question

Ethical concepts include: A. right and wrong B. good and bad C. just and unjust D. virtue and vice E. all of the above

answer

E. all of the above

question

The ethical theory that claims moral values depend on individual opinion or cultural norms is: A. ethical absolutism B. ethical relativism C. ethical determinism D. normative ethics E. descriptive ethics

answer

B. ethical relativism

question

The ethical theory that claims moral values apply to all people in all circumstances is: A. ethical absolutism B. ethical relativism C. ethical determinism D. normative ethics E. descriptive ethics.

answer

A. ethical absolutism

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The ethical theory in which the individual determines what is right and wrong based on how they feel is: A. ethical subjectivism B. cultural relativism C. ethical determinism D. normative ethics E. descriptive ethics

answer

A. ethical subjectivism

question

The ethical theory in which what is considered right or wrong is dependent on societal acceptance is: A. ethical absolutism B. ethical determinism C. cultural relativism D. normative ethics E. descriptive ethics

answer

C. cultural relativism

question

The view that we are compelled by our psychological makeup to always pursue our own interest is: A. ethical egoism B. divine command theory C. empathy D. psychological egoism E. none of the above

answer

D. psychological egoism

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The ethical theory that proposes we pursue our own happiness and self-interest is: A. ethical egoism B. divine command theory C. empathy D. psychological egoism E. none of the above

answer

A. ethical egoism

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The ethical theory that proposes we act morally when we do what God commands us to do is: A. ethical egoism B. divine command theory C. empathy D. psychological egoism E. none of the above

answer

B. divine command theory

question

Ethical subjectivism is a recipe for moral anarchy. T or F

answer

True

question

Cultural relativism commits the "naturalistic fallacy." T or F

answer

True

question

Descriptive ethics addresses "what ought to be the case." T or F

answer

False

question

Normative ethics addresses "what is the case." T or F

answer

False

question

Ethical relativism denies the possibility of an absolute, universal ethics. T or F

answer

True

question

For Rand, altruism and compassion are virtues. T or F

answer

False

question

For Rand, selfishness is virtuous. T or F

answer

True

question

Natural Law ethics is the view that universal moral values can be discovered in nature by using the faculty of reason. T or F

answer

True

question

King, Jr. argued that civil disobedience is moral if it does not conflict with Human Law. T or F

answer

False

question

There is no difference between studying morality and being a moral person. T or F

answer

False

question

Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to turn all persons into atheists and engage persons in emotional arguments. T or F

answer

False

question

Studying the philosophy of religion is designed to expand, enrich, and deepen your understanding of other religions. T or F

answer

True

question

Arguments for the existence of God were presented to satisfy a desire for objective proof of a transcendent being. T or F

answer

True

question

A theodicy is a defense of the justness or goodness of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the problem of evil. T or F

answer

True

question

Kierkegaard argued that the existence of God is knowable objectively. T or F

answer

False

question

For Buddhists, all suffering emanates from desire. T or F

answer

True

question

For Judaism, devotion and obedience to Yahweh will result in special consideration and protection. T or F

answer

True

question

For Kierkegaard, a "leap of faith" serves no purpose in knowing whether God exists or not. T or F

answer

False

question

For Clifford, one can believe in God's existence without sufficient evidence. T or F

answer

False

question

For James, one can believe in God's existence without sufficient evidence. T or F

answer

True

question

A term used to designate the complex mosaic of religious beliefs and practices of the majority of people in India.

answer

Hinduism

question

A monotheist religion that believes Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God (Allah).

answer

Islam

question

A nontheist religion that believes in the "ultimate transformation" through an aspiration to escape the world of suffering by achieving Nirvana, which is the ultimate egoless state of bliss.

answer

Buddhism

question

Localized religions that emphasize the development of proper relationship with the spirit world and that this spiritual world is connected with the physical world.

answer

Indigenous Sacred Ways

question

A way of life inspired from the rhythms of the natural phenomena.

answer

Taoism

question

A monotheist religion that believes God (Yahweh) entered into a covenant with Abraham. Through devotion and obedience to the Yahweh, the believers will enjoy special consideration and protection.

answer

Judaism

question

A monotheist religion that split off from Judaism and believes that Jesus is the son of God and savior whose death and resurrection makes it possible for believers' souls to enjoy eternal life in Heaven.

answer

Christianity

question

Who defined religion as "a means toward ultimate transformation?" A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani

answer

A Streng

question

Who argued that religion is a human construction, an idealized perfection? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani

answer

B Feuerbach

question

Who argued that all religions are expressions of a patriarchal reality in which women are placed in a subjugated position? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani

answer

C Daly

question

Who believed that religion is a vital personal quest all must face when confronted with the possible meaninglessness of life? A Streng B Feuerbach C Daly D Nishitani

answer

D Nishitani

question

Religions that remain tied to the original people and location from which they developed are called: A Christianity B Islam C Taoism D Indigenous sacred ways E none of the above

answer

D Idigenous sacred ways

question

Of the following, which religion does not believe in a transcendent being or beings? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism

answer

D Buddhism

question

Of the following, which religion believes that souls can have eternal salvation due to a belief in Jesus? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism

answer

A Christianity

question

Of the following, which religion believes that Muhammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of God? A Christianity B Islam C Judaism D Buddhism E Hinduism

answer

B Islam

question

Religion can provide a framework for human life. Of the following, what kinds of question can religion answer? A What is the meaning and purpose of my life? B What is my destiny? C How ought I to conduct my life? D What happens when I die? E All of the above

answer

E All of the above

question

The ethical theory that focuses on the moral quality of individual character rather than individual actions is: A virtue ethics B deontology C consequentialism D all of the above E none of the above

answer

A virtue ethics

question

The ethical theory that focuses on the notion of duty and obligations as the standard for determining the moral value of actions is: A virtue ethics B deontology C consequentialism D all of the above E none of the above

answer

B deontology

question

The ethical theory that focuses on the ends of actions rather than the means of actions is: A virtue ethics B deontology C consequentialism D all of the above E none of the above

answer

C consequentialism

question

The ethical theory that proposes all actions should promote the greatest happiness and least amount of suffering for the greatest number of people is: A virtue ethics B deontology C divine command theory D existential ethics E utilitarianism

answer

E utilitarianism

question

Who argued that an act is moral when it produces the most pleasure and least suffering or pain? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre

answer

D Bentham

question

Who believed that the principle of utility ought to be applied to non human animals as well as humans? A Aristotle B Mill C Rand D Epicurus E SartrE

answer

B Mill

question

Who argued that to be virtuous is to seek the "Golden Mean?" A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre

answer

A Aristotle

question

Who argued that moral value is determined by following the maxims prescribed by reason? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre

answer

B Kant

question

Who claimed that we must recognize that the moral choices we make are for all humankind and we must resist the urge to escape this responsibility for all humankind? A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre

answer

E Sartre

question

Who agued that individual actions are motivated by a "caring response" rooted in "natural caring?" A Noddings B Kant C Rand D Mill E Sartre

answer

A Noddings

question

According to de Beauvoir, what gives life meaning? A relationship to God B relationship to the Good C relationship with oneself D relationship to others E all of the above

answer

E All of the above

question

For Aristotle, everyone should pursue "happiness." T or F

answer

True

question

For Kant, to become moral, a person must develop the "good will" to follow moral laws. T or F

answer

True

question

For Kant, moral maxims focus on the content, consequences, and intentions of actions. T or F

answer

False

question

For Epicurus, to pursue sensual pleasure was the sole purpose in life. T or F

answer

False

question

Ethical hedonism is the view that an action's consequences determine its moral value. T or F

answer

True

question

For Mill, there is no distinction between intellectual pleasures and sensual pleasures. T or F

answer

False

question

Singer argued that "specieism" is morally wrong and employed the principle of utility as justification. T or F

answer

True

question

The hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative are two kinds of moral imperatives. T or F

answer

True

question

Existential ethics are devoid of moral values. T or F

answer

False

question

Nietzsche believed that we must exercise our "will to power" to the fullest possible extent. T or F

answer

True

question

For Camus, finding meaning in life is impossible. T or F

answer

False

question

Virtue is selfishness or Egoism. _____

answer

Rand

question

Duty and obligations are the standard for determining the moral value of actions. ______

answer

Kant

question

Developed the hedonistic calculus. ______

answer

Bentham

question

Argued that freedom only has meaning in relationship to others who are exercising their freedom of choice. ______

answer

De Beauvoir

question

Emphasized the ethics of care being rooted in natural caring. _____

answer

Noddings

question

Argued that the principle of utility is applicable to non human and human animals. ______

answer

Mill

question

Argued that the accumulation of moral actions builds a consistent moral character. ______

answer

Aristotle

question

Believed that one must never succumb to the values of the crowd. _____

answer

Kierkegaard

question

Proposed that we avoid the inauthentic life and resist the urge to escape responsibility for all humankind. ______

answer

Sartre

question

Which of the following concepts must be considered when defining an ideal just society? A Justice B Duty C Rights D Freedom E All of the above

answer

E All of the above

question

Who argued that an ideal state could only be achieved by a commitment to the principles of virtue, both by the leaders and the citizens? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle

answer

A Confucius

question

Who claimed that society ought to be based on function and harmony? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle

answer

B Plato

question

Who believed that the state is prior to the individual? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle

answer

E Aristotle

question

Who argued that humans are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness and "state of nature," and when unrestrained by laws, leads to chaos? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Aristotle

answer

D Hobbes

question

Who believed that humans are governed by natural laws and entitled to inalienable rights, such as the right to life, liberty, health, and property? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E Rawls

answer

C Locke

question

Who claimed that to conceive of a fair and just society, we must assume a "veil of ignorance" regarding our own standing and situation within that idealized society? A Confucius B Plato C Locke D Hobbes E none of the above

answer

E none of the above

question

What is the sociopolitical view that believes society's resources belong to all members and ought to be shared with everyone? A liberalism B capitalism C socialism D all of the above E none of the above

answer

C socialism

question

What is the sociopolitical view that champions the liberty, rights, and responsibilities of the individual? A liberalism B capitalism C socialism D all of the above E none of the above

answer

A liberalism

question

Who argued that a reconsideration of traditional gender roles is necessary so we can develop a more just and fair society? A Aristotle B Plato C Hobbes D Okin E all of the above

answer

D Okin

question

Distributive justice is a theory that deals with how society's wealth, opportunity, and power should be distributed. T or F

answer

True

question

Retributive justice is a theory that deals with how societies should treat those who violate laws. T or F

answer

True

question

For Plato, a just society allows for civil disobedience. T or F

answer

False

question

For Aristotle, living in society is unnatural. T or F

answer

False

question

A social contract is an agreement between people and their rulers or among people in the community. T or F

answer

True

question

For Hobbes and Locke, individual must be coerced to enter into a social contract. T or F

answer

False

question

For Rawls, a society is just only if it is truly fair. T or F

answer

True

question

For Marx, it is inevitable that the proletariat will rise in revolution against the bourgeoisie. T or F

answer

True

question

Capitalism is a social organization based on communal ownership of resources and self-government. T or F

answer

False

question

Mill believed that it was never acceptable to interfere with an individual's liberty. T or F

answer

False

question

A society ought to be based on a social contract recognizing certain inalienable rights for individuals. ______

answer

Locke

question

For there to be meaningful justice, a radical restructuring of gender roles is necessary. ______

answer

Okin

question

Rejects the idea that government has the right to interfere with individual liberty except in those cases where the general welfare of others is threatened. _____

answer

Mill

question

Argued that humans do have the right to defend themselves and through the use of reason recognize the necessity of a social contract. _____

answer

Hobbes

question

Argued that "man is a political creature" by nature. ______

answer

Aristotle

question

Believed society consisted of three classes: philosopher-kings, guardians, and workers. ________

answer

Plato

question

Developed a view of society that has dominated Chinese culture. ______

answer

Confucius

question

Argued that capitalism is flawed. ______

answer

Marx

question

Believed in two principles of justice: equal right to liberty and equal opportunity. _____

answer

Rawls

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