Chapter 10 psyc
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Stress
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the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to cope effectively
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traumatic even
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an event so severe that it has the potential to produce long-term psychological or health consequence
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Stressors as stimuli
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varied reactions to the same event suggest that we can view stress as a transatoin between people and their enviroments
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Stress as a transaction
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a critical factor is the evaluation of the event
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Primary appraisal
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Is this harmful? Fight or flight
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Secondary Appraisal
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Can I hanle it? Can I cope with it?
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Coping Strategies
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problem and emotion focused
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Problem-focused coping
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confront problem head on, generate specific solutions
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Emotion focused coping
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put on a "positive spin", avoidance/escape behaviors
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Stress as a response
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focus on physiological responses to stressful events
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Corticosteroids
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hormones activate the body and prepare us for stressful circumstances
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social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
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43 life events ranked in terms of stress
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How its calculated
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number of stressful events experienced over the previous year is associated with physical disorders
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Hassel
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minor annoyance or nuisances that strain our ability to cope
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Hassles Scale
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measures how stressful event, ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures, impact our lives
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Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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all prolonged stressors take us through three stages of adaption
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three stages
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alarm-fight or flight resistance exhaustion
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tend and befriend instead? common?
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-stress reaction that mobilizes people and animals to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) when faced with a potentially dangerous situation -instead of fight or flight -common pattern among women
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Long lasting stress reactions
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anxiety and depression
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) avoid? others? difficulty?
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flashbacks: vivd memories, feelings, and images of traumatic experiences -avoid reminders of the trauma -feeling detached or estranged from others -difficulty sleeping and startling easily
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Immune system
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out body's defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances
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Sickness that lowers immune system
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system
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deals with
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stress and colds stress and the immune function
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Coronary heart disease
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damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart
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people who are candidates
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type a personality: competitive, ambitious, inpatient
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socioeconomic factors
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discrimination/ poverty
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reverse casuality
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illness can create stress
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coping with stress
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some of us adapt better in the face of challenge and change then others
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Social Support
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encompasses social relations with people, groups, and the larger community
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Can provide
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emotional comfort, financial assistance, and information to make decisions, solve problems, and contend with stressful situation
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correlation
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between number of social connections and likelihood of death
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Gaining control
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5 types
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behavioral control
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ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation
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cognitive control
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ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events
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decisional control
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ability to chosse amoung alternative courses of action
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informational control
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ability to acquire information about a stressful event
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emotional control
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ability to suppress and express emotions, communication can help
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Catharsis
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expressing what we feel is not always a good thing
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crisis debriefing
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does not health in long run
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differences in coping
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hardiness optimism spirituality
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hardiness
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set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful events
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optimism
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rosy outlook always see sunshine, more produtive then pessimestic people (glass half full)
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spirituality
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search for the sacred, which may or not extend to belief in god
