Chapter 10 (Internet and Social Media) – Flashcards
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Internet
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A global network of interconnected computers that communicate freely and share and exchange information
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Digital computer
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A computer that processes data reduced to a binary code
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Binary code
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Information transformed into a series of digits 1 and 0 for storage and manipulation in computers
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Protocols
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Common communication rules and languages for computers linked to the internet
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Hosts
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Computers linking individual personal computer users to the internet
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Mainframe computer
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A large central computer to which users are connected by terminals
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Minicomputer
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A relatively large central computer to which users are connected by terminals; not as large as a mainframe computer
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Terminals
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Users workstations that are connected to larger centralized computers
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Personal computer (PC)/Microcomputer
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A very small computer that uses a microprocessor to handle information (aka microcomputer)
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Operating system
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The software that tells the computer how to work
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Multimedia
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Advanced sound and image capabilities for microcomputers
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WAN (wide area network)
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Network that connects several LANs in different locations
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ISP (Internet service provider)
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Company that offers internet connections at monthly rates depending on the kind and amount of access needed
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Email (electronic mail)
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Function of internet allowing communication via computer with anyone else online, anyplace in the world, with no long-distance fees
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Spam
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Unsolicited commercial e-mail
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Instant messaging (IM)
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Real-time e-mail, allowing two or more people to communicate instantaneously and in immediate response to one another
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Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
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Phone calls transferred in digital packets over the internet rather than on circuit-switched telephone wires
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World Wide Web
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A tool that serves as a means of accessing files on computers connected via the Internet
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URL (uniform resource locator)
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The designation of each file or directory on the host computer connected to the Internet
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Domain name
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On the World Wide Web, an identifying name, rather than a site's formal URL, that gives some indication of the nature of a site's content or owner
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Browsers
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Software programs loaded on personal computers and used to download and view Web files
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Search engines
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Web- or Net-search software providing on-screen menus
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Home page
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Entryway into a website, containing information and hyperlinks to other material
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Hyperlink
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Connection, embedded in Internet or website, allowing instant access to other material in that site as well as to material in other sites
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Social networking sites
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Websites that function as online communities of users
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Dual-factor model of social media use
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Social media use is motivated by the need for acceptance and the need to belong
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Idealized virtual identity hypothesis
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Social media users tend to show idealized characteristics not reflective of who they really are
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Extended real-life hypothesis
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Predicts that we use social media to communicate our actual identities
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Facebook depression
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Depression resulting from intensity of social media activity
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Fear of missing out (FOMO)
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Social media users' fear that others are engaging in activities without them
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Facebook envy
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Resentfulness of others' social media expressions of happiness
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Digital natives
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People who have never known a world without the Internet
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Flash mobs
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(Sometimes smart mobs) large, geographically dispersed groups connected only by communications technology, quickly drawn together to perform collective action
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Network neutrality
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Granting equal carriage over phone and cable lines to all websites
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Fair use
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In copyright law, instances in which material may be used without permission or payment
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Dataveillance
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The massive electronic collection and distillation of consumer data
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Opt-in/opt-out
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Consumers giving permission to companies to sell personal data, or consumers requesting that companies do not sell personal data
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Radio Frequency identification (RFID) chip
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Grain-of-sand-sized microchip and antenna embedded in consumer products that transmit a radio signal
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Augmented reality (AR)
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Permits users to point phones at things in the real world and be instantly linked to websites containing information about those things superimposed over the screen image
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Encryption
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Electronic coding or masking of information on the web that can be deciphered only by a recipient with the decrypting key
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Click stream
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The series of choices made by a user on the web
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Cookies
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An identifying code added to a computer's hard drive by a visited website
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Spyware
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Identifying code placed on a computer by a website without permission or notification
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Technology gap
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The widening disparity between communication technology haves and have-nots
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Digital divide
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The lack of technological access among people of color, people who are poor or disabled, and those in rural communities
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Information gap
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The widening disparity in amounts and types of information available to information haves and have-nots
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Knowledge gap
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Growing differences in knowledge, civic activity, and literacy between better-informed and less-informed Americans
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Municipal broadband
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Publicly provided low-cost, high-speed internet access
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Metering
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Internet use charged "by the byte"; heavier users pay more, more-modest users pay less
