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Great American Desert

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The name given to the region bounded by the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast prior to 1860.

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mining frontier

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The discovery of precious metals attracted many to this previously sparsely populated region resulting in a number of boom towns.

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Comstock Lode

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The discovery of this (producing over $340 million in gold and silver) in 1864 was largely responsible for the admittance of Nevada into the Union.

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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Prohibited the further immigration to the United States by Chinese laborers.

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cattle drives

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Cattle raised on ranges in Texas were taken to railroad junctions in Kansas for shipment to eastern markets in this process.

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cowboys; vaqueros

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Men who drove cattle

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barbed wire

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Homesteaders on the Great Plains often used this to fence off large tracts of land.

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farming frontier

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Many settled this region as a result of the Homestead Act of 1862 though much of it was also controlled by railroad companies and speculators.

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Great Plains

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The grasslands that form the heartland of America.

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Oklahoma Territory

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Formerly called Indian Territory, this area was opened to settlement in 1889.

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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Wrote an assay arguing that 300 years of frontier experience had played a fundamental role in shaping the character of American society, developing what is known as that frontier thesis.

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reservations

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areas of land to which Native Americans were resettled

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Indian Wars

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A collective name for the conflicts between the U.S. Army, white settlers, and the Native Americans. Including events such as the Sand Creek Massacre and the Battle of Little Big Horn.

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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

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Sioux war chiefs responsible for destroying the U.S. 7th Cavalry at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876.

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George Custer

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Commanded the U.S. forces in the decisive defeat at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.

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Chief Joseph

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Nez Perce chief notable for his effort to lead his people to Canada and his ultimate surrender in 1877.

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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This author wrote the best seller, "A Century of Dishonor" (1881), that provided a spur to the assimilation cause.

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assimilationists

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Humanitarians that believed that formal education and conversion to Christianity were the answer to the plight of the Indians.

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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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Tribal lands were broken into 160 acre plots and distributed to family groups who were promised citizenship if they stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of civilized life. One unintended consequence was that millions of acres of tribal land went undistributed and were opened to white settlement.

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Ghost Dance movement

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The last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. domination and drive whites from ancestral lands occurred as a part of this religious movement.

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Wounded Knee

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The last "battle" of the Indian Wars, over 200 Sioux were killed in a massacre.

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Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

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Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture. Adopted as part of FDR's New Deal.

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New South

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Moniker given to the former Confederate, post-Reconstruction states venturing to establish a self-sufficient economy built on capitalism, industrial growth and new infrastructure.

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crop lien system

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Farmers borrowed supplies from local merchants promising a share of the bounty come harvest time. This system resulted in virtual serfdom as farmers became tied to the land through their debt.

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George Washington Carver

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An African-American scientists at the Tuskegee Institute of Alabama promoted the diversification of southern crops. He was a proponent of peanuts in particular.

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Tuskegee Institute

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Established by former slave Booker T. Washington, this school became the largest, and best known industrial school in the nation. Washington sought to instruct blacks in skilled trades and hard work in order to provide economic self-help to his people.

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Farmers' Southern Alliance

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Claiming more than 1 million members in 1890, this group was an amalgamation of farmers who sought to rally behind political reforms to solve farmers' economic problems.

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance

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The black answer to the Farmers' Southern Alliance from which they were barred.

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segregation laws

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They were created in order to win the support of white supremacists after the withdrawal of the north in 1877, with the goal of keeping blacks in a socially inferior status.

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Civil Rights Cases of 1883

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The Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included railroads, hotels, and other public businesses.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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The Supreme Court uphold the Louisianan Law requiring 'separate but equal accommodations' for white and black passengers on the railroad, and that it did not violate the 14th amendment.

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Jim Crow Laws

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Segregation laws adopted sweepingly in the south after the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, pertaining to almost all public places excluding street and the majority of stores.

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Grandfather Clause

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A law popular in the south which allowed a man to vote only if his ______ cast ballots in elections before reconstruction.

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Poll Tax / Literary Test

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Tactics used by white legislators to disenfranchise black voters.

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Henry Turner

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A bishop who formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American Blacks emigrate to Africa.

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Ida B. Wells / Memphis Free Speech

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This editor of a black newspaper was forced to flee to the North after Death threats and the destruction of her printing press for her anti lynching and anti Jim Crow Law status.

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Booker T. Washington

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A former slave who established an industrial and Agricultural school in Alabama to teach southern African Americans skilled trades, hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. He preached racial harmony.

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National Negro Business League

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Organized by Booker T. Washington, it supported Black business with over 320 chapters around the country.

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commercial farming

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The specialization of farms to grow a single cash crop with the sole goal of selling the crop on the market and not support the farmer's family. Includes the mechanization of agriculture and the increasing size of farms owned by corporations rather than individuals.

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crop-price deflation

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Increased domestic production along with global competition caused this to occur.

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National Grange Movement

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Organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelly, it was primarily a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. By 1870, however, it organized economic ventures and political action to defend members from middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

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cooperatives

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businesses owned and run by the farmers to save the costs charged by middle men

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Granger Laws

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Laws lobbied by farmers belonging to the ______ organization, regulating the rates of railroads, making it illegal for railroads to fix prices and give rebates to privileged customers.

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Munn v. Illinois

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Supreme Court Case in 1877 where it was upheld that the states had the right to regulate business of a public nature, such as the railroads.

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Wabash v. Illinois

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The Supreme Court ruled in 1886 that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce, nullifying many of the Granger Laws

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Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

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An Act passed by Congress that required railroad rates to be reasonable and just. It also set up the first federal regulatory industry.

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farmers' alliances

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One million farmers join to get an education and to act against falling crop prices and general discontent. Both poor black and white farmers join in the south. There is great potential for forming a separate political party.

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National Alliance

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Formed in 1890 by the national organization of farmers to address the problems of rural America. The almost-party attacked Wall Street bankers and big business.

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Ocala Platform

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Determined by the meeting of the National Alliance in ______, Florida, supporting the direct election of U.S. Senators, lower tariff rates, a graduated income tax, and a new banking system regulated by the federal government.

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