Sociology Study Guide(Becker College) Final Exam
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When people fall below a minimum subsistence level and are unable to function as a member of society.
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Absolute poverty
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The economic factor and achieved statues are the principal means of ranking.
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Class system
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Women constitute a disproportionate share of the poor.
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Feminization of poverty
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The ability to realize one's will, even against resistance and the opposition of others.
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Power
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The respect and admiration people attach to various social positions.
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Prestige
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Criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases.
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Hate crimes
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The internalization of a deviant label and the assumption of a deviant role. Social learning theories contend that all behavior is learned through social interaction.
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Secondary deviance
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A process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by the virtue of their statues roles and characteristics.
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Social differentiation
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Determined by wealth, power, and prestige.
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Social class ranking
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Adherence to social norms.
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Conformity
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A problem that potentially threatens the survival of society.
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Social pathology
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A condition in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige.
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Social inequality
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A lack of resources relative to others and the overall standards of a society.
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Relative poverty
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Any act that violates a criminal law.
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Crime
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When an individual violates a norm and is viewed as deviant but rejects the deviant label and maintains a conformist conception of himself or herself.
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Primary deviance
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Any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies them from full social acceptance and participation.
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Stigma
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The movement of people from one social position to another in the stratification system.
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Social mobility
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Nations are ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of their access to the world's wealth, power, and prestige.
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Global stratification
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Violation of social norm.
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Deviance
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A scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity.
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Range of tolerance
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A form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on their access to scarce resources.
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Social stratification
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A person's or family's total economic status.
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Wealth
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Sexually explicit materials intended solely for sexual arousal.
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Pornography
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The belief that people in a particular age category are inferior to people in other age categories.
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Ageism
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A state of social strain, normative confusion, or rapid change in norms, when people's behavior is no longer restrained by conventional norms.
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Anomie
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A process in which minority groups lose their distinctive identities and conform to cultural patterns of the dominant group.
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Assimilation
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Providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide.
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Assisted suicide
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A large scale organization that uses rules, hierarchical ranking, and a rational worldview to achieve maximum efficiency.
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Bureaucracy
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An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and goods and services are distributed competitively for profit.
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Capitalism
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When racial and ethnic groups cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles.
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Cultural pluralism
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The learned set of beliefs, values, and norms, and material goods shared by groups members.
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Culture
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Feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture.
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Culture shock
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The allocation of goods and services to societal members.
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Distribution
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The ideology, values, norms, and activities that regulate an economy.
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Economic system
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of, relating to, or characterized by empathy, the psychological identification with the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of others.
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Empathetic understanding
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"Gentle death" or "Merciful death"; helping the terminally ill to die free of pain and with as much dignity as possible.
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Euthanasia
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A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.
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Glass ceiling
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Decision making that ignores alternative solutions to maintain group harmony.
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Groupthink
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Hatred and discrimination directed against homosexuals based on exaggerated fears of homosexuality.
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Homophobia
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In Mead's schema, the un-socialized self as subject.
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I
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In Mead's schema, the socialized self as object.
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Me
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Cooley's concept that individuals use others like mirrors and base their conceptions of themselves on what is reflected back to them during social interaction.
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Looking-glass self
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A status that dominates all other statues.
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Master status
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An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management
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Multinational corporations
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A social process through which people and groups acquire, exercise, maintain, or lose power over others.
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Politics
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Preconceived judgments about a category of people.
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Prejudice
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A set of expectations, rights, and duties that are attached to a particular status.
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Role
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Biological and physical differences between females and males.
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Sex
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Preference of sex partners.
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Sexual orientation
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A process in which we learn and internalize the attitudes, beliefs, and norms of our culture and develop a sense of self.
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Socialization
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An economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state and goods and services are distributed as a cooperative enterprise without regard to personal profit.
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Socialism
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Sustained armed conflicts among politically organized groups that involve large-scale violence and many fatalities.
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War
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The ordered relationships and patterned expectations that guide social interaction.
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Social structure
