CHAPTER 6 / A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE – Flashcards
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I. THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY!
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I. THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY!
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain how Americans used their natural resources and technological breakthroughs to begin building an industrial society.
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain how Americans used their natural resources and technological breakthroughs to begin building an industrial society.
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NATURAL RESOURCES FUEL INDUSTRIALIZATION! What were America's important natural resources?
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NATURAL RESOURCES FUEL INDUSTRIALIZATION! What were America's important natural resources?
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What three causes led the United States to the breakthroughs to begin building an industrial society?
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1. natural resources 2. inventions 3. growing population
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In 1840 a Canadian geologist discovered that THIS could be used to light lamps.
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kerosene
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He used a steam engine to drill for oil in 1859. This technological breakthrough helped to start the oil boom.
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Edwin L. Drake
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In 1887, explorers found large deposits of iron in THIS state. At the same time, coal production increased from 33 million tons in 1870 to more than 250 million tons in 1900.
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Minnesota
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First cheap and inefficient way to make steel, developed around 1850.
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Bessemer Process
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The name of the man who invented the Bessemer process.
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Henry Bessemer
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Steel was used to improve the steel plow farming tool invented by HIM in 1837.
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John Deere
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HE invented the mechanical reaper in 1831. This machine, used by farmers, harvested crops mechanically. For hundreds of years, farmers and field workers had to harvest crops by hand using a sickle or other methods, which was an arduous task at best. HIS mechanical reaper replaced the manual cutting of the crop with scythes and sickles. This new invention allowed wheat to be harvested quicker and with less labor force.
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Cyrus McCormick
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THIS historical marvel opened in 1883 and connected New York City and Brooklyn.
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Brooklyn Bridge
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Steel was also used to build skyscrapers, such as the Home insurance building in THIS city.
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Chicago
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INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE! How did new inventions change Americans way of life?
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INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE! How did new inventions change Americans way of life?
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In 1876 THIS inventor perfected the incandescent light bulb and created systems for producing and distributing electricity.
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Thomas Elva Edison
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THIS is where Thomas Edison established the world's first research laboratory.
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Menlo Park New Jersey
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THIS inventor developed ways to make electricity safer and less expensive.
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George Westinghouse
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Office machine invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867 that changed the work world.
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Typewriter
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Almost 10 years later, the person most often credited with inventing the telephone.
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Alexander Graham Bell along with Thomas Watson
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II. THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS!
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II. THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS!
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain the growth of the nation's railroad industry and its effect on the nation.
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain the growth of the nation's railroad industry and its effect on the nation.
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Railroads Span Time and Place! How did railroads change the way Americans told time?
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Railroads Span Time and Place! How did railroads change the way Americans told time?
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The transportation system that spanned the country from coast-to-coast by 1869.
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the transcontinental railroad
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The railroad line that built tracks westward from Omaha, Nebraska.
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Union Pacific
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The railroad line that built tracks eastward from Sacramento.
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Central Pacific
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Many immigrants who worked on the Central Pacific were from this country.
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China
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Many of the immigrants who worked on the Union Pacific were from this country.
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Ireland
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In 1870, HE invented time zones to simplify railroad schedules.
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C.F. Dowd
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Number of time zones in the United States.
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4
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What are the names of the four time zones in the United States?
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Pacific - Mountain - Central - Eastern
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How many time zones span the Earth?
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24
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Opportunists and Opportunities! How did the growth of railroads affect the nation?
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Opportunists and Opportunities! How did the growth of railroads affect the nation?
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THESE five industries grew immensely due to the growth of the railroad industry.
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coal, iron, steel, lumber, glass
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Railroads led to the creation of news towns such as THIS Illinois railroad-car manufacturer who built a town for his employees.
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George Pullman
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The railroad industry attracted many corrupt individuals including THIS group behind the Credit Mobilier scandal.
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stock holders
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THE GRANGE AND THE RAILROADS! Why did the farmers fight the railroads?
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THE GRANGE AND THE RAILROADS! Why did the farmers fight the railroads?
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THIS group was angered because of high shipping prices and the selling of land grants to businesses.
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farmers
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The group that took action and convinced some states to pass laws regulating railroads.
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Grangers
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The battle reached the Supreme Court in THIS case of 1877 where states won the right to regulate the railroads.
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Munn v. Illinois
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Law enacted in 1887 that reestablished the federal government's right to regulate the railroads.
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Interstate Commerce Act
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THIS affected numerous institutions in 1893 including the railroads as many failed and were taken over by 7 financial firms.
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Economic Depression of 1893
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III. BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR!
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III. BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR!
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain the growth and power of big business in America and how workers united to improve conditions in the nation's growing industries.
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OBJECTIVE: Discuss and explain the growth and power of big business in America and how workers united to improve conditions in the nation's growing industries.
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CARNEGIE'S INNOVATIONS, SOCIAL DARWINISM, AND BUSINESS!
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CARNEGIE'S INNOVATIONS, SOCIAL DARWINISM, AND BUSINESS!
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The rags to riches innovator and fierce competitor in the steel business.
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Andrew Carnegie
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The merging of companies that make similar products.
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horizontal integration
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Business strategy of buying out suppliers to gain control over the quality and costs of products (iron, coal, railroads).
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vertical integration
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Herbert Spencer's use of Darwin's theories to explain the evolution of human society. THIS theory justified the the efforts of millionaires and discouraged government interference in big business.
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Social Darwinism
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Charles Darwin said that "THIS" enabled the best-suited people to survive and succeed.
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natural selection
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FEWER CONTROL MORE; LABOR EMERGES!
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FEWER CONTROL MORE; LABOR EMERGES!
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The industrialist who created the Standard Oil Company of Ohio.
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John D. Rockefeller
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A corporation that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies.
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Holding Companies
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Tycoons like Rockefeller and Carnegie used ruthless business practices which earned them huge profits, but caused people to label them as THIS.
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Robber Barons
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The 1890 law that made it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.
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Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
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The business boom in the United States continued to bypass THIS region of the country which continued to suffer economic stagnation.
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the South
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Workers responded to business consolidation by Creating THESE.
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unions
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THIS union was an early labor union that that persuaded Congress to legalize an 8 hour workday for government workers in 1868.
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National Labor Union (NLU) They excluded African Americans
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African Americans workers formed THIS union in 1869.
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the Colored National Labor Union (CNLU)
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THIS union founded in 1869 and grew to one of the largest labor unions by the 1880s was led by Terrence Powderly but declined after a series of failed strikes.
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Knights of Labor
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UNION MOVEMENTS DIVERGE; STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!
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UNION MOVEMENTS DIVERGE; STRIKES TURN VIOLENT!
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The union organizer that helped create and then led the American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886.
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Samuel Gompers
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Gompers used THESE two methods between labor and management to win higher wages and shorter workweeks.
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strikes and collective bargaining
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Labor leader of the first union of skilled and unskilled workers in one industry; the American Railway Union.
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Eugene V. Debs
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Organized in Chicago in 1905, a group of radical unionists and socialists known as Wobblies.
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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In 1877, workers for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad went out on strike. The strike was broken up when the railroad president persuaded HIM to bring in federal troops to end the strike.
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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Prominent organizer in the women's labor movement and the United Mine Workers of America, and a supporter of the Great Strike of 1877
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Mary Harris Jones "Mother Jones"
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Labor leaders were blamed when a bomb exploded at a demonstration in Chicago in 1886 killing several people. Four labor leaders were hanged even though no one knows who actually set off the bomb.
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Haymarket Affair
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In 1892, steel workers and Pinkerton Guards fought THIS battle near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that left dead on both sides.
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Homestead
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A strike against THIS company in 1894, led by Eugene V. Debs and his American Railway Union turned violent where federal troops were called out to break the strike.
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Pullman Company
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More often than not, the government sided with the owners and against the unions. Courts used THIS Act against the workers. Despite the pressures of government action, unions continued to grow.
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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THE END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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THE END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
