World History Chapter 22 Test:Enlightenment – Flashcards
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What was the Geocentric Theory?
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Aristotle's and Ptolemy's belief that the Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
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What did Christianity teach about the universe?
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God placed the Earth at the center of the universe so life could occur
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observations and experimentation
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What helped spread challenging ideas more widely among European thinkers?
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invention of the printing press
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What did European exploration encourage?
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scientific research in Astronomy and Mathematics
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What was the Heliocentric Theory?
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Copernicus believed that the sun stood at the center of the universe
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Why didn't Copernicus publish his ideas?
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his views contradicted religious views
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Who recorded the movements of the planets providing data on the Heliocentric Theory?
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Brahe
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Who concluded that the Laws of Planetary Motion demonstrate mathematically how the earth revolves around the sun?
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Kepler
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Who built the telescope?
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Galileo
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Who published "Starry Messenger" describing his observations?
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Galileo
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What were three things Galileo observed?
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1. Jupiter has 4 moons 2. Sun has dark spots 3. Moon has a rough, uneven surface
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Did Galileo's observations challenge church teaching?
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Yes
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What did Galileo do when the church threatened his life?
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agreed that observations of Copernicus are false
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Where did Galileo live as a result of his observations?
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under house arrest for the rest of his life
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What is the scientific method?
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logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
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What are the 5 steps for the Scientific Method?
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1. Identify a problem 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Experimentation 4. Analyze and Interpret the data 5. Draw a conclusion
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What did Francis Bacon encourage?
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scientists to experiment and draw conclusions
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What did Eugene Descartes rely on to draw conclusions?
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mathematics and logic
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What was Descartes belief?
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everything should be doubted until it is proven by reason
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What did Sir Isaac Newton discover?
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Law of Gravity
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What was the Law of Gravity?
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every object in the universe attracts every other object
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According to the Law of Gravity, what does the degree of attraction depend on?
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mass of the objects and their distance
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What did Zacharias Jansen invent?
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first microscope
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What did Antonvan Leeuwenhock used a microscope to observe?
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bacteria and red blood cells
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What did Evangelista Torricelli develop?
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first barometer to measure atmospheric pressure for predicting weather
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What did Gabriel Fahrenheit invent?
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first thermometer
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What did Anders Celsius create?
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another scale for the thermometer
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What did Galen believe?
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human anatomy was the same as animals
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What did Andreas Vesalius prove?
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Galen's assumptions were false after dissecting human corpses
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What did Edward Jenner produce?
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vaccine to prevent smallpox
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What did Robert Boyle propose?
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matter was made up of smaller primary particles that are joined together
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What does Boyle's law explain?
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explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other
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Define Enlightenment.
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new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems
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Which two individuals started the Enlightenment movement?
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1. Thomas Hobbes 2. John Locke
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe about all humans?
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humans are naturally selfish and wicked
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe about governments?
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governments are necessary to maintain order
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What did Thomas Hobbes mean by a social contract?
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1. people should hand over their rights to a strong ruler 2. people are given law and order in exchange
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe a strong ruler needed to protect everyone's interests?
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Total Power
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Did Thomas Hobbes support democracy?
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No, he supported Absolute Monarchs
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What did John Locke believe people could learn from?
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mistakes and improve themselves
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What did John Locke believe people had the ability to do?
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govern their own affairs to handle the welfare of society
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Which idea did Locke favor?
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idea of self-government
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What did Locke believe about freedom?
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All people are born free and equal with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property
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What did Locke believe is the purpose of government?
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protect natural rights
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Which form of government did Locke support?
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democracy where people select their leaders with the ability to remove ineffective leaders
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What do philosophers believe?
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people could apply reason to life
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What are the 5 concepts of philosophers?
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1. Reason 2. Nature 3. Happiness 4. Progress 5. Liberty
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What did philosophers believe about reason?
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truth is found in logical thinking
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What did philosophers believe about nature?
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nature was good and reasonable
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What did philosophers believe about happiness?
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people should work for the well-being of society
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What did philosophers believe about progress?
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society should work to improve
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What did philosophers believe about liberty?
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people should have freedom
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Why was Voltaire sent to prison twice?
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fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech
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What did Montesquieu support?
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separation of powers
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What did Montesquieu believe about the branches of government?
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supported checks and balances where one branch checks the powers of another branch
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What did Rousseau believe civilization did to people?
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corrupted people's natural goodness
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What form of government did Rousseau support?
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direct democracy that favors the common good
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What did Beccaria believe was the purpose of laws?
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preserve social order
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What did Beccaria believe people accused of a crime should have?
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speedy trial and be free from torture
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What did Beccaria believe punishment should be based on?
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severity of crime
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Did Beccaria support the death penalty?
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No
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What did philosophers believe women should be educated to do?
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how to be a helpful wife and mother
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Why were women scolded for reading novels?
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reading novels would lead to idleness and individuality
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What did Mary Astell speak out against?
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lack of educational opportunities for women
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What did Mary Astell challenge?
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unequal relationship between a man and a woman in a marriage
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What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue?
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women need education to become virtuous and useful
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What did Mary Wollstonecraft encourage women to do?
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enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
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What were the 3 main themes that occurred during the Enlightenment period?
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1. belief in progress as noted by science 2. secular, nonreligious outlook on life 3. individualism
