question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to Answers: specialization in productive work. ranking categories of people in a hierarchy. the idea that some people are more talented than others. All of these are correct.

answer

ranking catgeories of people in a heirarchy

question

Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification Answers: gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others. places everyone on a level playing field. ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy. means that what people get out of life is pretty much what they put into it.

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

question

Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that social stratification may be universal, but ______________ varies from one society to another. Answers: what is unequal how unequal people are why people are unequal All of these are correct.

answer

all of these

question

A caste system is defined as Answers: social stratification based on ascription, or birth. social stratification based on personal achievement. a meritocracy. any social system in which categories of people are unequal.

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth

question

Ravi was born into a caste system in a small village in Sri Lanka. He can expect to Answers: earn his social position through his own efforts. change his social position many times throughout his life. have the same social standing as his parents. choose his life's work for himself after finishing college.

answer

have the same social standing as his parents

question

If you lived in a society with a traditional caste system, you would expect your marriage to be Answers: polygamous. exogamous. based on romantic love. endogamous.

answer

endogamous

question

If you were born into a traditional caste system, you would expect that, based on birth, you would be Answers: raised to do a certain type of job. required to marry someone of your own social category. encouraged to socialize with other people within your own category. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

The historical replacement of caste systems with class systems Selected Answer: Answers: brings an end to most social inequality. replaces one kind of inequality with another. means that individuals experience less social mobility. means that categories of people become more clearly unequal.

answer

replaces one kind of inequality with another

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification Answers: with no social mobility. in which people "know their place." based entirely on personal merit. as found in the United States.

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

The degree of status consistency is Answers: higher in caste than class systems. the same in all types of social stratification. higher in class than caste systems. higher the more productive a society is.

answer

higher in caste than class

question

A college professor with advanced degrees, moderate salary, and little power to shape national events can be described as having Answers: high status consistency. horizontal social mobility. downward social mobility. low status consistency.

answer

low status consistency

question

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that Answers: advanced technology cannot prevent tragedy. all people have the same right to life. social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death. social stratification often has little to do with everyday life.

answer

social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant? Answers: the law of the estates the law of meritocracy the law of status consistency the law of primogeniture

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

One good indication that caste still operates in the United Kingdom is the importance people attach to Answers: graduating from college. social mobility. money. accent in speech.

answer

accent in speech

question

In 1917, the Russian Revolution transformed the feudal aristocracy and placed productive property under the control of Selected Answer: the state. Answers: the capitalists. a meritocracy. the nobility. the state.

answer

the state

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to itself. Answers: cultural beliefs that justify social stratification. change in social position due to people's own efforts. change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself. change in a family's social position from one generation to the next.

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes social stratification in the People's Republic of China? Answers: A new set of social classes is gradually emerging. There is no longer any social inequality. Social standing reflects only a person's position in the Communist Party. China has the same social stratification that is found in Japan.

answer

a new set of social classes is gradually emerging

question

Ideology, or cultural beliefs that support social stratification, is found in Answers: caste systems. class systems. both class and caste systems. only U.S. society.

answer

both class and caste

question

According to the Davis-Moore thesis Answers: complete equality is functional for every society. the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is. more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them. meritocracy is less productive than a caste system.

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

question

The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the Answers: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. social-exchange approach.

answer

structural functional

question

According to Davis and Moore, a system of unequal rewards increases productivity by Answers: encouraging people to want an important job. motivating people to work longer, harder, or better. encouraging people to gain the schooling and skills needed to perform more important jobs. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"? Answers: Charles Darwin Karl Marx Herbert Spencer Max Weber

answer

spencer

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves Answers: class conflict. negotiation and compromise leading to stability. the abolition of work itself. All of these are correct.

answer

class conflict

question

The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the Answers: structural-functional approach. social-conflict approach. symbolic-interaction approach. social-exchange approach.

answer

social conflict approach

question

Work involving mostly mental activity is called Answers: blue-collar work. white-collar work. pink-collar work. agrarian work.

answer

white collar work

question

Read the four statements below. Which is NOT a reason given in the text for why a socialist revolution never took place in capitalist societies as Marx predicted? Answers: Stock places ownership of companies in the hands of tens of millions of people. Living standards for the majority have gone up. Wealth is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few. The law affords workers far more legal protections.

answer

wealth is no longer concentrated in the hands of a few

question

Olga works as a district sales manager for a small corporation. Which of the following categories correctly describes her work? Answers: blue-collar white-collar capitalist agrarian

answer

white collar

question

Which of the statements below is FALSE? Answers: Living standards in the United States have risen since Marx's lifetime. More workers have unions to represent them than in Marx's lifetime. Today, laws enhance workplace safety and set minimum wages, which was not the case during Marx's lifetime. Today, ordinary working people no longer experience the effects of social inequality.

answer

today, ordinary working people no longer experience the effects of social inequality

question

Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes. In contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of Answers: a socioeconomic ranking. three main classes. everyone gradually sinking into poverty. society as one large middle class.

answer

socioeconomic ranking

question

Max Weber claimed that agrarian societies give special importance to which dimension of social inequality? Answers: economic class social prestige or honor power control of information

answer

social prestige or honor

question

A common micro-level pattern involving social interaction is that Answers: social stratification is not usually evident in everyday life. most people live and work in socially diverse settings in terms of social stratification. people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position. social position has little to do with the friends people have.

answer

people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position

question

The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to Answers: buying things that are popular with the most people. buying more than what you need for the moment. the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position. acting as if one had a lower social position than is really the case.

answer

the practice of buying things to make a statements about ones social position

question

Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions? Answers: North America Latin America Europe China

answer

latin america

question

In 2010, the median income for U.S. families was Answers: $16,099. $36,077. $60,395. $76,055.

answer

60395

question

Which of the following concepts refers to earnings from work or any investments? Answers: income personal property wealth power

answer

income

question

The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as Answers: income. personal property. wealth. power.

answer

wealth

question

The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ of the nation's privately held wealth. Answers: 25 percent 35 percent 65 percent 85 percent

answer

35

question

Based on what you know about occupational prestige, which of the following statements is correct? Answers: Most of the highest-ranked occupations in the United States are dominated by women. Occupational rankings are similar in all high-income nations. White-collar work and blue-collar work have about the same social prestige. In the United States, occupation has little to do with social standing.

answer

occupational rankings are similar in all high incomes nations

question

About _____ of the richest people in the United States gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance. Answers: one-eighth one-fourth one-third two-thirds

answer

one third

question

If you followed the lead of Max Weber, you would think of social stratification in terms of Answers: a multidimensional status hierarchy. two major social classes. a middle-class society. six different social classes.

answer

multidimensional status heirarchy

question

Being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _____; being in the lower-upper class is more a matter of _____. Answers: birth; achievement business success; birth gender; birth high-income; low-income

answer

birth, acheivement

question

The family of actor Will Smith and actress Jada Pinkett Smith would be BEST described as Answers: working class. middle class. "old money." lower-upper class.

answer

lower upper

question

Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the U.S. population falls within the Answers: upper class. middle class. lower class. poor.

answer

middle

question

Working class people might also be described as Answers: lower-middle class. lower-upper class. lower-class. upper-middle class.

answer

lower middle

question

According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat? Answers: the upper-middle class the middle class the upper class the working class

answer

working class

question

People of low social position are more liberal on _____ issues and more conservative on _____ issues. Answers: social; economic economic; social very few; almost all almost all; almost no

answer

economic, social

question

Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime? Answers: intragenerational social mobility intergenerational social mobility structural social mobility horizontal social mobility

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

According to Lisa Keister's research, which of the following statements is correct? Answers: Social mobility has never existed in the United States. Social mobility is the same for people at all levels of the wealth hierarchy. Social mobility is lowest for people in the middle of the wealth hierarchy. Social mobility is lowest for people at the top and the bottom of the wealth hierarchy.

answer

social mobility is lowest for people at the top and the bottom of the wealth

question

Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing? Answers: divorce leave school to get a job marry and stay married All of these are correct.

answer

marry and stay married

question

In the United States, people of _____ are MOST likely to vote. Answers: low social position high social position average social position None of these is correct.

answer

high social position

question

The concept of gender refers to Answers: the degree of inequality between men and women in a society. the secondary sex characteristics of individuals. the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. patterns of sexual orientation.

answer

personal traits and social positions that memebers of a society attach to being female or male

question

The chapter argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also of differences in Answers: power. wealth. privileges. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

Which one of the following statements is correct? Answers: Men and women differ physically in some limited ways. Overall, men are physically superior to women. Overall, women are physically superior to men. There are no physical differences between men and women.

answer

men and women differ physically in limited ways

question

On average, do women or men live longer? Answers: On average, men outlive women by about one year. On average, women outlive men by about one year. On average, men outlive women by about five years. On average, women outlive men by about five years.

answer

on average, women outlive men by about 5 years

question

On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men. Answers: intellectual; sensory mathematical; verbal verbal; mathematical sensory; intellectual

answer

mathematical and verbal

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows Answers: little or no change in female-male differences in performance. male performances are improving faster than female performances. women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances. women now outperform men in most athletic events.

answer

women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances

question

The point of describing gender in the Israeli kibbutzim is to show that Answers: gender is rooted in biology. women can dominate men. cultures define gender in different ways. boys and girls must be raised by biological parents.

answer

cultures define gender in different ways

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that Answers: all societies define masculinity in much the same way. all societies define femininity in much the same way. patterns involving gender are rooted in biology. traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

answer

traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another

question

In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found Answers: some agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks. men and women were equally likely to be engaged in farming. many tasks were considered masculine by some societies and feminine by others. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females? Answers: patriarchy matriarchy monarchy oligarchy

answer

patriarchy

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males? Answers: patriarchy matriarchy monarchy oligarchy

answer

matriarchy

question

Based on the map and discussion in the text, in which of the following do women have the lowest social standing? Answers: Europe North America Africa South America

answer

africa

question

Throughout the life course, gender shapes Answers: human feelings. human thoughts. human actions. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex? Answers: primary sex characteristics sexual orientation gender roles secondary sex characteristics

answer

gender roles

question

Drawing on Janet Lever's observations of children at play, which of the following would you conclude to be true? Answers: Gender has little effect on young children. Girls spend much more time at play than boys do. Boys favor games with clear winners and losers. Boys favor games that encourage communication and cooperation

answer

boys favor games with clear winners and losers

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women are working for income today? Answers: 20 percent 30 percent 40 percent 60 percent

answer

60

question

Which of the following factors has helped increase the share of women in the paid labor force over the course of the last century? Answers: the increase in the number of people working on farms a high divorce rate the increasing size of U.S. families the fact that working women earn more than working men

answer

high divorce rate

question

A majority of U.S. women in which of the following categories enter the labor force? Answers: married women with children single women with children divorced women with children All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

In today's U.S. workforce, Answers: men and women have the same types of jobs. women and men receive the same pay. women are concentrated in several categories of jobs. a majority of working women hold "pink collar" jobs.

answer

women are concentrated in several categories of jobs

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to Answers: the barrier that prevents women from being promoted. the fact that women's dreams are easily broken. the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do. the barrier that keeps women in service work.

answer

the barrier that prevents women from being promoted

question

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that Answers: women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance. beauty is in the eye of the beholder. women prefer men who are physically attractive. women today are as physically attractive as today's men are.

answer

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance

question

In which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women? Answers: physicians corporate managers college professors elementary school teachers

answer

elementary school teachers

question

Which of the following is an important exception to male domination of the U.S. workplace? Answers: Women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses. Women hold 80 percent of pink-collar jobs. Most college and university faculty are women. A majority of corporate executives are women.

answer

women now own more than 10 million entrepreneurial businesses

question

In the United States in 2009, women in the labor force working full time earned ______ to every dollar men earned. Answers: 97 cents 87 cents 77 cents 57 cents

answer

77

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that Answers: women should hold political offices in proportion to their numbers in the population. people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work. the market system should determine the pay for any job. all jobs should be rewarded equally.

answer

people should be paid according to their level of skill

question

Which factor accounts for the GREATEST share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States? Answers: differences in education difference in family responsibilities gender discrimination in the workplace the type of work men and women do

answer

the type of work men and women do

question

For which of the following categories of the U.S. population is it true that women do most of the housework? Answers: employed people married people people with children All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States. Answers: 37 percent 57 percent 77 percent 97 percent

answer

57

question

Which of the following statements about gender and schooling is correct? Answers: Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability. More boys than girls are placed in special education classes. Most disciplinary problems in schools involve boys. All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

In 2011, Forbes magazine reported that approximately ___________ of our country's richest people were women. Answers: 70 percent 50 percent 30 percent 10 percent

answer

10

question

Women earn what share of all associate's and bachelor's degrees in the United States? Answers: 39 percent 49 percent 59 percent 69 percent

answer

59

question

As of 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress? Answers: 17 percent 37 percent 57 percent 77 percent

answer

17

question

In which of the following nations does the political power of women come closest to that of men? Answers: United States Norway China Cuba

answer

norway

question

Women have served in the U.S. armed forces Answers: since World War II. since the Vietnam War. since the Persian Gulf War. since colonial times.

answer

since colonial times

question

What is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military? Answers: Women score lower than men on military intelligence (IQ) tests. Women cannot operate high-tech equipment as well as men. Women have only recently joined the U.S. armed forces. Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill.

answer

women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill

question

What is a reason to see women as a minority in the United States? Answers: At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do. Almost all women see themselves as a minority. In the United States, men outnumber women. All of these are correct.

answer

at every class level

question

If you could end violence against women in one setting, doing so in which of the following settings would reduce this type of violence the MOST? Answers: the workplace the home public places college campuses

answer

the home

question

In what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker? Answers: 5-10 percent 25-30 percent 65-70 percent 85-90 percent

answer

85-90

question

Sexual harassment became an issue of national importance in the United States in Answers: the 1990s. the 1960s. the 1890s. the 1780s.

answer

1990s

question

Sexual harassment is an important social issue because Answers: it actually targets men more often than women. half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention. it almost always involves blatant threats. All of these are correct.

answer

half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in Answers: Latin America. the United States. Africa. Asia.

answer

africa

question

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages Answers: men to take control of the workplace. growing gender equality. women to have more children. All of these are correct.

answer

growing gender equality

question

Talcott Parsons described gender in terms of Answers: power differences. complementarity. violence. the sexual objectification of women.

answer

complementarity

question

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior, while females are more _____. Answers: instrumental; expressive expressive; instrumental egalitarian; hierarchical rational; emotional

answer

instrumental expressicve

question

Engels claimed that men's desire to control both women's sexuality and private property brought about Answers: educational reform. widespread use of birth control. monogamous marriage. the rise of industry.

answer

monogamous marriage

question

According to intersection theory, which of the following is a source of social disadvantage? Answers: gender race class All of these are correct.

answer

all

question

When did feminism begin as a social movement in the United States? Answers: during the colonial era in the 1840s in the 1940s in the 1980s

answer

in the 1840s

question

Feminists support all but one of the following. Which is the one statement that feminists do not support? Answers: ending gender stratification ending sexual violence weakening the importance of gender in people's lives limiting sexual freedom

answer

limiting sexual freedom

question

Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men? Answers: liberal feminism socialist feminism radical feminism All of these are correct.

answer

liberal feminism

question

Friedrich Engels claimed that capitalism Answers: reduced all forms of inequality. reduced patriarchy. had little or no affect on patriarchy. increased patriarchy.

answer

increased patriarchy

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