question

Which of the following does not accuarately describe the work of a historian?

answer

historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people

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though ancient americans lacked writing skills they

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use dmany other kinds of symbolic representation

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modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by

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combining a variety of apporaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors

question

although the exact time people began migrating to Noth America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived

answer

around 15,000 BP

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after their arrival in the western hemisphere, paleo-indians migrated to the southern tip of south america and virtually everywhere else in the western hemisphere within approximately

answer

1000 years

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about 11,000 years ago the paleo-indians faced a major crisis because

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the large aninmals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate

question

the apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millenia because people devoted more energy to

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foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and lef to more profound environmental adaptations

question

in 1492, native american cultures were

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so varied that they defy easy and simple description

question

archaic indians who hunted the bison herds of the great plains were

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nomads who moved constantly to maintain contact with their prey

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the most important source of food for archaic peoples inhabiting the great basin was

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plants

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the primary reason native people in california remained hunter and gatehrers for hundreds of years after europeans arrived int he western hemisphere was that

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both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply

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the cultures of the archaic peoples of the eastern woodland were shaped by their

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forest environment

question

which of the following imporatnt changes occurred among the woodland cultures around 4000 bp

answer

they incorporated agriculture and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

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corn became a food crop for southwestern cultures around

answer

3500 bp

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hohokam settlements utilized irrigation canals

answer

to plant and harvest crops twice a year

question

multistory cliff dwelling and puevlos are residential atructures associated with the

answer

anasazi communities

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anasazi culture disappeared

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because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years

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burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with

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woodland cultures

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archaeologists believe that the first ancient woodlan moun builders were organized into cheifdoms because

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the impressive organization used in building the mounds and th aritfcats found within them suggest that the power to cmmand labor from others was in the hands of one person

question

the analysis of grave goods in burial mounds at hopewell sites shows that in this chiefdom at least

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burial was reserved for the most important members of society

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cahokia near present day st. louis missouri was

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the largest mississippian site

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scholars speculate that hopewell culture declined

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because farming and new weapons encouraged local autonomy and made central authority unnecessary

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at the time of columbu's arrival in the new world the population of native americans in north america is prudently estimated to have been

answer

4 million

question

in 1492 the population density of north america was

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much less that of england

question

tha athapascan tribes mainly apache and navajo were

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skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo indians

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around the time europeans arrived in the new world most native americans obtained much of their food

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through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming

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the greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited orth america at the dawn of european colonizatio was that

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their distinct cultures had developed as adapations to their local natural environments

question

in ad 1492 the empire of the mexica

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encompassed up to 25 million and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered

question

the group that held the most exalted position in mexican society was

answer

warriors

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the mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

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poor, the common, and the conquered to the rich, the noble, and the conquerors

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The government of which country sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 exploration?

answer

Spain

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While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's population, it was beneficial in that it one major long-term consequence is that it

answer

eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities for advancement.

question

Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included

answer

technological advances in navigational instruments and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige.

question

The first European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the fifteenth century was

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Portugal.

question

The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration was

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Prince Henry the Navigator.

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Which of the following countries first navigated a sea route from Europe to Asia?

answer

Portugal

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A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and

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destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asian marketplaces.

question

When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in

answer

the East Indies.

question

When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were

answer

overjoyed to hear that he had discovered new lands.

question

The Tainos shared which of the following traits with the Europeans?

answer

They farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs.

question

If you were a statesman in the early to mid-1500s and followed the news of Columbus, you might argue that his most important contribution was

answer

proving that it was possible to sail from Europe to the western Atlantic and return to Europe.

question

The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494

answer

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean—territory west of the line belonged to Spain, and territory east of the line belonged to Portugal.

question

John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a \"Northwest Passage\" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?

answer

Newfoundland

question

The Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvars Cabral accidentally made landfall on the coast of

answer

Brazil

question

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

answer

the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia.

question

Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage

answer

convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route.

question

The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred to as the

answer

Columbian exchange.

question

Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds

answer

exposed Indians to devastating Old World diseases.

question

Hernán Cortés's dominance over Mexico was most significant because it

answer

served as a model for future colonization and made Spain the most powerful nation in Europe.

question

A fourteen-year-old Indian girl named Malinali provided invaluable assistance to Hernán Cortés by

answer

serving as an interpreter and a cultural broker.

question

Hernán Cortés was eventually able to defeat the Mexicans in 1521 by enlisting the help of

answer

tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico.

question

In 1517, Martin Luther publicized his criticism of the Catholic Church. The theological differences between Luther and the Catholic Church centered on

answer

how salvation could be gained.

question

The grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain became King Charles I in 1516. He and his successors used the wealth of New Spain to

answer

consolidate the largest empire in Europe and to fight religious wars with Protestants and Muslims

question

The first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States was

answer

St. Augustine, Florida

question

The deaths of millions of Indians affected Spain

answer

greatly. The lack of natives created a labor shortage that led to the purchase of African slaves.

question

Like many other European colonies in the New World, New Spain developed a pattern of social organization in which

answer

Europeans became a dominant minority in a society stratified by race and social origin.

question

A new social class was made up of children who were born in the Spanish New World to parents who had emigrated from Spain, referred to as

answer

creoles.

question

The gender and number of Spanish settlers in New Spain created a society in which

answer

Spanish men frequently married Indian women and a class structure emerged with only 1 to 2 percent of the population dominating.

question

Between 1492 and 1592, the approximately 225,000 Spaniards who settled in the colonies were made up primarily of

answer

poor young men of common lineage who were artisans, laborers, soldiers, and sailors.

question

After 1540, the most important economic activity in New Spain from the Spanish viewpoint was

answer

silver mining.

question

King James's land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence a(n)

answer

royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.

question

Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by

answer

malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor.

question

Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because the colonists

answer

often resorted to violence in their interactions with Indians.

question

The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

answer

gentlemen and their servants.

question

Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the sixteenth century, the English of the Virginia Company

answer

expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity.

question

The Virginia colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists

answer

been willing to learn how to farm.

question

Because of the success of the Virginia colony, Powhatan's people

answer

were almost exterminated.

question

King James revoked the Virginia Company charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included

answer

Powhatan's uprising and an investigative report showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists.

question

The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was

answer

tobacco.

question

If you wanted to become a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was

answer

a lack of workers

question

Most hired workers

answer

earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in two or three years of labor in England.

question

A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by

answer

the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work.

question

After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her

answer

freedom dues.

question

Indentured servants tended to be

answer

poor young men born in England.

question

Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they

answer

stole, became pregnant, or ran away.

question

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

answer

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them.

question

Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics;

answer

however, the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the Catholics, and conflict existed between the groups.

question

The term yeoman planter refers to a

answer

farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family.

question

The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the

answer

end of the rough frontier equality within the Chesapeake population.

question

Mercantilism was a(n

answer

economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country above the welfare of the colonies.

question

Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between

answer

the planter elite and small farmers.

question

Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and the elite planters of Virginia because his demands

answer

threatened to transfer power from the traditional establishments to newcomers and small farmers.

question

After Bacon's death,

answer

royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's Laws.

question

The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida

answer

stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries.

question

The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was \"exported\" from

answer

Barbados

question

By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of

answer

sugar.

question

It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands because it helps us better understand

answer

that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina.

question

The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was

answer

rice

question

Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of eight persons in the region was

answer

African.

question

For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system because slaves

answer

could be controlled politically.

question

Roger Williams was

answer

a vocal dissenter in early Massachusetts who challenged the religious and political leadership of the colony's powerful men.

question

As Roger Williams spent a great deal of time with Native Americans, he believed that

answer

Indian religion and culture was as good as that of the Puritans.

question

New England Puritanism owed its religious roots to the

answer

Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century.

question

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

answer

make himself the head of the church in England.

question

English Puritans rejected Catholic rituals and instead emphasized

answer

introspection and a personal relationship with God.

question

The English monarchs James I and Charles I

answer

enforced conformity to the Church of England.

question

The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it

answer

contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.

question

The Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay colony

answer

had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony.

question

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had \"entered into a covenant\" with God, meaning that they

answer

had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others.

question

The migration to Puritan New England included

answer

a greater number of complete family units than most groups of immigrants in American history.

question

The Puritan doctrine of predestination held that before the creation of the world, God had decided who would achieve salvation, that nothing one did could alter one's fate, and that

answer

very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.

question

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized by

answer

a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.

question

The New England town meeting

answer

brought together a town's inhabitants and freemen in an exercise of voting and popular political participation that was unprecedented elsewhere during the seventeenth century.

question

Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns

answer

tended to consist of centrally located family homes and gardens surrounded by agricultural land.

question

Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the \"covenant of grace\" stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because

answer

it was feared she was disrupting the good order of the colony.

question

In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches

answer

experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government.

question

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

answer

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.

question

New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to

answer

a relatively high birthrate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.

question

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

answer

only 15 percent of adult males were church members in some towns.

question

The Halfway Covenant was a

answer

measure instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members, a measure meant to keep communities as godly as possible.

question

Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that

answer

God spoke directly to each individual through an \"inner light\" and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.

question

King William's War, an attack by Great Lakes and Canadian French forces on villages in New England and New York, demonstrated to the American colonists that

answer

English military protection from hostile neighbors was still very valuable.

question

Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

answer

an enduring belief in the supernatural origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith.

question

The colony of New Netherland was marked by a

answer

small, remarkably diverse population.

question

In 1664, New Netherland

answer

became New York when King Charles II presented it to his brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.

question

The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of which two other middle colonies?

answer

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

question

William Penn aimed to

answer

establish a genuinely Quaker colony in the Americas.

question

The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania

answer

involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.

question

The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to

answer

yield revenues for the crown and English merchants and divert the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies.

question

King Philip's War (1676) left New England settlers with

answer

a large war debt, a devastated frontier, and an enduring hatred of Indians.

US History 1 Ch. 1-4

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