test 2 sociology for final – Flashcards
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socialization
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main source of individuality; to learn the values, norms, and social practices of their culture
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Small-scale families
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main agent of socialization associated with what is described as the primary socialization stage in most modern societies
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peer groups
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friendship groups of similar age and social background
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childhood today is different because
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children today are seen as being in a unique stage, whereas in earlier times, childhood blended with other stages
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behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage when-
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a child learns about her world by handling different objects
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Generalized order
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general morals and values of the culture in which a child develops
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according to Sigmund Freud, the learning of gender differences centers on the
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presence or absence of a penis
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according to Nancy Chodrow's theory of gender development, men are more analytical and manipulative because-
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they gain a sense of self by making a radical rejection of there closeness to their mother
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one of the most important debates and current research topics in socialization is in the area of
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gender socialization
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Weitzman's research in the 1970's found that most storybooks and televisions for children portrayed
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traditional gender role differences
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people that are preoccupied are found to be
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just as approachable as others
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social roles
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how socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as
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people use impression management because-
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they are sensitive about how others see them
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communication through plain, every day language requires-
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an array of complex, shared background understandings
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front and back regions
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acting differently around work people than friends
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civil inattention
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the process whereby individuals in the same physical setting glance at each other and quickly look away to indicate awareness of each other but not intrusiveness
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compulsion of proximity
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people's need to interact with others in their presence
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when somebody drops an object and yells "oooh shoot"
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responce cry
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example of social group
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couple that has been married for less than a year
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Stanley Milgram study showed that-
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people will obey authority's orders regardless of the pain they might be inflicting on others
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social aggregate- ex:
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people milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach
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in-group
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popular kids in high school
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reference groups provide-
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a standard for judging one's attitude and behaviors
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dyads are fragile social groups because-
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if one person leaves, the group disappears
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Mcdonaldization of society-
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increased uniformity and rationality of society due to automation
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deviance
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nonconformity to a set of norms accepted by a significant number of people in a community
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organization
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a large group of people that engages in concerted collective action to achieve specific objectives
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bureaucracy
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a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials
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Iron law of oligarchy as seen by Robert Michels-
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in large-scale organizations and in societies dominated by such organizations, power is inevitably concentrated at the top.
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anomie
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Emile Durkheim's conceptual view describing a condition in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
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Robert K Merton would describe members of a gang as-
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innovators
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Rebels are considered by Robert K Merton to be-
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People who reject both the existing values and the means of achieving them, but work to substitute new ones and reconstruct the social system
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Control Theory
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begins with the assumption that, given the opportunity, all of us would engage in deviant acts
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Country with the highest incarceration rate in the world
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United States
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Sudhir Venkantesh found in his study that-
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gangs run their operations like legitimate businesses
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Reintegrative shaming
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process of bringing community and family members into court to publicly state their condemnation of a criminal's behavior and to accept the responsibility of reintegrating the offender back into the community
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Emile Durkheim argued that deviance allows us to understand the standards of society by proposing this solution to deviance-
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keep deviance in acceptable boundaries.
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prison-industrial complex
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large numbers of people have vested economic and political interests in the expansion of the prison system