question

Attachment theory formulated by

answer

John Bowlby

question

attachment

answer

-a strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion -a behavioral system through which humans regulate their emotional distress when under threat and achieve security by seeking proximity to another person

question

babies will

answer

-follow (proximity-seeking behavior) -suck and cling -smile and vocalize -express negative emotions

question

adults respond to infants' signals

answer

-the hormone oxytocin promote attachment

question

infants construct expectations about relationships in the form of

answer

internal working models

question

what are internal working models?

answer

cognitive representations of themselves and other people that guide their processing of social info and behavior in relationships

question

securely attached infants who have received responsive care will form internal working models suggesting that

answer

they are lovable and that other people can be trusted to care for them

question

insecurely attached infants subjected to insensitive, neglectful, or abusive care may conclude that

answer

they are difficult to love, that other people are unreliable, or both

question

What are the two social worlds of childhood

answer

-one world involves adult-child relationships -other world involves peer relationships

question

peer relationships have developmental value

answer

-peers help children learn relationships are reciprocal -peers force children to hone their social perspective-taking skills -peers contribute to social-cognitive and moral development in ways that parents cannot

question

Henry stack sullivan

answer

different kinds of social relationships at different ages

question

until about age 6, the parent-child relationship is central for

answer

providing tender care and nurturance

question

after age 6, peers become increasingly important

answer

-children needs playmates -then they need acceptance by peer group -then they need chumships

question

chumships

answer

around age 9-12, children begin to need intimacy in the form of a close friendship=chumships

question

infancy-early emotions-nature

answer

primary or basic emotions such as interest and fear seem to be biologically programmed

question

primary or basic emotions emerge in which infants and what ages?

answer

all infants, around the same ages, and are displayed similarly in all cultures

question

nature side of emotional development in infants

answer

- basic emotions probably evolved to help our ancestors appraise and respond to new stimuli -babies' emotional signals prompt caregivers to respond

question

nurture side of emotional development in infants

answer

-caregivers help shape infants predominant patterns of emotional expression -mothers serve as models of positive emotions and elicit positive emotions from their babies - mothers also respond selectively to their babies' expressions

question

self conscious emotions

answer

-appear at about 18 months when babies can recognize themselves in mirrors

question

social referencing

answer

-starts at about 9 months -when infants begin to monitor their companions' emotional reactions in ambiguous situations and use this info to decide how thy should feel and behave

question

infants must develop strategies for emotional regulation

answer

the processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses

question

the caregiver forms an attachment to the infant

answer

-often before birth -because the infant possesses a repertoire of behaviors such as sucking, grasping, and smiling -because babies are responsive

question

caregivers and infants develop synchronized routines

answer

in which they take turns responding to each other -contributes to a secure attachment relationship and to later self-regulation and empathy

question

the infant forms an attachment to the caregiver in the following phases

answer

1) undiscriminating social responsiveness 0-3 months 2) discriminating social responsiveness (3-6 months) 3) Active proximity seeking or true attachment (6 months-3 years) 4) Goal corrected partnership (3 years and older)

question

1) undiscriminating social responsiveness

answer

-0-3 months -responsive to voices, faces, and other social stimuli but any human interests them -do not have a clear preference for one person over another

question

2) discriminating social responsiveness

answer

-3-6 months -infants begin to express preferences for familiar companions

question

3) active proximity seeking/true attachment

answer

-6months-3 years -infant will follow mother or stay close -infants become attached to other ppl as well

question

4) goal-corrected partnership

answer

-3 years+ -taking a parents goals and plans into consideration and adjusting their behavior to achieve the all important goal of maintaining optimal proximity to the attachment figure

question

infants experience attachment related fears

answer

-separation anxiety -stranger anxiety

question

separation anxiety

answer

-peaks between 14-18 months -becomes gradually less frequent and less intense

question

stranger anxiety

answer

-between 8-10 months -once attached to parent, baby often is distressed in presence of unfamiliar person

question

the attachment figure serves as a secure base for exploration

answer

a point of safety from which an infant can venture and to which she can return for affection and security

question

Ainsworth and her associates developed the Strange Situation as a procedure for measuring

answer

the quality of attachment

question

what are the eight episodes of gradually escalating stress as adult strangers approach and as a caregiver departs and returns?

answer

1) experimenter leaves parent and baby to play 2) parent sits while baby plays-use of parent as secure base 3) stranger enters, talks to parent-stranger anxiety 4) parent leaves stranger lets baby play-separation anxiety 5) parent returns, greets baby-reacts to reunion 6)parent leaves-separation anxiety 7) stranger enters, offers comfort-stranger anxiety 8) parent turns-reactions to reunion

question

On the basis of an infants pattern of behavior during the strange situation, the quality of attachment to a parent can be characterized as one of four types

answer

1) secure 2) resistant 3) avoidant 4) disorganized-disoriented

question

Secure attachment

answer

-about 60-65% of 1 year olds -infant actively explores room when alone with mom bc she is secure base -infant may be upset by separation but greets mother warmly -when mother is present, infant friendly with stranger

question

resistant attachment

answer

-about 10% of 1 year olds -characterized by anxious ambivalent reactions - the resistant infant does not venture off to play even when his mother is present because she is not secure base -infant becomes distressed when mother departs -when mother returns infant is ambivalent-resents her for leaving -wary of strangers, even when their mothers are present

question

avoidant attachment

answer

15% of 1 year olds -uninterested in exploring, show little apparent distress when separated from their mothers, and avoid contact or seem indifferent when mothers return -avoidant infants seem to have distanced themselves from their parents

question

disorganized-disoriented attachment

answer

15% of 1 year olds (more in high risk families) -seems to be associated with later emotional problems -when infants are reunited with their mothers after a separation, they may act dazed or lie immobile on floor -may seek contact but then move away as their mothers approach them, only to seek contact again - appear to have been unable to devise a consistent strategy for regulating negative emotions such as separation anxiety

question

Securely attached infants have parents who are

answer

sensitive and responsive to their needs and emotional signals

question

infants with a resistant pattern have parents who are

answer

inconsistent in their caregiving -may react enthusiastically or indifferently and are frequently unresponsive

question

infants with an avoidant attachment have parents who tend to

answer

provide either too little or too much stimulation -parents may be rejecting or impatient, unresponsive, and resentful when the infant interferes with their plans

question

the disorganized-disoriented style of attachment is evident in as many as 80% of infants who have been

answer

physically abused or maltreated -common among infants whose mothers are depressed or abuse alcohol and drugs

question

infants temperament influences attachment-attachments tend to be insecure when infants are by temperament-

answer

fearful, irritable, or unresponsive -the caregiver's style of parenting and the infant's temperament often interact to determine attachment outcome

question

Poverty and marital difficulties are stressful, can interfere with parents' abilities to provide sensitive care, and may contribute to

answer

insecure attachments

question

The cultural context also influences parenting and the meanings of attachment

answer

-in western, individualistic cultures, optimal development means becoming an autonomous being -in easter, collectivist cultures, the goal is to become integrated into the group

question

what is it about deprived early environments that damages development?

answer

-lack of stable caregivers and stable attachment relationships -lack of proper nutrition, hygiene and medical care -lack of stimulation

question

disinhibited attachment

answer

-a disturbed pattern of behavior characterized by indiscriminate friendliness, lack of appropriate wariness of strangers, and difficulty participating in real, reciprocal social interactions

question

According to bowlby and ainsworth's attachment theory

answer

a secure attachment, once formed, allows exploration from a secure base

question

Securely attached children should be more ___competent

answer

-cognitively -socially -emotionally

question

according to John Bowlby parent-child attachment changes during childhood

answer

becomes a goal-corrected partnership in which a parent and the child becomes a more sensitive partner and grows more independent of the parent

question

Children become dependent on ____for social and emotional support

answer

peers

question

ages 2 -12, children spend more time with ____ than _____

answer

peers than adults

question

the years from age 2-5 are sometimes called the

answer

play years -becomes more social and more imaginative

question

after age 5, play becomes more

answer

serious play

question

Mildred Parten's six categories of activity, arranged from least to most social

answer

1) unoccupied play 2) solitary play 3) onlooker play 4) parallel play 5) associative play 6) cooperative play

question

unoccupied play

answer

children stand idly, look around, or engage in aimless activities

question

solitary play

answer

children play alone (usually with objects)

question

onlooker play

answer

children watch others play, not directly participating

question

parallel play

answer

children play next to one another doing the same thing but interact little

question

associative play

answer

children interact by swapping materials and conversing but dont have the same goal

question

cooperative play

answer

children join forces to achieve common goal

question

major message of Parten's study

answer

-play becomes increasingly social and socially skilled from ages 2-5

question

what is pretend play and at what age does it occur?

answer

-play in which one actor, object or action symbolizes or stands for another -occurs around age 1

question

children combine their capacity for increasingly social play and their capacity for pretense to create social pretend play

answer

children cooperate with caregivers or playmates to enact dramas

question

After they enter school, children engage less frequently in pretend play, but now spend more time

answer

playing organized games with rules-board games, computer games, tag, hide and seek etc.

question

4 types of child play

answer

-locomotor play -object play -social play -pretend play

question

sociometric techniques

answer

methods for determining who is liked and who is disliked in a group

question

sociometric techniques allows children to be classified into 5 social status categories

answer

1) popular-well liked rarely disliked 2) rejected-rarely liked and often disliked 3) neglected-neither liked nor disliked-invisible 4) controversial-liked by many but also disliked by many 5) average-in middle of both the liked and disliked scales

question

children who are neglected by peers often

answer

gain greater acceptance later

question

children who are rejected, usually because of aggressive behavior, are likely to

answer

maintain their rejected status from grade to grade

question

If adolescents are to become independent autonomous individuals, they need supportive parents to provide both

answer

-security and encouragement to explore -a balance of exploration and attachment is the key to successful development at this age

question

adolescents who enjoy secure attachment relationships with their parents generally have

answer

-a stronger sense of identity -higher self esteem -greater social competence -better emotional adjustment -fewer behavioral probs

question

like children, adolescents form friendships with peers who are

answer

similar to themselves in observable ways

question

dating relationships in early adolescents are

answer

more superficial and short lived

question

adolescent romantic relationships evolve through 4 phases

answer

1) Initiation phase 2) Status phase 3) Affection phase 4) Bonding phase

question

Initiation phase

answer

in early adolescence, the focus is on the self-specifically on coming to see onself as a person capable of relating to members of the other sex in a romantic way

question

Status phase

answer

in mid adolescence, peer approval is what counts

question

Affection phase

answer

in late adolescence, the focus is on the relationship rather than on self-concept or peer status

question

Bonding phase

answer

in transition to early adulthood, the emotional intimacy achieved in affection phase is coupled with long term commitment

question

Researches have proposed that each of us has a social convoy

answer

a social network and support system that accompanies us during our life's journey, changing as we go

question

social interaction patterns vary across adulthood

answer

-younger adults form romantic relationships and friendships

question

___form closer friendship ties than ___

answer

women than men

question

young adults tend to have ___friends than older adults

answer

more

question

through adulthood social networks ___

answer

shrink

question

what are the 2 theoretical explanations for shrinking of social convoy with age?

answer

1) socio-emotional selectivity theory 2) positivity effect

question

Socio-emotional selectivity theory

answer

explains the shrinking social convoy as a choice older adults make to better meet their emotional needs once they perceive the time left to them as short

question

Older adults may achieve their emotional gratifucation goals through the Positivity Effect

answer

By paying more attention to, better remembering, and putting more priority in positive info than on negative info

question

the greatest influence on mate selection is similarity or

answer

homogamy

question

Sternberg's triangular theory of love

answer

identifies different types of love based on the strength of the 3 components of love

question

Sternberg's 3 components of love

answer

passion, intimacy, and decision/commitment

question

Passion involves

answer

sexual attraction, romantic feelings, and excitement

question

Intimacy involves

answer

-feelings of warmth, caring, closeness, trust, and respect in the relationship -it is about emotional togetherness, communication, and happiness

question

Decision/commitment involves

answer

first deciding that one loves the other person and then committing to a long -term relationship

question

Consummate love

answer

when couples enjoy high levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment/decision

question

companionate love

answer

affectionate love defined by high intimacy and commitment but not much passion

question

Adults with a secure working model feel ____ about themselves and ____about others

answer

postive postive

question

Adults with preoccupied internal working model have

answer

positive view of other people, but feel unlovable

question

Adults with a dismissing style of attachment have

answer

a positive view of themselves but do not trust other people

question

Adults with a fearful internal working model

answer

have a negative view of themselves and other people

question

adults internal working models predict the extent to which adults have

answer

the confidence and curiosity to explore and master their environments

question

a secure attachment style in adulthood is associated with

answer

strong achievement motivation and a focus on mastering challenges as apposed to avoiding failure -enjoy work and are good at it

question

equity

answer

balance of contributions and gains on satisfaction in relationships

question

the size of an adults social network is not nearly as important as whether it includes at least one confidant

answer

a spouse, relative, or friend to whom the individual feels especially attached and with whom thoughts and feelings can be shared

Lifespan Ch.14-Attachment and Social Relationships

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards