APUSH Chapter 8 Terms – Elizabeth White – Flashcards
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1. Business Cycle
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Economic: The periodic expansion and contraction of production and employment that are inherent to a market economy. First occurred in America, in 1819, with just $45 million in circulation.
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2. Letters from an American Farmer
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French-born essayist Hector St. Jean de Crèvecœur wrote that European society was composed of "great lords who posses everything, and a herd of people who have nothing." America, on the other hand, had "no aristocratically families, no courts, no kings, no bishops."
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3. Commonwealth System
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Economic: A broad system of state mercantilism known as the Commonwealth system. Included legislative support for road and canal companies, and grants of limited liability to help businesses start up.
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4. Republican Motherhood
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Cultural: Urged Americans to dismiss the public roles for women, like voting and holding office, but to give the the bigger responsibility of caring to the future generation.
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5. Parson Mason Weems
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Cultural: Wrote textbook called "The Life of George Washington," which praised honesty and hard work, and condemned laziness, drinking and gambling.
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6. Noah Webster
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Cultural: Believed eduction should develop the American intellect. His "Dissertation on the English Language" helped define words according to America usage.
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7. Washington Irving
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Cultural: Elite-minded Federalist wrote essays and histories, including Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. They sold well both in America and around, but he moved to Europe as he was impatient with the slow American literary development.
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8. Blue-Back Speller
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Cultural: Webster also published this compact textbook, which gave Americans the start of a common vocabulary and grammar. However, Webster wanted to spell words like they sounded instead of the traditional English spelling, but his idea was not very popular.
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9. Manumission
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Cultural: The manumission act allowed individual owners to free their slaves, and within a decade planters had released 10,000 slaves.
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10.Missouri Crisis
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Political & Cultural: When Missouri applied for admission into the Union in 1819 with a constitution that allowed slavery, Congressman of New York proposed a ban on slaves and gradual emancipation of the slaves. Missouri denied and as a result, they were denied admission to the Union.
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11.Second Great Awakening
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Cultural: Made the United States a Christian society. The revivals were much broader than the First Great Awakening, and the Methodists and Baptists grew to be the largest denominations.
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12.Primogeniture
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Cultural: Under English law, property owned by a father who died without a will was passed to the eldest son. After the Revolution, most states began requiring equal distribution.
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13.Republic of letters
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Cultural: Communities of scholars both overseas and in America wrote letters to one another to discuss intellectual ideas across great distances.
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14.Sentimentalism
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Cultural: Originated in Europe as part of the Romantic movement. Celebrated the importance of a "feeling." It encouraged young Americans to marry more for love, and less for what their parents wished.
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15.Companionate marriages
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Cultural: In theory, companionate marriages gave wives "true equality, both of rank and fortune" with their husband, but in practice, husbands still dominated. Companionate marriages were more republican than arranged marriages.
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16.Erie Canal
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Cultural: Known as the "Burned-Over District" due to the intensity of the revival. It was America's first big canal, and help improve commerce.
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17.First Bank of the United States
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Economic: Federalists in Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States, it issued notes and made commercial loans, but Jeffersonian Republicans opposed the Bank, claiming it was unconstitutional.
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18.Anthony Benezel
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Anthony Benezel, a Quaker philanthropist who funded a school for Blacks in Philadelphia, defied popular opinion when he declared that African Americans were "as capable of improvement as White People"
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19.American Colonization Society
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Cultural: In 1817, influential Americans who were worried about the impact of slavery and race on society founded the American Colonization Society.
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20.Established Church
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Cultural & Political: Official church of the Union. Previously only Pennsylvania and Rhode Island had been opposed to it, but James Madison and George Mason declared that there should be free exercise of religion.
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21.Lyman Beecher
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Cultural: Preeminent Congregtionalist clergyman of the early 19th century, believed people had national tendancy to sin, but didn't believe in predestination.
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22.Burned Over District
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Cultural: Near the Erie Canal, the revivalism was so strong that it was known as the "Burned-Over District"
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23.Mother Anne Lee
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Cultural: Mother Anne Lee organized the Shakers in Britain and then migrated to America and attracted numerous recruits, and founded the Shaker community in America.
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24.Emma Willard
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Cultural: First American advocate of higher education for women. She opened the Middlebury Female Seminary and later founded girls' schools in New York.
