question

Adaptation

answer

inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment

question

Bioinformatics

answer

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods

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Biology

answer

the scientific study of life

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Biosphere

answer

the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems

question

Cell

answer

the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activates required for life. Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings

question

Charles Darwin

answer

person who believed in 1.) descent with modification--captures unity and diversity, and 2.) natural selection--causes evolution as the unequal reproductive successes of individuals adapts the population to its environment

question

Chemical Energy

answer

passes through a series of consumers, eventually decomposes

question

Community

answer

all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction

question

Consumers

answer

eat plants and other animals

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Controlled Experiment

answer

an experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested

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Data

answer

recorded observations

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Decomposers

answer

small animals, fungi, and bacteria that decompose waste and remains of dead organisms; act as recyclers

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Deductive Reasoning

answer

a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise

question

Dependent Variable

answer

it is something that depends on other factors

question

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

answer

a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

question

Ecosystems

answer

all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them

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Emergent Properties

answer

new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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Energy

answer

an ecosystem gains and loses energy constantly

question

Eukaryotic

answer

a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes

question

Evolution

answer

the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

question

Gene

answer

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

question

Gene Expression

answer

the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs

question

Genome

answer

the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences

question

Hypothesis

answer

a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory

question

Independent Variable

answer

it is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

question

Inductive Reasoning

answer

induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules

question

Metabolism

answer

the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

question

Molecule

answer

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

question

Negative Feedback

answer

a form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

question

Organism

answer

a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature

question

Organ Systems

answer

a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

question

Organelles

answer

any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

question

Organs

answer

a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues

question

Population

answer

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

question

Positive Feedback

answer

a form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change

question

Producers

answer

provide food for a particular ecosystem

question

Prokaryotic

answer

a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes

question

Reductionism

answer

reduces complex systems to similar components that are more manageable to study

question

Systems Biology

answer

an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts

question

Technology

answer

consists of any method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose that affects society

question

Theory

answer

an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

question

Tissues

answer

an integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

question

Water

answer

life first evolves in water. All living organisms require water. Universal solvent

question

A(n) _____ is a testable explanation for an observation. a. observation b. prediction c. question d. hypothesis

answer

hypothesis

question

A controlled experiment is one that a. is supervised by an experienced scientist b. tests experimental and control groups in parallel c. keeps all variables constant d. is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate e. proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results

answer

tests experimental and control groups in parallel

question

All the organisms on your campus make up a. a taxonomic domain b. a community c. an experimental group d. a population e. an ecosystem

answer

a community

question

All organisms with eukaryotic cells are grounded to domain _____.

answer

Eukarya

question

An organ, such as a liver, is composed of _____. a. organs b. populations c. communities d. tissues

answer

tissues Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues.

question

_____ are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

answer

Bacteria

question

Competition is central to the theory of natural selection. Why does competition occur? a. Organisms typically produce too many offspring, and resources are limited. b. Females must choose among possible mates. c. Males must defend their territories. d. Organisms are naturally antagonistic. e. All of the above are correct.

answer

Organisms typically produce too many offspring, and resources are limited. Resource competition is one of the main ingredients for natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources, and only the best adapted will survive and reproduce.

question

DDT is _____ -soluble so it accumulates in _____. a. fat... milk b. water... milk c. water... streams d. fat... streams e. water... oceans

answer

fat... milk Fat-soluble DDT accumulates in the fats of milk and from there can be transferred to children.

question

Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.

answer

Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.

question

DNA is composed of building blocks called _____. a. nucleic acids b. Gs c. nucleotides d. adenines e. amino acids

answer

nucleotides DNA is composed of nucleotide units.

question

Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?

answer

Fungi

question

How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the Mother of Pearl plant?

answer

Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may have survived better and been able to produce more offspring.

question

How do we distinguish between results (data) and conclusions?

answer

Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results

question

How does DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) encode information? a. in the different shapes of the DNA molecules b. the DNA molecule is composed of many amino acids joined together to form a functional protein c. in the number of each different nucleotide d. the genes along the length of DNA molecules encode the information for building all the cell's other molecules e. in the sequence of nucleotides

answer

in the sequence of nucleotides

question

Imagine your car is stalled and it will not start. If you add gasoline to the tank to see if that helps, which step of the scientific method are you performing? a. experiment b. question c. observation d. prediction

answer

experiment

question

In an experiment, investigators try to control all of the variables except one - the one that tests the hypothesis. Which of the following reasons is the primary rationale for controlling variables in an experiment? a. To eliminate alternative explanations for the results of an experiment. b. To enable investigators to repeat the test. c. To create a control group.

answer

To eliminate alternative explanations for the results of an experiment. Controlling all variable but one ensures that some other factor is not responsible for the results obtained from an experiment.

question

In animal populations, DDT causes _____. a. birth defects b. tuberculosis c. sleeping sickness d. the flu e. malaria

answer

birth defects In animals, long-term exposure to DDT can cause death or severe birth defects.

question

In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of a _____. a. single strand b. letter U c. double helix d. triple helix e. circle

answer

double helix Eukaryote DNA is organized as a double helix.

question

In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be TRUE? a. It must be reproducible. b. It must be proven correct. c. It represents established facts. d. It is testable and falsifiable. e. It must be popularly accepted.

answer

It is testable and falsifiable. Hypotheses must be phrased in such a way that predictions can be made and tested.

question

Kingdom _____ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their food by ingesting (eating) other organisms.

answer

Animalia

question

Kingdom _____ includes eukaryotic organisms that mostly decompose organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cells.

answer

Fungi

question

Kingdom _____ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis.

answer

Plantae

question

Most of the prokaryotes known as _____ live in extreme environments, such as salty lakes.

answer

Archaea

question

No amino acid molecule by itself can speed up or catalyze reactions between other molecules; however, when amino acids are joined together to make a protein with catalytic properties, the new structure (enzymatic protein) can speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction. What does this illustrate? a. the summation theory b. the complexity/simplicity paradox c. polymer duality d. energy flow, processing, and utilization e. emergent properties

answer

emergent properties A molecule such as a protein has attributes not exhibited by any of its component parts (e.g., amino acids). Therefore, novel properties are emerging that were not present at a simpler level of organization.

question

Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokaryotic?

answer

Archaea

question

Organisms with prokaryotic cells are separated into two _____, Bacteria and Archaea.

answer

domains

question

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because a. bacteria are not made of cells b. protists have a membrane-bound nucleus, which bacterial cells lack c. protists are photosynthetic d. protists eat bacteria e. bacteria decompose protists

answer

protists have a membrane-bound nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

question

_____ are a diverse collection of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, which are sorted into several kingdoms to reflect their evolutionary relationship.

answer

Protists

question

Select the correct statement about the process of scientific inquiry. a. If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that is tested, the experiment is badly designed. b. The goal of scientific research is to prove the stated hypothesis. c. It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments.

answer

It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments. Although it is not possible to carry out experiments to test hypotheses about evolutionary relationships between living groups or about the timing of the origin of major evolutionary innovations, such hypotheses can be evaluated by making predictions about the expected findings that would result from these hypotheses. Data can then be collected to test whether these predictions are correct.

question

Select the most accurate statement about the interactions between a tree and its physical environment. a. A tree alters its physical environment. b. A tree and its physical environment alter each other. c. A tree is affected by its physical environment.

answer

A tree and its physical environment alter each other.

question

Systems biology is mainly an attempt to a. simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units. b. analyze genomes from different species. c. build high-throughput machines for the rapid acquisition of biological data. d. understand the behavior of entire biological systems. e. speed up the technological application of scientific knowledge.

answer

understand the behavior of entire biological systems.

question

The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from?

answer

the sun

question

The universal genetic language of DNA is common to virtually all organisms on Earth, however diverse. What is the best explanation for this fact? a. The universal nature of the genetic language of DNA is due to coincidence. b. The universal genetic language is explained by the chemistry of DNA and proteins. c. All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry.

answer

All living things share a common genetic language of DNA because they share a common ancestry. The genetic code is arbitrary, at least to some extent. The fact that all organisms share a single genetic code is due to their common ancestry.

question

What are bacteria?

answer

All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

question

What are the four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?

answer

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista

question

What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?

answer

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya

question

What are the two main types of cells? a. bacteria and archaea b. plant and animal c. bacteria and protists d. prokaryotes and eukaryotes e. bacteria and eukaryotes

answer

prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells lack the nucleus and other organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

question

What is a hypothesis?

answer

a hypothesis is a statement that can be tested.

question

What is a law?

answer

a law is a statement that is relevant and true.

question

What is a theory?

answer

a theory is a statement that has not been tested.

question

What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?

answer

a population

question

What is the CORRECT order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex? a. molecule, organelle, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem b. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem c. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, community d. molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population e. molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

answer

molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem Each level of biological structure builds on the level before it.

question

What is the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law?

answer

The difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A law is a statement that is relevant and is true.

question

What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?

answer

Observational investigations do not manipulate data.

question

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

answer

Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations.

question

What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?

answer

DNA

question

What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?

answer

The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.

question

What is the theory of natural selection?

answer

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

question

Which example illustrates a property that emerges at the community level? a. Photosynthesis takes place only when pigment molecules are arranged in a specific way in an intact chloroplast. b. Nitrogen cycling is the process by which nitrogen from the atmosphere and decomposed organic materials are converted by soil bacteria to compounds that can be assimilated by plants. c. Metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and waste. Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay.

answer

Metabolic cooperation between prokaryotic cells forms a biofilm that allows bacterial colonies to transport nutrients and waste. Biofilms may damage industrial equipment or cause tooth decay. This emergent property emerges at the community level, due to the interactions among prokaryotic species forming the biofilm.

question

Which of the following attributes is common in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? a. a membrane-enclosed nucleus b. generally about the same size c. the use of DNA as the information storage molecule d. membrane-enclosed organelles e. the use of proteins as information storage molecules

answer

the use of DNA as the information storage molecule All cells (discovered so far) use DNA to store information.

question

Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? a. natural selection b. emergent properties c. matching DNA nucleotide sequences d. the structure and function of DNA e. descent with modification

answer

the structure and function of DNA

question

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry? a. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. b. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis. c. If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis. d. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. e. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.

answer

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.

question

Which of the following is a CORRECT sequence of levels in life's hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal? a. organ system, nervous tissue, brain b. brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue c. organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ d. nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell e. organ system, tissue, molecule, cell

answer

nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell

question

Which of the following is an example of discovery science? a. testing a possible solution to a video game b. observing what other students in your class are wearing c. determining the fastest route to drive from your apartment to school d. guessing the likely questions on an exam

answer

observing what other students in your class are wearing

question

Which of the following is an example of hypothesis-driven science? a. sequencing the human genome b. observing the activities of a pride of lions c. testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working d. surveying the distribution of various majors at your school

answer

testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working

question

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? a. the contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds b. the fish swam in a zigzag motion c. the six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks d. the plant's height is 25 centimeters (cm) e. the temperature decreased from 20°C to 15°C

answer

the fish swam in a zigzag motion

question

Which of the following is an example of "unity in diversity"? a. The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. b. All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. c. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. d. All of the above are correct.

answer

All of the above are correct. These are all examples of unity in diversity.

question

Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based? a. A population can become adapted to its environment over time. b. Because of overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources. c. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. d. There is heritable variation among individuals. e. Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally produce more offspring.

answer

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

question

Which of the following is TRUE of a scientific theory? a. It must demonstrate the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups. b. It is only accepted after the person who came up with it has died. c. It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope. d. It is a method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. e. It is formulated by many scientists over drinks at a convention.

answer

It generates testable hypotheses, is supported by a large body of evidence, and is broad in scope. A scientific theory is more than an interesting idea. It must stand up to constant scrutiny from skeptical researchers.

question

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order? a. question, observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment b. observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment c. observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, prediction d. observation, question, prediction, hypothesis, experiment

answer

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE of a hypothesis? a. A hypothesis can be supported or rejected through experimentation. b. A hypothesis can be proved.

answer

A hypothesis can be supported or rejected through experimentation.

question

Which of the following statements could NOT be supported or rejected by a scientific experiment? a. College students think football is more fun to watch than baseball. b. The first living cell on Earth came from outer space. c. Grass is green because it contains chlorophyll.

answer

The first living cell on Earth came from outer space. An experiment could not be designed to test this statement. Science neither supports nor rejects this idea.

question

Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? a. Theories are proven true; hypotheses are often falsified. b. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. d. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. e. Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same thing.

answer

Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true of scientific experiments? a. They must occur under carefully controlled conditions found in a laboratory. b. They must be well documented. c. They yield useful results regardless of whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.

answer

They must occur under carefully controlled conditions found in a laboratory. Not all experiments are performed under laboratory conditions; many occur outdoors in uncontrolled conditions. Scientists must account for these variations when designing experiments.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chemical nutrients in an ecosystem? a. They depend on sunlight as their source. b. They cannot be obtained from decomposition. c. They flow through the system, losing some nutrients in the process. d. They exit the ecosystem in the form of heat. e. They recycle within the ecosystem, being constantly reused.

answer

They recycle within the ecosystem, being constantly reused. Nutrients cycle through the ecosystem by processes such as decomposition of organic debris.

question

Which of these examples illustrates deductive reasoning? a. You come down with the flu after you pretended to be sick so you could skip work to attend a concert. Now you decide that fate always punishes you for bad behavior. b. You learned in elementary school that as temperature drops, liquids change into solid form. You are given an unfamiliar liquid and hypothesize that it will become solid if you put it in the freezer. c. You and your roommate both drank two cups of coffee before an exam, and both of you got a better than average mark on the exam. You hypothesize that coffee drinking improved academic performance.

answer

You learned in elementary school that as temperature drops, liquids change into solid form. You are given an unfamiliar liquid and hypothesize that it will become solid if you put it in the freezer. This is deductive reasoning. You are predicting specific results based on general principles.

question

Which of these is an organ system? a. stomach b. mucosa c. dog d. digestive e. gamete

answer

digestive The digestive system is composed of structures such as the stomach and small intestines.

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. DDT does not help prevent disease from passing from agricultural animals to humans. b. Cost was a major factor in the United States government's decision to ban DDT. c. Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control. d. DDT cannot accumulate in the fats of animals. e. The DDT ban in the United States has made it very difficult to control agricultural insect pests.

answer

Many African governments concluded that the potential long-term health effects of DDT were not as serious as the immediate problem of insect control. They concluded that the immediate benefits of DDT outweighed the possible long-term harmful effects.

question

Which taxonomic domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? a. Plantae b. Archaea c. Eukarya d. Fungi e. Bacteria

answer

Eukarya Plants and certain algae are multicellular photosynthetic organisms included in the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.

question

Why are cells considered the basic units of life?

answer

They are the lowest level on life's hierarchy of organization that can carry out all the activities required for life. All organisms are composed of cells.

question

Why is Biology a Science?

answer

Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.

question

Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?

answer

Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.

Unit 1: Campbell Biology; Tenth Edition; Chapter 1; Evolution

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