question

A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was

answer

highly unlikely.

question

A typical white southerner

answer

A typical white southerner

question

Approximately what percentage of white southerners lived in slaveholding households in the mid-1800s?

answer

25%

question

Before revisions were made to state laws in the 1830s, slaves could be set free by

answer

the master's will after the master died.

question

By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American South

answer

had increased threefold in value over the precious twenty years.

question

By fostering __________, or a sense of kindly protection and security for slaves, whites reduced resistance to slavery.

answer

paternalism

question

By the 1830s, the center of __________ cultivation was moving westward into the Piedmont area, while the farmers of Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina shifted to other crops.

answer

tobacco

question

By the mid-nineteenth century, how common was slavery in the Western world?

answer

Apart from the American South, it existed only in Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.

question

By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly _____ of the total export trade of the United States.

answer

two-thirds

question

Childrearing was a particular burden for southern white women because

answer

the rate of infant mortality was significantly higher than elsewhere.

question

Cotton represented about _____ of the total export trade of the United States by the time of the Civil War.

answer

two-thirds

question

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the "cotton kingdom"

answer

was the dominant source of the income of the lower South.

question

Even the poorest whites tended to support the plantation system because they were

answer

raised to feel racially superior to blacks.

question

From the 1830s on, state laws governing slavery made it much more difficult for owners to set their slaves free, in part because

answer

Nat Turner's revolt had prompted fears of further revolts among white southerners.

question

How did slaves cope with being separated from their families?

answer

They could be "adopted" by a slave family in the new community.

question

How did the slave codes define a person's race?

answer

Individuals with a presumed trace of African ancestry were black.

question

How did the slave labor system affect white southern women?

answer

-It helped spare them from hard labor. -It threatened their relationships with their husbands, who often had sexual relationships with female slaves.

question

In 1839 a group of slaves in Cuba took over a ship, the __________, and attempted to sail it back to their homelands in Africa.

answer

Amistad

question

In 1850, outside of the United States, slavery in the Western Hemisphere existed in

answer

Brazil.

question

In general, slaves had more privacy and a social realm of their own

answer

on large plantations.

question

In southern cities, slaves performed many of the menial jobs that in the North were performed by __________ immigrants.

answer

European

question

In the American slave family,

answer

extended kinship networks were strong and important.

question

In what ways did white southern society differ from the myths of a planter "aristocracy"?

answer

-Many planters were competitive businessmen. -Only a small minority of southern whites owned slaves. -Many of the great southern landowners were still first-generation settlers.

question

More than half of the free African Americans in slaveholding states were living in _____ in 1860.

answer

Virginia and Maryland

question

Most affluent white southern women engaged in all of the following EXCEPT

answer

public activities.

question

Most enslaved blacks lived

answer

on medium- to large-size plantations.

question

Most slaves received which of the following?

answer

-a simple but adequate diet. -cheap clothing and shoes.

question

Most white women in the South lived _____, which afforded them little opportunity to look beyond their familial roles.

answer

on farms

question

Most whites living in the Appalachians or the Ozarks

answer

practiced subsistence agriculture, growing most of their crops for their own use.

question

Nonslaveholding whites who lived in backcountry areas like the Appalachians and Ozarks were known as

answer

hill people.

question

Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was

answer

subtle defiance.

question

On large plantations, slaveowners would employ _____, or slaves who acted as foremen.

answer

head drivers

question

One of the most powerful stereotypes of slaves was the "__________," a shuffling, dimwitted slave who was deferential to whites.

answer

Sambo

question

One reason that nonslaveholding whites living amid the plantation system accepted slavery was that they

answer

were often closely related to the wealthier planters who did own slaves.

question

Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that southern women

answer

were expected to be more subordinate to men.

question

Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South

answer

shifted from the upper South to the lower South.

question

Regarding religion, American Slaves

answer

often incorporated African features into their Christianity.

question

Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South

answer

were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area.

question

Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves was

answer

a common practice.

question

Short-staple cotton

answer

helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region.

question

Slave religion was primarily a form of

answer

Christianity.

question

Slave women generally were responsible for which of the following tasks?

answer

-cooking meals. -child rearing. -providing medical attention.

question

Southern whites who did not own slaves

answer

were largely dependent on the plantation economy.

question

Southern women who lived on farms of modest size regularly engaged in which of the following activities?

answer

-spinning and weaving. -agricultural tasks. -overseeing slaves.

question

The central ideology of slavery, and the vital instrument of white control, was

answer

paternalism.

question

The common language developed by American slaves is known as

answer

pidgin.

question

The historian who wrote "The South grew, but did not develop" prior to the Civil War meant

answer

the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy.

question

The lives of slaves in the city differed from the lives of their plantation counterparts in which of the following ways?

answer

-Urban slaves had more contact with free blacks and lower-class whites. -Urban slaves had more freedom to move about during the day.

question

The majority of students attending the South's several hundred colleges and universities were

answer

sons of wealthy planters.

question

The most widespread method slaves used to defy their masters was

answer

everyday forms of resistance, such as refusing to work hard.

question

The only successful large-scale slave uprising was led by __________ __________, a slave preacher who led an armed band of slaves to murder 60 white men, women, and children in Virginia.

answer

Nat Turner

question

The relationship of masters and slaves on medium and large plantations was

answer

not as intimate as on small farms.

question

The shared language developed by slaves combined African languages and the __________ language.

answer

English

question

The slave codes of the American South

answer

defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black.

question

Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South

answer

was gradually moving westward.

question

Through the musical tradition of the __________, Africans in America expressed both their religious faith and their hopes for freedom in song.

answer

spiritual

question

Typical white southerners often engaged in which of the following?

answer

-subsistence farming. -small amounts of crop production for the market.

question

Typical white southerners were yeoman farmers who owned few or no slaves and were known as "_____."

answer

plain folk

question

Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage included

answer

singing songs and playing musical instruments such as the banjo.

question

What is one reason slave women often held additional authority in the plantation system?

answer

They acted as single parents when their husbands were sold to other plantations.

question

What social effects did slavery have on southerners?

answer

-It isolated blacks from whites. -It created a unique bond of mutual reliance between masters and slaves. -Southern blacks developed a culture different from that of southern whites.

question

What technological development made the large-scale cultivation of short-staple cotton possible?

answer

cotton gin

question

Which of the following advantages did house slaves often have over field slaves?

answer

-access to leftovers from the master's table. -less physical-backbreaking labor.

question

Which of the following are accurate statements about the foreign slave trade?

answer

-Despite a federal law prohibiting the importation of slaves, smuggling continued as late as the 1850s. -At a southern convention in 1858, delegates voted to repeal all laws against slave imports.

question

Which of the following are accurate statements regarding the domestic slave trade?

answer

-Some slaves moved from one part of the South to another with their owners. -Most slaves were moved by professional slave traders.

question

Which of the following are true about free blacks in the South before the Civil War?

answer

-Some owned slaves. -Free black communities flourished in New Orleans and Charleston. -Most lived in poverty.

question

Which of the following are true regarding the Amistad?

answer

-The slaves of the Amistad had no experience with sailing and tried to compel the crew to steer them to their destination. -John Quincy Adams argued before the Supreme Court that the slaves of the Amistad should be freed.

question

Which of the following best describe how slaves' practice of religion differed from that of whites?

answer

-Slaves' prayer meeting often included vocal exclamations and fervent chanting. -Slave religion often blended elements of African religious traditions and Christianity.

question

Which of the following best describes an aspect of the domestic slave trade?

answer

Slave families were often separated, including the separation of children from parents.

question

Which of the following best describes elementary and secondary schools in the South before the Civil War?

answer

They were inferior to those in the Northeast and the Northwest frontier.

question

Which of the following best describes how members of the white southern upper class viewed themselves?

answer

as true aristocrats, much like those in the Old World

question

Which of the following best describes most members of the southern planter class?

answer

They were newly wealthy and among the first in their families to succeed at farming.

question

Which of the following best describes slaves' practice of religion?

answer

It was monitored by whites because autonomous black churches were illegal.

question

Which of the following best describes the economic relationship between the North and South during the antebellum period?

answer

The South was like a colony, shipping raw goods to the North to be turned into salable goods.

question

Which of the following best describes the frequency of slave revolts in the South?

answer

Slave uprisings were rare, but the possibility kept white southerners on alert.

question

Which of the following best describes the prevalence of slaveholding in the South?

answer

Only a very small minority of southern whites owned slaves.

question

Which of the following best describes the relationship between agriculture and business in the South?

answer

Most successful businesses were related to the needs of plantation owners.

question

Which of the following best describes why wealthy southerners invested little capital in manufacturing?

answer

Wealthy southerners had much of their capital tied up in their land.

question

Which of the following best explains why rice did not become a staple of the southern economy?

answer

Rice fields require extensive irrigation.

question

Which of the following contributed to how the South remained so different from the North?

answer

-While the agricultural economy of the Northeast had declined, that of the South was booming. -White southerners argued that grace and refinement were more important than rapid growth and development.

question

Which of the following contributed to the slow development of industry in the South?

answer

-inadequate transportation. -booming agricultural expansion.

question

Which of the following effects did the cult of honor have on the lives of southern white women?

answer

-White southern men felt obligated to protect white women. -Men expected women to be subordinate in exchange for defending women's honor.

question

Which of the following identifies traditional values that motivated southerners to avoid such "coarse" occupations as trade and commerce?

answer

chivalry

question

Which of the following roles was NOT among those assigned to house slaves?

answer

planter

question

Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE?

answer

They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class.

question

Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE?

answer

Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism.

question

Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true?

answer

Slave mothers had large families, but death rates among black children were high.

question

Which of the following was the most likely way that slaves could earn money to buy their freedom?

answer

marketing a skill to make additional money

question

Which of the following was part of the slave codes?

answer

Whites could not teach slaves to read or write.

question

Which of the following were among the activities slaves were forbidden from doing under the slave codes of southern states?

answer

-hold property. -strike a white person, even in self-defense. -carry firearms.

question

Which of the following were the case with the poorest white southerners, referred to by some as "poor white trash"?

answer

-They often suffered from dietary deficiencies and diseases such as pellagra, hookworm, and malaria. -Wealthier whites sometimes called them "clay eaters."

question

Which of the following were the most common hazards for slaves who tried to escape their masters by running away?

answer

-long distance to safety. -"slave patrols" looking for escaped blacks. -ignorance about geography.

question

Which of these forms of transportation were either nonexistent or inadequately developed in the South prior to the Civil War?

answer

-canals. -railroads. -finished roads.

question

Why did tobacco cultivation move westward in the 1830s?

answer

Tobacco farming had exhausted the land, so farmers had to switch to other crops.

The Unfinished Nation, Chapter 11, Review – Flashcards

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