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empiricism

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the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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structuralism

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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish

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experimental psychology

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the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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humanistic psychology

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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cognitive neuroscience

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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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psychology

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the science of behavior and mental processes

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nature-nurture issue

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

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natural selection

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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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level of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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biopsychosocial approach

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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biological psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

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evolutionary psychology

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the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

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psychodynamic psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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behavioral psychology

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the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

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cognitive psychology

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the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin

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social-cultural psychology

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the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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psychometrics

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the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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developmental psychology

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the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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educational psychology

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the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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personality psychology

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the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

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the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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human factors psychology

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the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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clinical psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

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Francis Bacon

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English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association

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Charles Darwin

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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

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Rene Descartes

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French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought

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Dorothea Dix

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A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

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Sigmund Freud

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Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

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G. Stanley Hall

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american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association

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William James

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founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment, father of American Psychology, wrote 1st psychology book, remember pilgram.

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Wrote Tabula Rosa

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Abraham Maslow

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humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

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Ivan Pavlov

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Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)

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Jean Piaget

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Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

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Plato

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Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled

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Rosalie Rayner

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graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion

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Carl Rogers

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1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person

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B. F. Skinner

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behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons One of the Mac Daddy's of Behavorism.

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Socrates

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Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth

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E. B. Tictchner

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Introduced experimental psychology to the United States

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Margaret Floyd Washburn

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Was the first female PhD in psychology

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John B. Watson

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behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

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Wilhelm Wundt

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german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879

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Introspection

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a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

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Gestalt Psychology

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a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

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SQ3R method

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is a student-directed approach in which students are taught five steps for studying content-area and expository texts: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, & Review.

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