HIS 176 FINAL EXAM
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Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
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a United States Supreme Court that the Federal Fugitive Slave Act precluded a Pennsylvania state law that prohibited blacks from being taken out of Pennsylvania into slavery, and overturned the conviction of Edward Prigg as a result.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
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was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court
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Texas v. White (1869)
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The case involved a claim by the Reconstruction government of Texas that United States bonds owned by Texas since 1850 had been illegally sold by the Confederate state legislature during the American Civil War.
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ex parte Merryman (1861)
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in U.S. legal history, American Civil War case contesting the president's power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during a national emergency.
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ex parte Vallandingham (1864)
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case, involving a former congressman Clement Vallandigham of Ohio, who had violated an Army order against the public expression of sympathy for the Confederate States and their cause.
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ex parte Milligan (1866)
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was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.
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Test Oath
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an oath required of an applicant or candidate for public employment or political office to determine his fitness
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13th Amendment
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officially abolished slavery in America, and was ratified on December 6, 1865, after the conclusion of the American Civil War.
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14th Amendment
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was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to \"all persons born or naturalized in the United States,\" which included former slaves recently freed.
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15th Amendment
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granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the \"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\"
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Cumming v. School Board of Richmond
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as whether denying a high school education to African American students was a \"clear and unmistakable disregard of rights\"
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John Marshall Harlan
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was an American lawyer and politician from Kentucky who served as an associate justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
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Stephen field
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was an American jurist. He was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from March 10, 1863, to December 1, 1897. Prior to this, he was the 5th Chief Justice of California.
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Berea College v. Kentucky (1908)
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was a significant case argued before the United States Supreme Court that upheld the rights of states to prohibit private educational institutions chartered as corporations from admitting both black and white students.
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Laissez-faire
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a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
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Progressive Reform
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The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses.
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16th Amendment
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allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census.
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17th Amendment
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allows the people to vote for who they want to represent them in the Senate.
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18th Amendment
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effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring illegal the production, transport, and sale of alcohol
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19th amendment
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guarantees all American women the right to vote.
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Danbury Hatters Case (1908)
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case concerning the application of antitrust laws to labor unions.
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Red Scare
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promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents
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Louis Brandeis
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was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.
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Mala in se rule
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meaning wrong or evil in itself. rimes mala in se is not their severity, but that the citizenry feels they are morally wrong in and of themselves, and require no outside reasons to prove or justify their wrongness.
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Legal realism
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A perspective that legal rules are to benefit the larger society and public policy based on judicial decisions. Neither dogma or supernatural authority applies.
