FAD2230 Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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who has the highest divorce rates?
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• U.S. and Russia have the highest divorce rates
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Crude divorce rate:
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number of divorces per 1000 people in a population
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Refined divorce rate:
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measure of divorce based on the number of divorces that occur out of 1000 married women
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Crude and refined divorce rates 1940-2000:
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rate has peaked in the late 1940's after WWII and peaked again in 1980; rates have declined since then
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Micro level divorce factors:
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• Parental divorce -Intergenerational transmission of divorce: parents whose parents divorced are more likely to get divorced • Age at marriage -Young age = more likely to divorce • Parental status -More kids = less chance of divorce • Non-marital childbearing • Sex of children -Sons = less chance of divorce • Race and ethnicity • Education • Income • Degree of similarity between spouses • Couple's ages
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Macro-structural factors:
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• Level of socioeconomic development • Religion • Divorce laws • Women's status and employment • Attitude towards divorce
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Making divorce easier or harder statistics:
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people are more likely to say make it harder or keep it the same
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Views about divorce (ethnicity):
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blacks are more likely than whites or Hispanics to want divorce to be more restrictive
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Phases of separation:
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• Pre-separation: • Early separation: • Mid-separation: • Late-separation:
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Phases of separation (specifics):
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• *Pre-separation: beginning to think about separation* • *Early separation: start to think logistically.* -Who will be the one to move out? How will we work out financial matters? Etc. • *Mid-separation: realities of daily living set in* -Maintaining two households, arranging child visits etc. • *Late-separation: learning to live as two single people* -They usually file a legal separation document
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Stations of divorce:
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• Emotional divorce • Legal divorce -Terminating the marriage by contract • Economic divorce • Co-parental divorce -Issues concerning children -Where will they live? Who will make the decisions? Etc. • Community divorce • Psychic divorce -Regaining psychological autonomy and beginning to feel whole again
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Median income and percent in poverty (by family type):
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• Married couples are least likely to be in poverty • Single parent households have higher rates of poverty
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Alimony:
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payment by one partner to the other to support the more dependent spouse for a period of time
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Legal custody:
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legal authority to make important decisions
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Sole legal custody:
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legal custody granted solely to the parent with whom the child lives
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Joint legal custody:
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noncustodial parents (usually fathers) retain their legal rights with respect to their children
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Physical custody:
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custody arrangement that decides where the child will live
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Sole physical custody:
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arrangement where the child legally lives with one parent and "visits" the other parent
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Joint physical custody:
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children spend a substantial portion of time with both parents -Controversial -Conflicts with the child's school schedule, etc.
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Short-term effects:
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• Parental conflict • Loss of a parent • Reduced standard of living • Adjusting to transitions
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Long-term effects:
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• Age and sex of the child -School age children have it most difficult -Boys suffer more than girls
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Marital endurance ethic:
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over time, many sources of conflict decease
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Marital work ethic:
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Marital work ethic: spouses actively worked to solve problems
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Personal happiness ethic:
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finding alternative ways to improve their own happiness
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High divorce rate
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• 40-50% can have their marriages dissolve • *Divorce rate is 50% for first marriages* • *Divorce rate is 65% for second marriages*
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Why are couples divorcing?
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• Various factors can bind marriages and families together -Economic interdependence -Legal, social, moral constraints • *Religious values* • *The binding strength of these factors have lessened* • *Economic factors have changed* -Women are in the labor force • *High expectations of marriage* • *Changed nature of marriage itself* *-We expect marriage to be mutually fulfilling* • *Decreased social, legal, and moral constraints* *-More socially acceptable to get a divorce* *-Easier to get a divorce* -Divorce used to be taboo, now churches run divorce programs to help divorcees • *Intergenerational transmission of divorce* *-Children of divorced parents will likely also divorce*
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Other factors associated with divorce
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• Remarried mates are more likely to divorce • Cohabitation before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce • Premarital pregnancy may increase the risk of divorce in a subsequent marriage • Remaining childfree often increases the likelihood of divorce -Children = increases commitment • Race and ethnicity are differentially associated with the chances of divorce -Different racial and ethnic groups have their own rates
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Compared to marrieds, divorced people:
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• Lower levels of life satisfaction • More negative mood • Poor physical health • More depressed • More inclined to suicide
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Unhappy marriage =
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more difficult than being divorced
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• Emotional divorce
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-Stop expressing affection towards each other
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• Legal divorce
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-Actual process of legal divorcing -Discussing property, custody of children etc.
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• Community divorce
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-Embarrassed socially
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• Psychic divorce
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-Individuals detach themselves from "we" to "me"
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• Economic divorce
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-Saving money to be economically independent
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Economic consequences of divorce for men and women:
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• *Women are the losers...* -Men's and women's unequal wages -"Equitable" division of property in divorce • Depends on how much the woman has worked during the marriage • ...but so are men (who earn less than 80% of the family's income) -More women are working -Men having to pay child support
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• Life stress perspective (impact on children)
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-Divorce is associated with a series of stressful events for the child • Constantly moving from home to home • Switching schools
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• Parental loss perspective (impact on children)
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-Children go from having access to both parents to having access to only one parent
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• Parental adjustment perspective (impact on children)
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-Parent's stress affects the child • Financial stress might change their parenting style
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• Economical hardship perspective
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(missing)
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• Interparental conflict perspective (impact on children)
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-Parental conflict negatively affects children
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Which is worse for children, divorce or marital conflict?
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*-High conflict marriage* that does not end divorce • *Bad for children* *-Low conflict marriage* that does end in divorce • *Also bad for children* • Children didn't know there was a problem • Bliss
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• Joint custody vs. sole custody
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*-Parents share custody vs. one parent hold the majority of custody* • Legal • Physical • Where children reside • Children in joint custody were far better off in the long run • FL laws = "joint custody needs to be strived for"
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• Study of 1400, comparing stable and dissolved marriages and their children, some for almost 40 years
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-Found that 25% of the children of divorce had long term social, emotional or psychological problems, compared to 10% if those whose parents had not divorced -75-80% coped reasonably well -Large majority of children who go through divorce do okay
