None of these answers is correct.
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82. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson antagonized many Republicans A. when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. B. when he refused to put prominent Republicans on the peace conference negotiating team. C. when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections. D. both when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections and when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
D. both when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections and when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress.
question
83. All of the following figures were at the Paris peace conference in 1919, EXCEPT A. Alexander Kerensky of Russia. B. George Clemenceau of France. C. David Lloyd George of Great Britain. D. Vittorio Orlando of Italy. E. Woodrow Wilson of the United States.
answer
A. Alexander Kerensky of Russia.
question
84. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson believed the Paris peace conference treaty A. should have placed large reparations on the defeated Central Powers. B. agreed with most of his Fourteen Points. C. had ended colonialism. D. was a success because of the acceptance of the League of Nations. E. was a complete and utter failure.
answer
D. was a success because of the acceptance of the League of Nations.
question
85. When President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate, A. the American public clearly supported its ratification. B. most so-called "irreconcilable" senators favored it in principle. C. he was willing to compromise on the language of the treaty but not its major points. D. he found a close ally in Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge. E. he refused to appeal to the public, believing the treaty should stand on its merits alone.
answer
A. the American public clearly supported its ratification.
question
86. During the last eighteen months of Woodrow Wilson's presidency, A. his mental health was stable but his physical health was very poor. B. he was essentially an invalid. C. there was growing public sentiment for Wilson to step down from power. D. his vice president, Thomas Marshall, essentially ran the White House. E. he became more pragmatic and willing to compromise.
answer
B. he was essentially an invalid.
question
87. Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the United States Senate decided in 1919 to A. ratify it without change. B. ratify it after Democrats accepted the Republican "reservations." C. ratify it with the change that the United States would not join the League of Nations. D. ratify it only after Article X was struck from the treaty. E. not ratify it.
answer
E. not ratify it.
question
88. Immediately following World War I, the American economy A. saw prices plunge. B. fell into a protracted recession. C. was marked by a continuing labor shortage. D. boomed for many months. E. fell into a deflationary spiral.
answer
D. boomed for many months.
question
89. American labor unrest in 1919 saw A. the public generally support unions. B. a general strike in Seattle that brought the city to a standstill. C. a major steel strike resolved in favor of the workers. D. Governor Calvin Coolidge attract national acclaim for his support of labor. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
B. a general strike in Seattle that brought the city to a standstill.
question
90. As a result of the service of African American soldiers in World War I, A. activism by blacks for their rights increased. B. public attitudes on race were significantly altered. C. the country saw a general improvement in race relations. D. the federal government integrated the armed forces. E. northern black factory workers were able to keep their jobs when white veterans returned.
answer
A. activism by blacks for their rights increased.
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91. In 1919, the racial climate in the United States A. worsened in both the North and South. B. worsened in the South but not in the North. C. improved in both the North and South. D. improved in the North but not in the South. E. generally stayed the same as it had been before the war.
answer
A. worsened in both the North and South.
question
92. The most prominent exponent of black nationalism following World War I was A. Claude McKay. B. Booker T. Washington. C. Marcus Garvey. D. W. E. B. Du Bois. E. Malcolm X.
answer
C. Marcus Garvey.
question
93. Marcus Garvey A. encouraged African Americans to reject assimilation into white society. B. argued that America, not Africa, was now the blacks' true home. C. urged African Americans to move out of the South. D. called on African Americans to reject capitalism. E. saw his movement and influence decline in the early 1920s.
answer
A. encouraged African Americans to reject assimilation into white society.
question
94. In 1919, the Red Scare in the United States A. led to government raids that uncovered large caches of weapons. B. saw more than 6,000 people deported from the country. C. saw the arrest of several major government figures. D. was generally opposed by universities and other academic institutions. E. was partly motivated by a series of bombings.
answer
E. was partly motivated by a series of bombings.
question
95. During the Red Scare of 1919, Attorney General Mitchell Palmer A. oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. B. founded the Federal Bureau of Investigation. C. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period. D. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period, but at the same time oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. E. None of these answers is correct.
answer
E. None of these answers is correct.
question
96. In 1920, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti A. admitted they were anarchists. B. were convicted of murder. C. drew widespread support from the public. D. both admitted they were anarchists and drew widespread support from the public. E. All these answers are correct.
answer
E. All these answers are correct.
question
97. Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 A. marked the beginning of a new era in progressive reform. B. outlawed the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. C. gave women the right to vote. D. required the direct election of senators. E. disallowed Woodrow Wilson from running for a third term.
answer
C. gave women the right to vote.
question
98. The heavy-handed action of the federal government during the Red Scare led to A. a strengthening of the Democratic Party. B. the end of the American Civil Liberties Union. C. the repeal of free speech protections. D. the rising ascent of A. Mitchell Palmer. E. a powerful backlash that gave new force to the Bill of Rights.
answer
E. a powerful backlash that gave new force to the Bill of Rights.
question
99. The election of 1920 saw A. voters turn away from idealism and toward "normalcy." B. Warren G. Harding narrowly defeat Al Smith. C. the Democratic Party distance itself from the politics of Woodrow Wilson. D. Republicans maintain their two decades of control of the White House. E. Franklin D. Roosevelt serve as vice president on the Republican ticket.
answer
A. voters turn away from idealism and toward "normalcy."
question
100. The Spanish-American War revealed to American military planners A. the need to improve glaring deficiencies in the army. B. that they should never fight another war in the malaria-infested Caribbean. C. the necessity of maintaining a military draft. D. that National Guard troops were less reliable than federal troops. E. the need to desegregate the armed forces.
answer
A. the need to improve glaring deficiencies in the army.
question
101. The man appointed to supervise a major overhaul of the armed forces was A. William Howard Taft. B. Leonard Wood. C. William Shafter. D. Arthur MacArthur. E. Elihu Root.
answer
E. Elihu Root.
