Test Answers on APUSH Ch. 23 – Flashcards
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Harding's landslide victory over Democratic James Cox (who wanted League) indicated
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that the idealism and activism that had characterized Progressive Era now over. Unclear on all issues, just promised a "return to normalcy".
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Business doctrine
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TR died- his loss and public disillusionment over war, allowed return of conservative Republicans. Unlike Reps of Gilded Age, Rep leadership in the 1920s didn't preach laissez-faire economics but accepted idea of limited govt regulation as an aid to stabilizing business. Regulatory commissions of Progressive era now administered by appointees more sympathetic to business.
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Presidency of Warren Harding beginning
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began as a newspaper publisher. Abilities as political leader not so great but Rep national convention at 1920 deadlocked made party bosses deliver nomination to " " as compromise choice
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Pres Harding cabinet
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recognized his limitations so hoped to make up for them by appointing able men to his cabinet. Appointed Supreme Court justice Charles Evan Hughes as secretary of state; mining engineer and food administration leader Herbert hoover as secretary of commerce; Pittsburgh industrialist Andrew Mellon as secretary of treasury. Taft took Charles Evan Hughes place as Supreme Court Chief Justice
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Pres Harding surprising decision
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pardoned Socialist leader Eugene Debs and released from federal prison.
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Harding scandals
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Harding selected incompetent men to imp positions, including secretary of interior Albert B. Fall and Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty. Congress discovered Fall had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Daugherty also took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. Harding died.
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The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
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Coolidge VP of Harding who had won popularity for breaking Boston police strike. "Silent Cal". Didnt say much.
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Election of 1924
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Coolidge Republican nominee. Democrats chose John W. Davis, who tried to make an issue of the Teapot Dome scandal. Unhappy with conservative dominance, new progressive party led by Robert La Follette. Coolidge won but Progressives did pretty well with discontented farmers and laborers
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Coolidge presidency
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little done except keep close watch on the budget. Cutting a lot of spending, Coolidge even vetoed acts of Republican majority in Congress. Wouldn't allow for bonuses for war veterans and vetoed McNary Haugen Bill to help farmers cope with failing crop prices.
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Election of 1928
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Coolidge didnt run again. Reps nominated secretary of commerce Herbert Hoover. Democrat was Alfred E. Smith (Roman Catholic and opponent of prohibition, Smith appealed to immigrant). Reps boasted of Coolidge Prosperity which Hoover promised to extend saying poverty would end. Hoover won even in S bc S didnt like Catholics
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Economy under Hoover 1st term
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Began with brief postwar recession, business prosperity, then great depression. During boom yrs, unemployment 4%. Standard of living improved. but income for most ppl still in poverty range and farmers didn't share in prosperity.
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Business boom under 1st term Hoover bc
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1. increased productivity 2. energy technologies (increased use of oil and electricity) 3. govt policy of big business
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Business boom: increased productivity
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greater use of research with expanded application of Frederick W. taylor's time and motions studied an scientific management. Manufacturing more efficient. Henry Ford perfected system for manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line.
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Farmers didn't share in Coolidge prosperity. Their best years in 20th C had been bw ____ bc___
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1916-1918 bc crop prices kept artificially high by 1. wartime demand in Europe 2. US govts wartime policy of guaranteeing a minimum price for wheat and corn. When war ended, farmers who had borrowed to expand during the war were now left with debt. New technologies helped farmers increase production but didn't solve prob's, just increased debts as growing surpluses
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Union declined bc
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most companied insisted on an open shop (keeping jobs open to nonunion workers) and began practice of welfare capitalism (offering improved benefits to remove need for unions). In S, efforts to unionize textile industry resisted by police, state militia, and local mobs.
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Union Mine Workers
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led by John L. Lewis, suffered setbacks in violent and unsuccessful strikes in PA, w VA, and Kentucky. Conservative courts issued injunctions and nullified labor laws.
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The Jazz Age overview
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Youth expressed rebellion to elders' culture by dancing to jazz music. Brought N by A.A.'s, jazz became a symbol of "modern" culture of cities. Phonographs and radios made this new style available to huge public
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Consumerism overview
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Electricity in most homes enabled Americans to purchase new consumer appliances. Automobiles became affordable. Advertising expanded bc businesses saw its value. Stories allowed ppl to buy on credit. Chain stores.
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Impact of automobile
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More than anything else, changed pattern of American life. production replaced railroad industry as key promoter of economic growth. Other industries like steel, glass, etc. now depended on " " industry. Changed traveling, shopping, even courting. Caused also traffic james, injuries on roads.
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Entertainment of Jazz Age
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Newspapers had once dominated mass communication and entertainment. Radio now appeared. The organization of National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) provided networks of radio stations that enabled ppl to listen to same programs. Movie industry also. Going to movies became common. Stars like Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino idolized.
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Popular heroes of the Jazz Age
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USed to be Bryan, TR, Wilson. Now with radio, heavyweight boxer Jack Dempsey, swimmer Gertrude Ederle, golfer Bobby Jones. MOST celebrated was aviator who flew nonstop across Atlantic from Long Island to Paris Charles Lindbergh
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how voting rights affected women
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usually women would just vote for who husband voted for
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Women at home
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traditional separation of labor bw men and women continued. Still stay at home. intro of washing machine and other laborsaving devices helped but didn't change daily routines of woman.
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Women in labor force
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about the same as before WW1. Limited to certain jobs like nursing, teaching, clerks. Lower wages than men.
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Jazz Age: Morals
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most significant change in men and women in 1920s was revolt against sexual taboos. Some influenced by writing of Freud who talked of sexual repression. Premarital sex became common. Birth control of Margaret Sanger became more accepted but still illegal in many states. Flapper look. Once got married abandon these ideals.
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Divorce in Jazz Age
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bc women's suffrage, state lawmakers forced to listen to feminists who demanded changes in divorce laws to permit women to escape abusive and incompatible husbands.
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Education in Jazz Age
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belief in value of education stimulated more state govts to enact school laws. Number of hs graduates doubled
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Modernism
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changing role of women, social gospel movement, scientific knowledge caused many Protestants to define their faith in new ways. " " took a historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible and believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning faith.
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Fundamentalism
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Protestant preachers in rural areas condemned the modernists and taught every word of Bible must be accepted as literal. Key point was creationism. Blamed liberal views of modernists for decline in morals.
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revivalists on the radio
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revivalists of 1920s preacged fundamentalist message but made use of radio for first time. Radio evangelists included Billy Sunday, who drew large crowds as he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing. Aimee Semple McPherson condemned communism and jazz music.
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Semple McPherson
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radio evangelist who condemned communism and jazz music.
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Billy sunday
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radio evangelist who drew large crowds as he attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing.
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"lost generation"
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leading writers of postwar decade that scorned religion as hypocritical and condemned sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests. Gertrude Stein coined the term. novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Sinclair Lewis, poems of Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot, and plays of Eugene O'Neill expressed disillusionment with materialistic culture.
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Jazz Age Art
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Industrial design developed developed to making products look as well as they functioned. In architecture, Drank Lloyd Wright expanded on idea of his mentor Louis Sullivan in applying functionalism (form follow function). Many architects followed this philosophy in building skyscrapers with little decoration. Critical view on impact of new technology in paintings of Edward Hopper and Georgia O'Keeffe
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Harlem Renaissance
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20% A.A.'s lived in N, as migration from S continued. Largest A.A. community in Harlem. Became famous for concentration of talented artists, actors, musicians, and writers.
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Harlem Renaissance poets
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Countee Cullen, langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Claude McKay
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Harlem Renaissance musicians
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Jazz duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. Blues singer Bessie Smith and actor Paul Robeson.
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Marcus Garvey
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United Negro improvement Association was brought to Harlem from Jamaica by immigrant Marcus Garvey who advocated individual and racial pride for A.A.'s and developed political ideas of black nationalism.Established organization for balck separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and back-to-Africa movement. Garvey's sale of stock in Black Star Steamship line led to charges of fraud->deported to Jamaica and movement collapsed.
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Scopes trial beginning
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Tennesee of many southern states making illegal to teach evolution in public schools. To challenge constitutionalist of laws, American Civil Liberties Union persuaded Tennessee biology teacher, John Scopes to teach the theory of evolution in class. Scoped arrested.
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Scopes trial in court
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Entire nation followed trial. Defending Scopes was famous lawyer Clarence Darrow. Representing fundamentalists was William Jennings Bryan. Bryan made to look foolish by Darrow's clever questioning. Bryan died of stroke.
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Scopes trial aftermath
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Scopes convicted but conviction overturned on a technicality. Laws banning teaching of evolution remained for yrs although rarely enforced.
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Prohibition overview
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Eighteenth amendment. Then adopted Volstead Act to enforce amendment.
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Prohibition defying
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City police paid to look the other way. Even elected officially like Pres Harding served alcohol to guests. Available from bootleggers who smuggled them from Canada or made them. Gangesters including Chicago gang headed by Al Capone, fought for control of bootlegging trade. Sale of illegal booze allowed gangs to expand other illegal activities involving prostitution, gambling, narcotics.
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Prohibition repeal
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Most Rep's supported "noble experiment". S Democrats for and N against. Declines in alcoholism and alcohol-related deaths but increased criminal activity. 21st amendment repeal 18th amendment.
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Immigrants from
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Like prewar immigrants, mainly Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe.
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Quota act of 1921
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limited immigration to 3% of number of foreign-born persons from a given nation
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Quota Act of 1924
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used to ensure law would discriminate against immigrants from S and E Europe, that set quotas of 2 percent based on census of 1900. Law chiefly restricted ethnic groups considered undesirable. Canadians and Latin Americans exempt from restrictions.
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Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
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Sacco and Vanzetti two Italian immigrants convicted in MA court of committing robbery and murder. Liberals protested that 2 men were innocent and accused only bc poor Italians and anarchists. Eventually executed.
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Most extreme expression of nativism in 1920s was __
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resurgence of KKK. Unlike before, now strong in Midwest and south. Directed hostility to blacks, Jews, foreigners, suspected communists and Catholics. Used modern advertising techniques to grow. Most support from lower middle class white Protestants in small cities and towns.
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KKK Tactics
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Burn crosses and apply vigilante justice, punishing victims with whips, tar, etc. Developed strong political influence in early 20s. In Indiana and TX, its support became crucial for candidates to win election to state and local offices
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KKK Decline
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At first, natives tolerated it bc they vowed to uphold high standards of Christian morality and drove out bootleggers, gamblers, and adulterers BUT investigating reports revealed fraud and corruption in KKK. Leader of indiana's clan, Grand Dragon David Stephenson, convicted of murder. Klan influence declined but still remained till 60s
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foreign affairs/isolationism in Gilded Age/Jazz Age
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Gilded Age-isolationism jazz age- less isolationism, more foreign affairs
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Most successful disarmament conference in 1920s was
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Washington Conference (1921) and also Harding's greatest achievement
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Washington Conference (1921)
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Secretary of state Charles Evan Hghes initiated talks on naval disarmament, hoping to stabilize size of US navy relative to that of other powers and resolve conflicts in Pacific. Representatives came from Belgium, China, France, Grat Britain, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Resulted in Five, Four, and Nine-Power Treaty,
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Five-Power Treaty
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Nations with the five largest navies agreed to maintain the following ratio with respect to their largest warships. Britain and US also agreed not to fortify their possessions in the Pacific while no limit was placed on the Japanese.
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Kellog-Briand Pact
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Peace movement committed to outlawing future wards Achieved greatest success in 1929 with signing of treaty arranged by US secretary of state Frank kellogg and French foreign minister Aristude Briand. Almost all nations of world signed it, renouncing aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.
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Kellog-Briand Pact ineffective bc
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1. it permitted defensive wars 2. failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement
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1920s US govt in Latin America
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Mexico's constitution of 1917 mandated govt ownership of all that nation's mineral and oil resources. US investors in Mexico feared that their properties might be consolidated. A peaceful resolution protecting their interests were negotiated by Coolidge ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow in 1927
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US govt of 1920s in Middle East
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The oil reserves in the Middle East were now recognized as a major source of potential wealth. British oil companies had a large head start in the region, but Secretary of State Highes succeeded in wining oil-drilling rights for US companies
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff
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increased the duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25%. It was protective of US business interests in the short run, but destructive in the long run. bc of it, European nations slow to recover from war and couldnt pay off debts to US. They also responded by raising their tariffs. Weakened world economy and one of reasons for Great Depression
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Dawes plan
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Charles Dawes, an American banker who would become Coolidge's VP, negotiated a compromise that was accepted by all sides in 1924. It established a cycle of payments flowing from the US to germany and Germany to Allies. US banks would lend money to Germany to rebuild economy and pay reparations to Britain and France who would in turn pay off their debts to US. Cicle eased probs but after depression, US bank loans stopped and prosperity of " " collapsed.
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Paying off war debts overview
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None of the nations did except Finland. Left bad feelings on all sides. Europeans saw as greed, Americans wanted isolationism again.