Unit 1 Test Flashcards AP World History
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Themes of AP World History
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1. Interaction Between Humans and the environment 2. Development and Interaction of Cultures 3. State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict 4. Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems 5. Development and Transformation of Social Structures
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The Nile River
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Supported the Egyptians; regular flood pattern
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The Tigris and Euphrates
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Supported the Mesopotamians; irregular flood pattern
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Yangtze and Yellow River
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Supported the early Chinese civilizations; irregular flooding; yellow river had yellow-brown dust (loess); fertile soil
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Indus and Ganges River
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Lush, green, and fertile; river came from snow water from the mountains
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Prehistory vs. History
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Prehistory is before written records and history started when everything was written down
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Features of a Civilization
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reliable food surplus, specialized jobs, clear social classes, complex and formal government, long-distance trade, and an organized writing system
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Stages of hominid development
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Australopithecus- two legs, opposable thumb, tools, some verbal communication Homo Erectus- advanced tools for protection, started and tended to fires, cooked food, devise plans and coordinate activities Homo Sapiens- conscious and reflective thoughts, language, adapted to different environments by changing them to adapt to their needs
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\"Out of Africa\" Thesis
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Homo Sapiens rose in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world replacing the Homo Erectus
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\"Multiregional\" Thesis
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Humans originated in Africa and all other parts of the world then spread further in their region
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Paleolithic Era
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called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.
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Neolithic Era
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started about 10,000 BC. when people started to turn towards agriculture. Gave rise to Neolithic Revolution. Also called New stone age
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Hunting and Gathering
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the nomadic lifestyle of living where one gathers plants, berries and nuts to live on and hunts animals to survive
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Neolithic Revolution
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This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers.
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Domestication
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the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food
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Pastoralism
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the branch of agriculture which deals with raising animals
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Agriculture
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the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock/farming
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Specialization of Labor
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Division of labor; individuals specialized in different types of jobs (pottery, textiles, ect.)
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Metallurgy
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The science and technology of working with metals
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The Bronze Age (c.3500-1200 b.c.e.)
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the time period where people transferred from copper to bronze
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The Fertile Crescent
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the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where Mesopotamia was located
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Cuneiform
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an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia; Epic of Gilgamesh
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Hammurabi's Code
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1st written law; eye for an eye but based on social classes; 282 laws written by the Babylonian king- Hammurabi
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Hittites
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Indo-Europeans that conquered the Chaldeans (neo-Babylonian); first to master the use of iron
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Assyrians
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the violent and intolerable people of Mesopotamia
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Persian Empire
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conquered the Assyrians; last peoples of Mesopotamia
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Hebrews and monotheism
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practiced ethical Judaism a monotheistic religion (1850 b.c.e.)
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The Phoenicians
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Costal people on the Mediterranean Sea; came up with the ABC's
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Lydians
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first use of coins instead of trading and bartering
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Chaldeans
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The new Babylonians, their king was king Nebuchadnezzar.
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Akkadians
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this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great
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Sargon of Akkad
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Akkadian king who conquered Sumeria to form the 1st empire
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Indo-Europeans
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A group pf semi-nomadic peoples who, around 2000 B.C.E., began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East
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the Egyptian Book of the Dead
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written in Hieroglyphics; buried with the mummies and it held poems, songs, hymns, and instructions on getting to the afterlife
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Pyramids
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built to hold the mummies of the egyptian pharaohs and other important people
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King Menes
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united upper and lower Egypt, first pharaoh
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Hieroglyphics
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ancient Egyptian 'picture' writing
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Old Kingdom
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most powerful; built pyramids and pharaohs had total control (they were gods); brought into power by Menes
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Middle Kingdom
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loses some of their power when they are invaded by the Hyksos
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New Kingdom
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regains power and began to expand; trade becomes more of a factor
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Hyksos
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invaded and ruled Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and ruled as pharaohs; from southwest Asia
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Amenhotep IV
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temporarily changed the religion of Egypt from polytheistic to a monotheistic with just a Sun God
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Aryans
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conquered the Indus River Valley people through the mountains; brought with them Vedas cult
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Harappa
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2nd largest city in the Indus River Valley; major trading center that used land transportation (oxen and carts)
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Mohenjo-Daro
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complex irrigation and sewer system; biggest city with central planning
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Vedas
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Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.
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Hinduism
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central religion of India; they believe in many gods and reincarnation
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Caste System
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Social System of Hinduism with very little movement between classes
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Caste System Classes
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1. Brahmins- priests 2. Kshatrays- warriors/aristocrats 3. Vaishyas- workers (cultivators, artisans, and merchants) 4. Shudras- landless peasants and surfs 5. Untouchables- lowest of low (they do all the dirty work)
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Jati
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sub-castes; many layers of the caste system
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Indra
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Primary God of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.
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Brahman
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(indescribable) sacred reality that is the basis of all existence; where everything comes from and where everything goes back to
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Upanishads
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A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.
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Karma
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an accumulated result (good or bad) of one's actions in various lives; the measurement of Samsara
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Samsara
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constant cycle of birth and rebirth the quality of which is determined by Karma
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Moksha
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to leave Samsara through a release and ultimate enlightenment
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Vedantic Age
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marked by the appearance of the Upanishads
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Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
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the creator, preserver, and destroyer that work as a cycle
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Xia Dynasty
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This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery; bronze age of China
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Shang Dynasty
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centralized government; farming society concerned with war; Mandate of Heaven
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Zhou Dynasty
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Decentralized government; Mandate of Heaven
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Mandate of Heaven
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a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
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Oracle Bones
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animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future
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Chavin Cult
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mysterious but very popular South American religion during 1000-300 BCE.
