College General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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the scientific method
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the combination of observation, experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses and theories
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natural laws
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concise statements about natural phenomena
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induction
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the form of reasoning in which a general statement or natural law is inferred from a set of observations
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deduction
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certain assumed conclusions must logically follow
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inertia
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the tendency for an object to remain at rest or in uniform motion; a force is required to overcome it
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theory
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a way of looking at nature that can be used to explain natural laws and make further predictions about natural phenomena
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matter
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anything that occupies space and displays the properties of mass and inertia and is made up atoms (a single type of atom)
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compound
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substances comprising atoms of two or more elements joined together
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three states of matter
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solid, liquid and gas
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hypothesis
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a tentative explanation of a natural law
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physical property
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a property that a sample of matter displays without changing its composition
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atom
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the building block of a specific element and makes up matter
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composition
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the component parts of a sample of matter and their relative proportions
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properties of matter
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two categories, Physical and Chemical
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chemical change/reaction
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one or more kinds of matter are converted to new kinds of matter with different compositions
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chemical property
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the ability or inability of a sample of matter to undergo a change in composition under stated conditions
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physical Change
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changes in state or physical form and do not affect composition
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properties
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the qualities or attributes that distinguish one sample of matter from another
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molecule
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the smallest unit of a compound having the same proportions of the constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole
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pure substance
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can be split into two categories, elements and compounds
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homogeneous mixture/solution
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a mixture that is uniform in composition and properties throughout
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heterogeneous mixture
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a mixture that is not uniform in composition
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can a mixture be separated by physical means?
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yes they can be separated by physical means
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can a substance be separated by physical means?
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no a substance cannot be separated by physical means
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filtration
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the process of separating a solid from the liquid in which it is suspended
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distillation
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the process when a pure liquid is condensed from the vapor given off by a boiling solution
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Can a compound be decomposed by chemical process?
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yes a compound can be decomposed by chemical process
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element
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matter that is composed of a collection of a single type of atom, cannot be separated chemically nor physically as well as cannot be chemically decomposed
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si
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the scientific system of measurement which involves seven base quantities
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mass
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describes a quantity of matter
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extensive property
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depend on the amount of matter in a sample (Mass and volume)
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intensive property
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does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample, independent of matter (Density)
