AP World History Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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Cyrus the Great
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established massive Persian empire across the norhtern Mediterranean and into northwestern India by 500 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires
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Zoroastrianism
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new religion developed by Persians; animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire
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Olympic games
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one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations
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Pericles
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most famous Greek political figure; dominated Athenian politics; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early ages of Peloponnesian War
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Peloponnesian Wars
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wars in which Athens and Sparta fought for control of Greece (431-404 BCE); resulted in Sparta victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece
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Hellenistic period
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culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquerers; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms
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Alexandria, Egypt
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one of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies
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Roman republic
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the balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BCE; featured an arictocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies
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Punic Wars
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fought between Rome and Carthage to estbalish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts
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Carthage
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originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterannean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean
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Hannibal
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great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama
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Julius Caesar
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Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators
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Augustus Caesar
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name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome
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Constantine
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Roman emperor from 312 to 337 BCE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually
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direct democracy
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literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives
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polis
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city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 BCE
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Senate
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assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution
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consuls
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two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy
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Cicero
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conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
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Stoics
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Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independencecultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery
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Socrates
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Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young
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Plato
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Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled
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Sophocles
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Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex
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Iliad
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Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths
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Odyssey
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Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths
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Doric
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along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles
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city-state
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form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king
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twelve tables
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first code of laws introduced by early Roman republic; introduced by 450 BCE
