Ch. 5 Anthropology – Flashcards
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a society's system of economic production
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Adaptive stategy
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foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, and industrialism
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Cohen's typology adaptive strategies
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one common factor that all foraging economies have shared
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People rely on nature to make their living
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____ eventually turn to food production
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forager
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live in nation-states and depend to some extent on government assistance
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Modern foragers
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Where foraging still exists in Africa
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Kalahari Desert and Mbuti, Efe
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The contemporary Aché of Paraguay
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hunter-gatherers
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An association between two or more variables such that when one changes (varies), the other(s) also change(s) (covaries); for example, temperature and sweating
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Correlation
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Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than 100 people; it often splits up seasonally
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Band
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revealed many correlations between the economy and social life
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Ethnographic studies
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Typical characteristic of the foraging life
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Mobility
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men's role in foraging
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hunt and fish
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women's role in foraging
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gather and collect
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contrasts in prestige are minor and are based on age and gender
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egalitarian
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the main economic activity
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adaptive strategy
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horticulturalists clear land by cutting down and burning forest or bush or by setting fire to the grass covered plot
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slash-and-burn
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relationship between people and land, which is not permanent
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shifting cultivation
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Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time
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horticulture
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used as a form of production, transportation, and cultivating machines
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animals
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Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor
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agriculture
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enriches the soil because the irrigated field is a unique ecosystem with several species of plants and animals
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Irrigation
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homeland has small valleys separated by steep hillsides
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terracing
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requires human labor to build and maintain irrigation systems, terraces, and other works
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Agriculture
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Agricultures main advantage
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Long-term yield per area is far greater and more dependable
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spreads at the expense of trees and forests, which are cut down to be replaced by fields
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Intensive agriculture
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people who attempt to reduce risk by relying on multiple species and benefiting from ecological diversity
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Tropical foragers and horticulturalists
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people who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on caring for herds of domesticated animals
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Pastoralists
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Movement throughout the year by the whole pastoral group (men, women, and children) with their animals. More generally, such constant movement in pursuit of strategic resources
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Nomadism, pastoral
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One of two variants of pastoralism in which part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages
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Transhumance
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an obligatory interaction between groups that is beneficial to each
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Symbiosis
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two patterns of movement that occur with pastoralism
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Nomadism and transhumance
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a population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources
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economy
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way of organizing production - a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge
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Mode of production
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mutual aid in production is one among many expressions of a larger web of social relations
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kin-based mode of production
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two stages of teamwork in rice cultivation
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transplanting and harvesting
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common among nonindustrial food producers
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Descent groups
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a means of production
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labor
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reflects the social and political environment rather than the natural environment
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Craft specialization
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land, labor, technology, and capital
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means of production
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workers that sell their labor to bosses who can fire them
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Industrial societies
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an individual who makes something can use or dispose of it as he or she sees fit
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Nonindustrial societies
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the Malay equivalent of the werewolf
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Weretigers
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desire to make a profit
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profit motive
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the rational allocation of scarce means to alternative ends
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economizing
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Small-scale agriculturalist living in a state, with rent fund oblications
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Peasant
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Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularaly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand
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Market principle
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to work to each, to replace the calories they use in daily activity
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subsistence fund
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technology and other items essential to production
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Replacement fund
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their friends, relatives, in-laws, and neighbors
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social fund
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refers to expenditures on ceremonies or rituals
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ceremonial fund
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refers to resources that people must render to an individual or agency that is superior politically or economically
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rent fund
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things cost more the scarcer they are and the more people want them
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law of supply and demand
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major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies
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redistribution
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one of the three principles of exchange. Governs exchange between social equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies
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reciprocity
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regarding exchanges, a range running from gerneralized reciprocity through balanced reciprocity, to negative reciprocity
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reciprocity continuum
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the purest form of reciprocity
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Generalized reciprocity
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social distance increases, as does the need to reciprocate
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balanced reciprocity
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social distance is greatest and reciprocation is most calculated
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negative reciprocity
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competitive feast among indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America
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potlatch
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a theoretical school that attempts to interpret cultural practices, such as the potlatch, in terms of their long-term role in helping humans adapt to their environments
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Ecological anthropology (cultural ecology)
