OFL World History Unit 2 – Flashcards
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reason
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enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking
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declaration of independence
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a statement of the reasons for the american colonies break with Britain, approved by the second continental congress in 1776
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Checks and balances
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Measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others
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Federal system
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A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
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Bill of rights
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The first ten amendments to the US constitution which protects citizens' basic rights and freedoms
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Old regime
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The political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
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Estate
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One if the three social classes in France before the French revolutions - the first estate consisting of the clergy; the second estate of the nobility; and the third estate; of the rest of the population
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Estates general
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An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes in France
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National Assembly
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A French congress established by representatives of the third estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
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Tennis court oath
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A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
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Great fear
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A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789
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Legislative assembly
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A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791
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Émigrés
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A person who leaves his native country for political reasons, like nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution
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Reign of terror
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The period, from mid-1793 to mid -1794, when Maximilian Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictators and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
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Coup d'etat
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A sudden seizure of political power in a nation
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Concordat
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A formal agreement - especially one between the poor and a government, dealing with the control of church affairs
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Napoleonic code
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A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
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Concert of Europe
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a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
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What was the enlightenment
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A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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What were the three long term effects of the enlightenment that helped shape western civilization?
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Belief in progress, a more secular outlook and the importance of the individual
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How did the constitution and the bill of rights reflect enlightenment ideas?
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They expressed an optimistic view that reason and reform could prevail and that progress was inevitable
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How did enlightenment ideas contribute to the revolutionary mood in France?
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New views of power and authority in government were spreading amount the third estate. They were inspired by the success of the American revolution. They began to demand equality, liberty, and democracy
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What effects did the September massacres have on the government?
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The national convention was created, France became a republic, and men gained the right to vote.
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Explain Napoleon's coup d'etat to gain power in France
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Napoleon took action in early November 1799. Troops under his command surrounded the national legislature and drive out most of it's members. The lawmakers who remained then voted to dissolve the directory. In it's place they established a group of three consuls, one of whom was Napoleon
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Describe the three steps, initiated by Klemens von Metternich, that the congress of Vienna took to restore order in Europe
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Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong counties, restore a balance of power so no country would be a threat to others, and restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleons's conquests
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Thomas Hobbes
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Believed that people should hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order; known as a social contract
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John Locke
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Believed that people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society; favored the idea of self-government
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Voltaire
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Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
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Montesquieu
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Proposed the separation of powers, so no group of individual could gain total control of the government
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Rousseau
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Believed good government was one freely formed by the people; all people are equal; titles of nobility should be abolished
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Beccaria
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Believed laws existed to preserve the social order; person accused should receive a speedy trial; torture should never be used; degree of punishment based on seriousness of crime; capital punishment should be abolished
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful; urges women to wonder the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
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Thomas Jefferson
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Political leader who wrote the Declaration of Independence; supported free speech, religious freedom, and other civil liberties, but was also a slave owner; was a statesman, inventor, and architect
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Louis XVI
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The king of France before the French Revolution, he put France into heavy debt, and was and ineffective leader
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Marie Antoinette
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The queen of France before the French Revolution, she gave Louis XVI bad advice, and helped put France onto debt
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Robespierre
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His rule in France became known as the reign of terror because he sent many of his enemies to the guillotine
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Klemens von Metternich
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The foreign minister of Austria, who was the most influential representative of the congress of Vienna
