AP World History Chapter 27 and 28 test – Flashcards
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Mongol Yuan Dynasty
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(1279-1368) nomadic Mongol warriors; ignored chinese political and cultural traditions and displaced chinese bureaucrats in favor of turkish, persian, and other foreign administrators.
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Ming Dynasty
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restored native rule to china; hongwu drove mongols out and rebuilt state; followed yuan dynasty (1368-1644); pirates and smugglers dominated east coast of china and ming defenses were ineffective
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Eunuchs
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caused government corruption and inefficiency; very powerful; factor in ming decline
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The Great Wall
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along the norther border of china; sought by the ming to protect their realm; long, defensive wall, originally built by qin; rebuilt and repaired by ming to prevent northern invasions
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Manchus
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allied with peasants to overthrow ming dynasty; (1644 - 1911) invaders fro manchuria
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Qing Dynasty
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originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military; ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with chinese; invaded by manchus
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Qing Kangzi
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ruled 1661- 1722; confucian scholar; enlightened ruler; conquered taiwan, extended to mongolia, central asia, and tibet
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Qing Qianlong
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sophisticated poet and artist; vietnam, burma, and nepal made vassal states of china; china was prosperous and powerful under his rule
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Son of Heaven
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emperor was considered this; heavenly powers and obligations to maintain order on the earth; privelaged life and very powerful
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Civil Service Examinations
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very competitive; few chosen for government positions; created meritocracy with best students running empire; wealthy families had advantage over poor; confucian curriculum fostered common values
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Infanticide
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female infanticide: widows were encouraged to commit suicide; part of strict patriarchal control over females
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Foot Binding
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foot binding of young girls increased; tightly constrained and deformed by strips of linen, girls' feet were bound to demonstrate wealth and ability to support women
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Zheng He and Treasure Ships
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financed by emperor yongle; eunich admiral that led maritime expeditions; led treasure ships through indian ocean; intimidated local authorities and made chin'as presence felt throughout indian ocean basin
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Ming and Qing Dynasties support of Confucianism
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supported educational programs; funded hanlin academy (research institute for confucian scholars); maintained provincial schools throughout china where students could study for civil service exams
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Relationship between Confucianism and Christianity
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jesuits were respectful of chinese tradition, but won very few converts; chinese had problems with exclusivity of christianity (christianity implied that confucianism, daoism, and buddhism were inferior to christianity).
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Ghazi
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muslim religious warriors; they flocked to join the ottomans; ottoman military leaders initially organized ghazi recruits in two forces: light cavalry and volunteer infantry
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sultan
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king or ruler of muslim state or country
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viziers
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high official in muslim countries, especially in turkey under ottoman rule
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janissaries
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those who became soldiers in the ottoman empire; christian boys were taken fro families, converted to islam, and trained to serve the sultan
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millets
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autonomous religious communities that retained civil laws, traditions, and languages
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jizya tax
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tax paid by christians and jews who lived in muslim communities to allow them continue to practice their own religion
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topkapi palace
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heart of istanbul; housed government officials and meeting places for imperial councils; at its core was the sultan's residence
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mehmed
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took control of ottoman empire; best known for conquering constantinople and renaming it istanbul
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suleyman
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ottoman sultan (1512-1520) expansion in asia and europe; helped ottomans become naval power, challenged christian vessels throughout mediterranean; exacted murder on 2 of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent a civil war
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twelver shiism
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a belief that there were 12 infallible imam after muhammad; the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion
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shah
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ancient persian imperial title given to ismail
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isfahan
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capitol of safavid empire; encouraged trade with other lands and reformed administrative and military instiututions of the empire
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shah abbas the great
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best known shah; centralized the government and created a powerful military force similar to the janissaries of the ottoman; used a mix of peace and war against ottomans; reduced taxes and encouraged growth of industry
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religious toleration
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policy established by akbar that he hoped would reduce tensions between hindu and muslim communities in india.
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sikhs
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nonviolent religious group that blended buddhism, hinduism, and sufism
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taj mahal
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extravagant mausoleum at agra built by the mogul emperor shah jahan in memory of his favorite wife
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gunpowder weapons
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transformed early modern warfare and safavids and mughals also incorporated gunpowder weapons into their arsenals
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british east india company
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along with french east india co. and dutch VOC, traded actively with safavids; sent military advisers to introduce gunpowder weapons to safavid armed forces and provided a navy to help them reatake hormuz
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babur
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a chaghatai turk who claimed descent from chinggis khan and tamerlane who was an adventurer in northern india
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akbar
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most illustrious sultan of the mughal empire in india; expanded the empire and pursued policy of conciliation with hindus
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aurangzeb
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mughal emperor in india and great grandson of akbar; decentralized the government
