1920s and 1930s – Flashcards
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UNDERLINED IN THE POWERPOINT BUT NOT ON THE REVIEW
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widespread social and economic change occurred
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The 1920s are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because
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World War I
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The change in Western civilization in the 1920s grew out of
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- Austrian physician - founded psychoanalysis - Freudian Psychology
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Sigmund Freud
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- Nativism - Anglo Saxon racism - Militant Protestantism
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***Reaction to problems
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- we don't like new people - political radicals were immigrants - 1/2 of white men and 1/3 of white women working in industries (low-paying jobs) were foreign born - Socialism and Anarchism were prevalent in the regions they came from
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Nativism
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- Italian immigrants - arrested May 5, 1920 - stole $16,000 and killed paymaster and guard - When arrested, both were armed, lied to police, and were identified by eyewitnesses - it was the height of the Italian immigration and anarchist violence - Judge was openly prejudicial - convicted and ordered executed mainly of political beliefs - 7 years of appeal - worldwide appeals for mercy - executed in 1927
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Sacco and Venzetti
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- Emergency Immigration Act of 1921--restricted European immigration - Immigration Act of 1924--reduced immigration further - Calvin Coolidge--"America must be kept American" - completely excluded people from East Asia - left open Western Hemisphere countries - People of Latin American descent became the fastest growing ethnic minority
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***Immigration
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Coolidge pursues policies that wanted to reduce immigration in the US
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What does the phrase "America must be kept American" mean?
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- revival of the Klan - wanted 100% Americans - Native born white Protestants - No Blacks, Catholics, Jews, or immigrants
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***Anglo Saxon Racism
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- saw new ideas that the Bible should be studied in the light of modern scholarship as a threat - did not believe that religion should be reconciled with scientific theories of evolution - *William Jennings Bryan--leader of movement*
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Militant Protestants
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- 1921 -- promoting laws banning Darwinism in school - 1925 -- Tennessee outlawed teaching evolution in public schools and colleges - ACLU used science teacher, John Scopes, as a test case Bryan=prosecution Clarence Darrow=defense Bryan--Fundamentalist Darrow--Agnostic Judge--Evangelist - debate became about fundamentalism vs modernism - Judge ruled out scientific testimony - defense called Bryan, an expert witness on biblical interpretation - entrapped statesman in literal-minded interpretations and exposed his ignorance of the bible - ISSUE: had he taught evolution--guilty
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***The Scopes Trial
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science and religion
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The 1925 trial of John Scopes reflects the conflict between
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- Anti-Saloon League - most effective pressure groups - Protestant churches - also ethnic and social prejudices - wartime spirit of sacrifice - need to use grain for food - German American brewers - the cause was now patriotic - 1917--passed - no adequate enforcement - did to curb thirst for alcohol - gave rise to organized crime
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***Prohibition
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...
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By 1917, Prohibition had become viewed as
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it couldn't be enforced
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Prohibition failed because
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A rise in criminal organizations that supplied illegal liquor.
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One clear result of Prohibition was
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- involved in illegal activity - busted on tax evasion
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Al Capone
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- dismissing old fashioned vales of immigrant parents - small-town life--boring and old fashioned - cities--vice, crime, corruption, and foreigners
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***Cultural Conflict
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traditional values and changing lifestyles
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During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of "flappers" were all signs of disagreement over
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Who coined the phrase the "Jazz Age?"
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- one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century - alcoholic - wife was mentally unstable
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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- African American cultural movement - racial pride and self-reliance - "New Negro" is popularized, implying an advocacy of dignity and a refusal to the Jim Crow laws
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The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s
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- exalted blackness - black cultural expression - black exclusiveness
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Negro Nationalism movement
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Marcus Garvey
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A prominent advocate of African-American self-reliance and migration to Africa was
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believed blacks would never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites so he urged them to return to Africa
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The philosophy of Marcus Garvey?
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- 4 years after WWI--recession - 1922--economy recovered and grew
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***The American Economy
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boosts productivity by 40% by 1920
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Henry Ford
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installment buying and an unregulated stock market INCREASE SALES WITH - heavy advertisement - installment buying plans
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The economic boom and the financial speculation of the 1920s were caused in part by
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Warren G. Harding
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"Return to Normalcy" is associated with which president
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- promised a return of the nation to "normalcy" - return to "America first" encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence - he departed from the progressive movement - he had 2 affairs, one which resulted to an illegitimate child - He was a limited man and knew it. He wanted to be loved, not great.
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Warren G. Harding
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- President Harding's friends and political contributors - he rewarded them with financially powerful positions - scandals and corruption eventually pervaded his adminstration - Harding was able to avoid scandal because he probably did not know all that was taking place in his administration
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What was the Ohio Gang?
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took bribes for leasing federal oil lands
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The central scandal of the Teapot Dome involved members of Harding's Cabinet who
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weak-willed and tolerant of corruption among his friends
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As president, Warren G. Harding proved to be
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Polls of historians and scholars have consistently ranked Harding as one of the worst Presidents.
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How has history judged Harding?
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Calvin Coolidge
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It was said his political genius was a talent for effectively doing nothing
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- VP for Harding - became President after Harding suddenly died and collapsed after a stop in California - Conservative - "Keep Cool with Coolidge"--1924 election--won solidly - promoted diversity--appointed Jews to cabinet - worked for women's rights - contributed to the economic boom of the 1920s - refused to use Federal economic power to check the growing boom or help the depressed condition of agriculture and certain industries - his called for isolation in foreign policy - he reverted to a passive stance and deferred to Congress - he believed the success of the country was tied to big business - developed industry at the expense of labor and agriculture - end of government regulation - reduced taxes
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Calvin Coolidge
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the free-enterprise system
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"The business of America is business" - President Calvin Coolidge. By making this statement, President Coolidge was expressing his support for
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- flood of consumer goods now accessible to middle class - had to get rid of idea of plain living and make Americans go on a shopping spree - mass advertising undermine notion of frugality - buying bolsters self esteem - movies, radio, and telephones created a homogeneous culture
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What is the Consumer Culture developed during the 1920s?
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1. Vacuum cleaners 2. Cameras 3. Wrist Watches 4. Washing machines 5. National Magazines 6. Chain Stores 7. Syndicated News 8. Movies - 50 million customers a week 9. Brand Names 10. Radio Programs
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List 3 new technologies of the 1920s
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farmers FARMING - weakest part of the economy - prices low - foreclosures and bankruptcies - many farms got large and more mechanized
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Which group of Americans generally failed to experience the economic prosperity of the 1920s?
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Herbert Hoover
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First President born west of the Mississippi
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ELECTION OF 1928 - Herbert Hoover--Republican - The Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s - Smith was anti-Catholic and anti-prohibitionist - Hoover won a landslide victory - first President born west of the Mississippi - only Iowan President - Quaker
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Herbert Hoover
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had the economic effect of crippling international trade and deepening the depression - Economists of the era petitioned Hoover to veto - Hoover went along because it was an election year - Economists were right
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The sky high Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930
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- A few stock market investors began selling their stock. They predicted that the bull market might end soon, leaving them in debt. - Seeing these few investors sell, others soon followed creating a domino effect. - The sudden selling caused stock prices to fall. - Nervous brokers asked investors to pay their debts, and when they couldn't pay, they were forced to sell, causing stock prices to fall more even more. - bank failures crushed the average American - When they went to withdraw their money, it had been lent out so they lost their savings
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The stock market crash of 1929
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- Tuesday, October 29, 1929 - stock prices plummeted because there were no buyers for the stock offered by desperate sellers. - Millions of dollars were lost that day due to the decrease in stock prices. - beginning of stock market crash - led directly to the Great Depression (also buying on margin(credit))
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Black Tuesday
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the economy would recover on its own
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When the Great Depression began in 1929, the most common economic belief was
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voluntary cooperation by business leaders in restoring the public confidence in the economy.
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Hoover's first efforts to control the Depression focused on
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federal welfare programs to give relief directly to the poor
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Methods of fighting the Depression President Herbert Hoover opposed throughout his administration?
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refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless
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In the 1930s, shantytowns, often called "Hoovervilles," sprang up across the United States because of President Herbert Hoover's
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was blamed for the suffering of the poor
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During the Great Depression, expressions such as Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets showed that President Hoover
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failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons
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President Herbert Hoover's response to the Great Depression was often criticized because it
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*C* - Credit Expansion *R* - Reparations *A* - American industry too dominant Europe too dependent on US *S* - Stock Market Crash *H* - High protective tariffs
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Explain C.R.A.S.H.
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- an ecological and human disaster that took place in the southwest - caused by misuse of land and years of sustained drought - As the land dried up, great clouds of dust and sand carried by the wind covered everything - many moved to the west coast to find jobs - left Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma to head west - many people migrated to California - didn't find a better life
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***Dust Bowl
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overfarming and severe drought
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What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during the early 1930s?
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FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT - believed government had a responsibility to help people in need and provide direct relief - governmental involvement in people's lives was a good source for those in need - believed capitalism and laissez faire needed to be reformed HERBERT HOOVER - believed that federal government should not try to fix people's problems - he believed direct relief would destroy people's self-respect - he believed it would create a big government which would violate laissez faire
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Compare Hoover and Roosevelt
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more willing to use government intervention to solve economic problems
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Difference between the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt and President Herbert Hoover is that Roosevelt was
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ELECTION OF 1932 - Democrat--FDR - Republican--Herbert Hoover - Americans believed FDR could get the country out of the depression and put people back to work - FDR appealed to the common man because he was crippled - promised to help the people through the Great Depression by direct governmental involvement
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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became the eyes and ears for her husband
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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- for the Great Depression - FDR urged people not to be afraid, but instead to think positively. - said that being afraid would not help the country recover, and would only make things worse.
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What does the phrase "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself" mean?
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1. reviving the devastated economy 2. relieving the human misery brought on by the Great Depression 3. alleviating the desperate plight of farmers
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Three challenges facing FDR in 1932
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1. Enforcement of anti-trust laws (restore competition) 2. Suspend anti-trust to allow business to collaborate with government to "manage" the economy 3. Expand welfare programs and infuse government spending
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***FDR's Ideas
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to reassure the American people and help restore faith in democracy
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Why did Roosevelt come on the radio with his Fireside Chats?
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15 proposals were sent to Congress and all 15 were approved
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What was significant about Roosevelt's first 100 days in office?
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declaring a national bank holiday
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Roosevelt's first bold action of the Hundred Days was
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- FDR's second day in office - declared a 4 day banking holiday - to halt hysteria and restore confidence in the financial system Emergency Banking Relief Act - took only 7 hours to pass - permitted sound banks to reopen and provide managers for those still in trouble
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Banking Holiday
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The economy sometimes needs public money to encourage business activity.
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Basic idea of President Franklin D Roosevelt's New Deal?
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providing federal aid to many sectors of the economy
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The New Deal tried to solve many problems of the Great Depression by
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1. Renew democracy 2. Restore confidence in the banking 3. Stimulate economy 4. Put people back to work 5. Restore self-confidence
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Five goals of the New Deal
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- relief--ease suffering of the needy - recovery--begin economic growth - reform--prevent another depression
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FDRs 3 Rs?
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overextended the power of the federal government
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The Supreme Court declared some New Deal laws unconstitutional because these laws
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Refinancing of farms at a lower interest rate
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***Farm Credit Administration
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Refinanced mortgages for those living in cities
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***Home Owners Loan Act
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to provide jobs and experience for unemployed young people
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The primary purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps was
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- provided federal jobs and wages - 4 million people - highway repairs, lay sewer lines - constructing and improving 100 airports and 4000 schools - created 50000 teaching jobs
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***Civil Works Administration
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- protected farmers from price drops and overproduction - paid farmers (subsidies) - teach farmers methods to prevent Dust Bowl
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***Agricultural Adjustment Acts
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Tennessee River
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The major New Deal program that attempted to provide flood control, electric power, and economic development occurred in the valley of the
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federal intervention to meet regional needs
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The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority is an example of
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paid farmers to cut back production
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***Agricultural Adjustment Administration
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- extended loans to farmers - kept crops off the market
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***Commodity Credit Corporation
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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Which New Deal program was chiefly designed to correct abuses in the stock market?
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attempted to restore public confidence in financial institutions
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The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities and Exchange Commission established during the New Deal, were important because they
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pensions, unemployment insurance, aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children - response to critics
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The Social Security Act of 1935 provided for
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1. US government and President too powerful 2. Violated laissez faire 3. Supreme Court declared NIRA and AAA unconstitutional
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Three criticisms of the New Deal
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Father Coughlin and Huey Long
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Strong political challenges to Roosevelt came from extremist critics like
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- A Roman Catholic priest - criticized FDR in a weekly radio program - believed an international conspiracy of bankers existed and FDR influenced them - called for the nationalization of banks and utilities (US gov. controls banks, Socialism)
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Father Coughlin
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made people dependent on the Federal Government - deficit spending--government spends money to stimulate the economy and help people even if it mean US government goes into debt. - welfare state--created a population of Americans who relied on the US government to live
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A major criticism of FDR's programs to combat the Great Depression was that these programs
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1. Stimulated the economy 2. Put people back to work 3. Improved moral and self-confidence of the people 4. US government's role changes and became directly involved in helping people 5. WWII ended the Depression, not FDR's New Deal
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Five successes of the New Deal
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trying to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court
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Which action by President Franklin D. Roosevelt challenged the principle of checks and balances?
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British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption
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John Maynard Keynes
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- broaden the power and influence of the government - moved the government more socialist - 1935-1936--signs of recovery - Roosevelt cut spending and economy began to slump - 1937--back to 1929 level
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***The New Deal and Roosevelt
