question

What is a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction important to him/her. Characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness of the state the person is in or transactions being experienced?

answer

Emotions

question

What are emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; such as joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust?

answer

primary emotions

question

What are emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of \"me\"; such as jealousy, empathy and embarrassment?

answer

self-conscious emotions

question

What is a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry and then a brief rest before the next cry?

answer

basic cry

question

What is a variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords?

answer

anger cry

question

What is a sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding?

answer

pain cry

question

What is a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. Happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep?

answer

reflexive smile

question

What is a smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face.

answer

social smile

question

An infant's fear and wariness of strangers that tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life is called what?

answer

stranger anxiety

question

An infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves is called what?

answer

separation protest

question

What involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions and characteristic ways of responding?

answer

temperament

question

A child that is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences is called an _______ child.

answer

easy

question

A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change in known as a _________ child.

answer

difficult

question

A child that has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood is known as a ________ child.

answer

slow-to-warm-up

question

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known as _________.

answer

goodness of fit

question

Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation is known as ________ .

answer

social referencing

question

A close emotional bond between two people is known as ________.

answer

attachment

question

An observational measure of infant attachment that require the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order is known as the _________.

answer

strange situation

question

Babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment are known as ________ babies.

answer

securely attached

question

Babies that show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver are known as _________.

answer

insecure avoidant babies

question

Babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away are known as __________.

answer

insecure resistant babies

question

Babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented are known as _________.

answer

insecure disorganized babies

question

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children is known as _______.

answer

reciprocal socialization

question

Parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with the parents is known as ________.

answer

scaffolding

question

______ is a feeling that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. a. Social referencing b. Emotion c. Temperament d. Personality

answer

b. Emotion

question

One-year-old Brendan feels very proud when he can stack ten blocks to build a tall tower. His feeling of pride is a: a. facial expression b. primary emotion c. basic emotion d. self-conscious emotion

answer

d. self-conscious emotion

question

What is the name of the cry that has a rhythmic pattern consisting of first a cry, then a brief silence, then a short inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher-pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the patten repeats? a. basic cry b. anger cry c. pain cry d. colicky cry

answer

a. basic cry

question

An external stimulus may result in the infant having a(n) a. social smile b. internal smile c. reflexive smile d. universal smile

answer

a. social smile

question

Which of the following situations is most likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant? a. sitting on the mother's lap b. meeting a stranger in a research laboratory c. meeting a stranger in the infant's home d. encountering a child stranger

answer

b. meeting a stranger in a research laboratory

question

Which is the correct developmental progression of emotion regulation skills? a. redirecting attention or distracting, putting thumb in mouth, language use b. depending on caregivers, using language, distracting or redirecting attention c. putting thumb in mouth, using language, depending on caregivers d. putting thumb in mouth, distracting or redirecting attention, using language

answer

d. putting thumb in mouth, distracting or redirecting attention, using language

question

Which of the following is FALSE regarding swaddling? a. Swaddling is popular in many Middle Easten countries. b. An increasing number of pediatricians in the US recommend swaddling. c. Although swaddling has benefits for normally developing infants, the practice has not been found to have any effect on infants with brain injuries. d. Swaddled infants arouse less and sleep longer

answer

c. Although swaddling has benefits for normally developing infants, the practice has not been found to have any effect on infants with brain injuries.

question

Temperament is best defined as ______ a. the way an individual reacts to a special person in the environment b. an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding c. the emotions experienced by infants and children d. the reaction displayed by a parent when a child engages in an unwanted activity

answer

b. an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

question

Chess and Thomas believe ______ to be the most typical temperament for a child. a. easy b. positive approach c. difficult d. slow-to-warm-up

answer

a. easy

question

The revised classifications of temperament proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998) include all of the following types EXCEPT which one? a. extroversion / surgency b. negative affectivity c. emotionality d. effortful control

answer

c. emotionality

question

According to Kagan, ______ influence(s) temperament, but the degree of influence depends on: a. Heredity/environmental experiences b. The positive approach/emotionality c. Affectivity/situational experiences d. Environment/heredity

answer

a. Heredity/environmental experiences

question

Which biological structure or substance has NOT been found to be linked to temperamental qualities? a. right frontal lobe b. the amygdala c. serotonin d. the medulla

answer

d. the medulla

question

Which of the following best demonstrates goodness of fit? a. Lucy is an active toddler who is made to still for long periods of time. b. Tom is a difficult infant who is brought into new situations often. c. Sara is an inhibited child who is made to socialize with peers often. d. Annette is an extroverted toddler who is made to meet new people often.

answer

d. Annette is an extroverted toddler who is made to meet new people often.

question

Temperament experts Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbart (1995) concluded that ________. a. we are now able to define the exact methods of parenting that are \"best\" b. parents should refrain from structuring their child's environment c. researchers have not yet developed any effective programs for dealing with the \"difficult child\" d. parents need to be sensitive to their infant's signals and needs

answer

d. parents need to be sensitive to their infant's signals and needs

question

Joseph has just started looking in the mirror and saying, \"Joseph!\" This indicates that a sense of self is developing. How old is he likely to be? a. between 6 and 9 months b. between 10 and 12 months c. between 15 and 18 months d. between 24 and 26 months

answer

c. between 15 and 18 months

question

According to Erik Erikson, children may develop an excessive sense of shame and doubt about their abilities when: a. impatient parents do things children can do for themselves b. children are consistently overprotected c. children's temperaments are not respected d. children are allowed to express their negative emotions

answer

a. impatient parents do things children can do for themselves

question

All of the following has been found in 2 to 3-month olds when exposed to the still-face paradigm EXCEPT a. more self-directed behavior b. more withdrawal c. more gesturing d. more negative emotions

answer

c. more gesturing

question

Initiating and responding to _______ at 12 months of age has been found to be linked to social competence at 30 months of age. a. joint attention b. smiles c. stranger interactions d. gestures

answer

a. joint attention

question

The research of Harry Harlow found that the critical element in the attachment process is a. oral satisfaction b. contact comfort c. feeding the infant d. synchronous interaction

answer

b. contact comfort

question

Baby Arnold spends most of his days with his father. He has recently become very close to his father, showing his dad special attention. Not long ago Arnold smiled at just about anyone. Which of Bowlby's phases of attachment is Arnold most likely in? a. Phase 1 b. Phase 2 c. Phase 3 d. Phase 4

answer

b. Phase 2

question

A baby with this type of attachment shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or displays certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver, in the Strange Situation. a. secure b. insecure avoidant c. insecure resistant d. insecure disorganized

answer

d. insecure disorganized

question

You are asked to baby-sit your niece Tara for the evening. When you are in the room with her parents, Tara is happy. However, when they go into the bedroom to finish getting dressed, she cries. Tara is not comforted when you pick her up, but then her mother comes back out and picks her up. The baby is immediately calmed. Tara is exhibiting signs of a(n) attachment. a. secure b. insecure avoidant c. insecure resistant d. insecure disorganized

answer

a. secure

question

Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of ______ as a determinant of social competence. a. bonding b. temperament c. peer responsiveness d. learning

answer

b. temperament

question

All the following statements are criticisms of attachment theories EXCEPT which one? a. Genetics and temperament have not been accounted for and may play more of a role in development than the nature of the attachment does. b. The role of multiple social agents and changing social contexts has been largely ignored in the study of attachment. c. Cultural variations show different patterns of attachment. d. The relationship between the parent and the infant is not emphasized enough.

answer

d. The relationship between the parent and the infant is not emphasized enough.

question

Which one of these patterns has NOT been found in research on the relationship between parenting styles and attachment security? a. Caregivers of avoidant babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting. b. Caregivers of resistant babies tend to be inconsistent in their responding. c. Caregivers of disorganized babies tend to have dirty, disorganized homes that lead to a feeling of chaos and instability. d. Caregivers of secure babies tend to be warm and responsive to their children's needs.

answer

c. Caregivers of disorganized babies tend to have dirty, disorganized homes that lead to a feeling of chaos and instability.

question

Which of the following pieces of information about the transition to parenthood is FALSE? a. In research by Cowan and colleagues, couples had more positive marital relations before their baby was born than after. b. In research by Cowan and colleagues, about 1/3 of couples had an increase in marital satisfaction after having a baby. c. The Bringing Home Baby project has been found to lower the risk of maternal post-partum depression. d. The Bringing Home Baby project has been found to lower the risk of child abuse.

answer

d. The Bringing Home Baby project has been found to lower the risk of child abuse.

question

Reciprocal socialization is best defined in which of the following ways? a. Children are products of their parents' socialization techniques. b. Parents are products of their children's socialization techniques. c. Socialization is bidirectional. d. The interactions that children have with people other than their parents determine how they will be socialized.

answer

c. Socialization is bidirectional.

question

Studies of reciprocal socialization during infancy reveal that ______ plays an important role in socialization. a. breast-feeding b. mutual gaze c. trust d. attachment

answer

b. mutual gaze

question

Infants who have more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents have been found to be more likely to: a. introduce infants to interactive games during childhood b. have a secure attachment c. engage in turn-taking when interacting with peers d. have high IQs in adolescence

answer

c. engage in turn-taking when interacting with peers

question

Concerning mother-infant and father-infant interactions _________ a. fathers interactions are more likely to include play b. fathers interactions are more likely to center on child-care activities c. fathers are less able than mothers are to act sensitively and responsively with their infants d. no big differences are seen in mothers' and fathers' interactions with infants in today's \"typical\" American family

answer

a. fathers interactions are more likely to include play

question

Which of the following countries offers only unpaid parental leave? a. Norway b. The United States c. Israel d. Sweden

answer

b. The United States

question

In his research concerning the effects of child care on children, Kagan has found in the experimental program at Harvard that: a. child care had long-term, detrimental effects on children b. child care had no observed adverse effects c. child care facilitated development d. the effects of child care are dependent on the length and type of care given

answer

b. child care had no observed adverse effects

question

A longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) assessed the child-care experiences of children and their development and found all the following statements to be true EXCEPT which one? a. Infants from low-income families are more likely to receive low-quality child care than are their higher-income counterparts. b. Child care does not adversely affect the security of infants' attachments to their mothers at 36 months of age. c. A majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of unacceptable low quality. d. Children reared in the exclusive care of their mothers have higher cognitive abilities.

answer

d. Children reared in the exclusive care of their mothers have higher cognitive abilities.

question

T/F: Self-conscious emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of \"me.\"

answer

True

question

T/F: Before 6 months of age, stranger anxiety is fairly mild, but by 8 months it has reached its peak and begins to decline, and by 1 year of age it is usually completely gone.

answer

False

question

T/F: Regardless of the security of attachment or the context of the situation, all infants exhibit stranger anxiety.

answer

False

question

T/F: Although separation protest tends to peak at age 15 months in most children from the United States, research has found that it does not exist in other cultures.

answer

False

question

T/F: Developmentalists suggest that parents not jump up and soothe crying infants because doing so just reinforces their crying and leads to higher levels of crying in the future.

answer

False

question

T/F: Children who have \"inhibition to the unfamiliar\" as one of their temperamental qualities tend to show avoidance and distress in social situations as early as 7 months of age.

answer

True

question

T/F: Kagan's research has shown that because it is a biological trait, children's behavioral inhibition rarely, if ever, becomes more moderate.

answer

False

question

T/F: Rashmi is high on the temperamental quality called \"effortful control,\" so we would expect that she is easily agitated and intensely emotional.

answer

False

question

T/F: A 2-month-old would likely show the same amount of positive emotion to people as he/she would to inanimate objects.

answer

False

question

T/F: A 14-month-old would be more likely to look to her mother for information about a new play environment than would a 6-month-old.

answer

False

question

T/F: Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. Without being fed consistently by the caregiver, an infant will not attach to that caregiver.

answer

False

question

T/F: The initial phase of infant attachment to parents is based on early emotional interchanges, whether positive or negative.

answer

True

question

T/F: In the third phase of the attachment process, infants have increased motor abilities and so actively seek contact with their caregivers. This is when specific attachments start forming.

answer

True

question

T/F: For an infant to be classified as insecure-disorganized there must be certain behaviors present, such as extreme fearfulness of the caregiver, avoidance, and/or resistance.

answer

True

question

T/F: Because the Strange Situation is considered to be culturally biased, the majority of babies tested in most other cultures appear to be avoidantly attached.

answer

False

question

T/F: John is teaching his child Finn to 'ride a bike. He holds onto the back as Finn pedals, then lets go for a few seconds. When Finn feels comfortable, he lets go for longer and longer until finally, Finn is riding down the street. This is an example of scaffolding.

answer

True

question

T/F: Research consistently shows that fathers need mothers' guidance before being able to care for their children alone for long periods of time.

answer

False

question

T/F: Mothers' interactions with infants tend to center on child-care activities.

answer

True

question

T/F: \"Parental leave\" allows either women or men to take advantage of the company's leave policy. They can share it or choose which of them will take it.

answer

True

question

T/F: Extensive child-care experiences tend to weaken the influence of families on children.

answer

False

CH-6 Socioemotional Development In Infancy

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