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Socialization

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Process that involves social development and learning about social worlds

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Definition of socialization by the author is based on:

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Social interaction model

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Social interaction models emphasize that human beings are:

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Active decision makers who give meaning to their experiences

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Those who study sports and socialization have tended to use research methods that emphasize:

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Qualitative data that provide detailed descriptions of sport experiences

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Studies based on structural theories and a personal internalization model of socialization have found that three things are related to becoming involved in sports. What are they?

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Person's ability, Availability and opportunities to play sports, & Influence of significant others

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Studies using a qualitative approach have found that becoming involved and staying involved in sports is primarily the result of:

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Continuing processes of decision-making in people's lives

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Sharon Wheeler interviewed British elementary school kids for whom sports were important and found that their participation was linked to:

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The routine and lifestyle of their families

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In the U.S., young people are most likely to receive encouragement from friends, family, coaches and teachers to play sports if:

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They are African Americans

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After interviewing British adolescents, White and Coakley concluded that sport participation among these young people was the result of:

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Continuous decisions made over time by young people

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Interviews done by White and Coakley indicated that young people are most likely to participate in sports when they:

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Saw sports as linked to their own growth and development

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Donnelly and Young used data from interviews with rock climbers and rugby players and concluded that becoming an athlete involved:

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Acquiring knowledge and developing an identity as an athlete

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Becoming involved and staying involved in sports is a series of processes which are:

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Self-reflection, Social Support, Identity formation

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Carefully designed studies between 1950 & 1980 have led to basic conclusions on changing or ending sport participation. These are:

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Dropping out occurs in connection with other changes or transitions in ones life, When people stop playing they generally don't cut all ties with sports, Dropping out occurs sometimes due to negative experiences

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In Coakley's summary of "burnout" when young athletes drop out of a sport they usually do it because they:

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See sport participation as an obstacle to developing personal autonomy

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Koukouris interviewed former athletes in Greece and found that decisions to end or change sport participations were primarily associated with:

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The need to take responsibility for their own lives and support themselves

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wheeler's study of the careers of athletes with disabilities indicated that the main challenge athletes faced when they retired were:

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Reinvesting time and energy into other spheres of life

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Research shows that when people retire from sports they are most likely to have a problem if:

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They have few experiences outside the culture of sports

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A belief held by people in North America is that playing sports:

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Builds character among participants

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Socialization studies based on a personal internalization model have produced inconsistent findings because researchers have mistakenly assumed:

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All athletes have unique and similar experiences in all sports

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When evaluating research on what happens in sports, don't overlook the fact that:

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Different people define similar sport experiences in different ways

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Reviewing socialization research led the author to conclude that the impact that sports and sport participation have on people depends on:

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The meanings that people give to sports in their lives

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Reviewing socialization research led the author to conclude that sport participation is most likely to have positive socialization consequences when it:

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Provides opportunities to expand experiences outside of sports

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Characteristics of power and performance sports are:

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Emphasis on winning and setting records, Proving excellence through competitive success, Pushing human limits and dominating opponents

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Pleasure and participation sports emphasize:

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Connections with other people and the environment

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Power and performance sports dominate today because:

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They emphasize competition and validate the status of wealthy people

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Data on health, physical activity and sports indicate that:

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Some competitive sports have high health costs because injury rates are high

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Data on sports and obesity indicate:

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That the popularity of sports does not automatically lead to reduced obesity rates

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Most people in the sociology of sport today do not see sports as causes of specific socialization outcomes, but instead view sports as:

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Sites for experiences that influence different people in different ways

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Theberge's study of an elite women's ice hockey team in Canada found that locker room interaction among the players:

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Involved talk that gave meaning to the experience of playing hockey

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Research done by Anderson prior to 2001 indicated that:

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Combining a gay identity with a sport identity often was challenging

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Studies done by Anderson between 2000 and 2010 found:

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That homophobia declined in many sport cultures

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The term "social world" refers to a:

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Way of life and mindset that people develop in a particular setting

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Adler's studied a big-time intercollegiate men's basketball team and discovered the team members gradually;

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Viewed the world almost exclusively in terms of their identities as athletes

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Wacquant's study of the social world of boxers in a Chicago gym found that boxing:

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Sheltered young men from the destructive influences of the streets

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Some sociologists now study socialization as a community and cultural process. This research tends to focus on:

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Sports as sites where people learn stories they use to make sense of their lives

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When researchers use cultural theories and a poststructuralist approach to study community-based socialization processes, they focus on:

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Whose stories about sports become dominant in a culture

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Using Gramsci's ideas, sociologists see sports as important in connection with socialization because sports are:

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Popular forms of excitement and pleasure

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According to an analysis of sports and society based on Gramsci's ideas, sports are important social phenomena because:

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They are contexts through which ideological messages can be presented to people

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Sociologists see sports as important because sports are involved in hegemonic processes in society. Hegemony refers to a social process through which:

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People come to agree with and accept particular ideologies

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When the author paraphrases Gramsci's conclusion about hegemony, he says that "it is difficult to fight an enemy that....

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Has outposts in your head

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Doug Foley did an ethnography of a small Texas town and found that the everyday stories created around high school football lead to:

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Reaffirm established ways of thinking and doing things in town

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While focusing on socialization as a community and cultural process, Andrews studied the "persona" in connection with Michael Jordan during the 1990's and concluded that through the media images of Jordan, the "Jordan persona" was:

answer

Intentionally detached from African American experiences and culture

Chapter 3 – Sports and Socialization – Who Plays and What Happens to Them? – Flashcards

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