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In a study examining the relationship between musical experiences and intelligence, researchers found that

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Sustained music lessons led to small increases in intelligence

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The ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of research lies with the

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Investigator

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What about the use of deception in studies with children is true?

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Children may experience serious emotional consequences after learning they have been deceived

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A major strength in the clinical interview is?

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it provides a large amount of information in a brief period of time

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The clinical research method is best suited by studying the development of

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extremely gifted children

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The major limitation of correlational studies is

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they do not permit inferences about cause and effect

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Compared with their arguments, adolescents from immigrant families are more like to

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value education

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What would be the best answered question using an experimental design?

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Does adult modeling of kindness affect toddlers' social behavior?

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One way to protect the accuracy of findings in experimental studies is to use

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Random Assignment

question

Dr. hopkinds is interested in the changing nature of sibling relationships over the lifespan. He designs a study in which a group of participants are interviewed every five years for several decades starting at age 10. This is an example of

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Longitudinal Design

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The cross-sectional research design

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is susceptible to distorted findings due to cohort effects

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Three limitations of heritability estimates

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They are not accurate, the controversial measures are easily misapplied, there is limited usefulness

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Two important points highlighted by reaction range

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We respond differently to environments because of different genes, and some genetic- environmental combinations make two people look alike

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Trait that is strongly canalized

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perceptual and motor development

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Trait that is less strongly canalized

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intelligence and personality

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Passive Correlation

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Parents provide an environment consistent with their own heredity

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Evocative Correlation

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A child's style of responding influences others' responses, which then strengthens the child's original style

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Active Correlation

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Children increasingly seek out environments that fit their genetic tendencies

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Nature vs. Nurture

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They want to improve environments so that people can develop as far as possible

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Why has it been difficult to help children through public policy in the United States?

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They can't vote or speak out to protect their own interests so they must rely on the good will of others to become an important priority

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Three reasons why many senior citizens remain in dire economic conditions

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Women Ethnicity Live alone

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Characteristics of the Black extended family that help reduce the stress of poverty and single parenthood

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providing emotional support and sharing essential resources; extended family helps with child rearing

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How does the extended family help transmit black culture?

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They place more emphasis on cooperation and on moral and religious values; educating children about their african heritage

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Kinship Studies

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compare the characteristics of family members

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Heritability estimates

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describe the role of genetic factors in individual differences

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People with asthma tend to have mothers, rather than fathers, with asthma. this is a pattern of what inheritance?

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Genomic inheritance

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Somatic Mutation

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shows us that genetic makeup of each cell can change over time

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Other than Down Syndrome, disorders of the autosomes usually

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disrupt development so severely that miscarriages occur

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What is a true statement about reproductive technologies?

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Children conceived through donor insemination and in vitro fertilization are as well- adjusted as naturally conceived children

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what is a routine prenatal diagnostic method that is safe for the developing organism?

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maternal blood analysis

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What is true about adoption

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Adopted children and adolescents have more learning and emotional difficulties than others

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Socioeconomic status is based on income, job prestige, and?

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years of education

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What is associated with a reduction in adjustment difficulties for both low and high SES youths?

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eating dinner with parents

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Example of phenotype

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being average height like parents

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Chromosomes are made up of

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DNA

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mitosis is the result of

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each cell body containing the same number of chromosomes and identical genetic information

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When gametes form in males, the X and Y chromosomes

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separate into different sperm cells

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if the mother is a fraternal twin

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she is more likely to have fraternal twins

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Homozygous individuals

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have two identical alleles

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The sickle cell trait, a heterozygous condition present in man blacks, is an example of

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incomplete dominance

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What explains why males are more like than females to be affected by X-linked disorders?

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Males only have one X

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Charlene is an easy going, friendly baby. Because of her good nature, her caregivers tend to be attentive to her needs and positive in their interactions with her. This is an example of

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Evocative correlation

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The well coordinated, muscular teenager who spends a lot of time participating in after school sports in an example of

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active correlation

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The concept of epigenesis reminds us that

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development is a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture

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The greatest barrier to the education of girls in many developing nations is

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fees for public schooling

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In the US, homelessness rates have

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increased partly due to a decline in the availability of government- supported, low cost housing

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Neighborhood resources

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have a greater impact on lower SES than higher SES youth

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The black tradition of extended family households

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help protect family members from the harmful effects of poverty

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When widespread social problems arise, nations attempt to solve them through

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public policies

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Heritability estimates are obtained from

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kinship studies

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What is true about senior citizens in the US?

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Senior citizens in the US are less well off than those in many other western cultures

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The most common chromosomal disorder is

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Down Syndrome

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a particularly controversial method of conception, in part because it may pro most exploitation of finically needy women

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Surrogate mother

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3 year old jonah cries often, throws tantrums, and has unpredictable eating and sleeping habits. His mother often becomes upset with Jonah, responding with anger, causing jonah to act out more. This is an example of

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Bidirectional influences

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In the US, poverty rates are highest among

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Children

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In several studies, children of low SES families who moved into low poverty neighborhoods

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showed improved health and school achievement

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One reason that humans are able to develop into such complex beings is because

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human genes make far more proteins than other species

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Fraternal twinning

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rises with maternal age, and then rapidly drops

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Example of Recessive characteristic

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blonde hair

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The case of PKU demonstrates that

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changes in the environment can alter the extent to which an inherited disorder influences a person's well being

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Successful resolution of this stage depends on nurturing others and engaging in productive work

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

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The primary task of this stage is the development of a sense of oneself and on one's place in society

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Identity vs. Role confusion

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Successful resolution of this stage depends on a warm loving relationship with the caregiver

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Basic trust vs. Mistrust

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In this stage, children experiment with adult roles through make believe play

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Initiative vs. Guilt

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Children successfully resolve this stage if parents grant them reasonable opportunities for free choice

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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

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Resolution of this stage involves reflecting favorably on one's life story

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Integrity vs. Despair

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The Development of close relationships with others is key to successfully resolving this stage

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Intimacy vs. isolation

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Children who develop the capacity for cooperation and productive work will successfully resolve this stage

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Industry vs. Inferiority

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The approach to the field of child development, launched by Hall and Gessell was

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Normative

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What did Freud believe developed through interactions with parents, who insist that children conform to the values of society?

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Superego

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A special strength of the psychoanalytical perspective is it emphasis on

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the individual's unique life history as worthy of study and understanding

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Piaget's pre-operational stage is marked by the development of

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language and make believe play

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Vygotksy's theory emphasizes the

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importance of social interaction

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Research is usually based on a

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hypothesis

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Ecological systems theory views the individual as

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both a product and producer of their own environment

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The information processing approach

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views development as continuous

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Observations of imprinting in baby birds led to the concept of

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the critical period

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In Piaget's concrete operational stage

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children's reasoning becomes logical

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A limitation of behaviorism and social learning theory is that they

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offer too narrow a view of environmental influences

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Erikson believed

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normal development must be understood in relation to each culture's life situation

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Alfred Binet's intelligence test sparked interest in

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individual differences in development

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Stage theorists view development as

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a process of qualitative changes

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theorists who emphasize stability view what as the most important developmental influence

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heredity

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Lifespan researchers maintain that

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development is plastic at all ages

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Theories of development

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depend upon scientific verification for their continued existence

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The study of human development provides no ultimate truth because

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investigators do not always agree on the meaning of what they see

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In stage theories, development is like

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climbing a staircase

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For a child growing up in disadvantaged circumstances, personal characteristics, such as an easygoing temperament

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can offset the impact of a stressful home life

Human Development Questions

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