Ch.9 – Flashcards
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preoperational intelligence:
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cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6. It includes language and imagination, but logic, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage.
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centration:
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characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses on one idea
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egocentrism:
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children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. literally means self-centered Child comforts someone with a stuffed animal
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focus on appearance:
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characteristic of preoperational thought where young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
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Example of focus on appearance:
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A girl with a short haircut "must" be a boy. Or the "taller" child must be "older."
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static reasoning:
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thinking that nothing changes whatever is now has always been and always will be
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example of static reasoning:
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A boy is surprised to learn that "his" teacher is also someone's mother!
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irreversibility:
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idea that nothing can be undone inability to recognize that something can be restored
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conservation:
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idea that amount of a substance remains the same when appearance changes
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tests of various types of conservation examples:
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glasses of liquid, lines of checkers, shapes of clay, and two sticks and moving one.
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Children and Mentors:
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Present challenges, Offer assistance (without taking over), Add crucial information, and Encourage motivation
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Who is the child's first mentor?
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Parents
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Guided participation:
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is the process by which children learn from others who guide their experiences. ex: helping a child with a puzzle
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zone of proximal development (ZPD):
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skills a person can exercise only with assistance
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scaffolding:
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temporary support tailored to a learner's needs and abilities aimed at helping master next task
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private speech:
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internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves silent or out loud
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social mediation:
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function of speech where person's cognitive skills are refined and extended both formal instruction and casual conversation
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Both Piaget and Vygotsky realized that:
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children actively work to understand their world.
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Children's Theories:
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seek to explain what they experience why and how people behave as they do
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theory-theory:
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idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories Ask lots of questions about human behavior and nature
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theory of mind:
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person's theory of what other people might be thinking must realize other people are not thinking the same thoughts that they are
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Early childhood is a sensitive period for rapidly and easily mastering:
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vocabulary grammar Pronunciation and children are like: "Language Sponges"
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The Vocabulary Explosion:
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Fast-Mapping easier to map a new word if it is connected to a familiar one.
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Grammar of language includes:
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structures, techniques, and rules that are used to communicate meaning.
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examples of grammar:
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word order word repetition prefixes and suffixes intonation emphasis
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Many language- minority parents fear:
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Language shift and Balanced Bilingual
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Language shift-
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becoming more fluent in the school language than home language.
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Balanced Bilingual-
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a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other
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Early educational institutions:
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Child-Centered programs Teacher-Directed programs Head Start & Intervention programs
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Each early-childhood educational program emphasizes somewhat different:
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skills goals methods
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Teacher-Directed Programs stress preparation for school by:
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Teach children letters, numbers, shapes Teach how to sit and listen quietly Teachers direct the events of the day
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Quality matters for example:
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safety adequate space and equipment low adult-child ratio positive social interaction among children and adults trained staff and educated parents continuity helps "How long has each staff member worked at the center?"
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Child-Centered Programs:
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Programs that stress children's development and growth. Child-centered programs also encourage artistic expression.
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Child-centered programs that use a Piaget-inspired model allows children to discover ideas at their own pace. For example using:
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physical space and materials puzzles blocks of many sizes toys
