question

Values

answer

beliefs and attitudes that provide directions for everyday living

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Ethics

answer

beliefs we hold about what constitutes right conduct. Moral principles adopted by groups & indiv to provide rules for right conduct.

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Morality

answer

concerned with right and wrong conduct. Involves and evaluation of actions based on cultural context.

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Aspirational ethics

answer

highest standards of thinking and conduct professional counselors seek. Requires more than just meeting the letter of the ethics codes.

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Mandatory ethics

answer

counselors act within minimal standards acknowledging the basic \"must\" and \"must nots\"

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Community Standards

answer

Also referred to as \"mores.\" Ultimately become the legal criteria for determining whether practitioners are liable for damages. Reasonable behavior.

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Professionalism

answer

has a relationship with ethical behavior. Possible to practice unprofessionally yet not be unethical.

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Unethical

answer

infractions whether minor or major.

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Principle ethics

answer

set of obligations that focus on moral issues. Focus on acts and choices. Ask the question: What shall I do? Is this situation illegal?

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Virtue ethics

answer

focuses on character traits of the counselor and non obligatory ideals which the professional aspires. Am I doing what is best for my client?

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Four core virtues

answer

prudence, integrity, respectfulness, and benevolence.

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Autonomy

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freedom of clients to be self-governing within their social and cultural framework.

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Nonmaleficence

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refraining from actions considered harmful to clients

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Beneficense

answer

doing good to others and promoting the well being of clients. Also, doing good for society.

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Justice

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to be fair giving equally to others and to treat others justly.

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Fidelity

answer

professionals make realistic commitments and keep these promises. Fulfilling one's responsibility of trust in a relationship.

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Veracity

answer

truthfulness. Practitioner's obligation to deal honestly with clients.

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Self-care

answer

taking adequate care of ourselves so that we can make good moral decisions.

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Feminist Model for making ethical decisions

answer

involves maximum involvement of clients in stage. Power should be equalized in the therapeutic relationship

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Social Constructive Model for making decisions

answer

focuses on the social aspects. Interactive. Involves negotiating, consensualizing, and arbitrating.

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Transcultural Intergrative Model for making decisions

answer

focuses on the need to include cultural factors

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Reasonable Person Standard

answer

ask the question what would a professional in your community with 3 years of experience do in this situation

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Informal Peer Monitoring

answer

watching out for each other as professionals

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Therapeutic Persons

answer

a willingness on the part of the counselor to practice what he/she preaches.

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Experiential Learning

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a part of counseling programs that provides students with the opportunity to share their values, life experiences and personal concerns with a peer group.

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Countertransference

answer

projections by the therapists that distort the way they perceive and react to a client

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Transference

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process whereby clients project onto their therapists past feelings and attitudes they had toward significant people in their lives. Origin is in childhood

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Transference

answer

The \"unreal\" relationship therapy

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stress

answer

an event or series of events that leads to strain

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empathy fatigue

answer

a form of stress. themes of loss, grief, traumatic stress. happens when stories mirror their own.

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burnout

answer

a state of physical, emotional, intellectual, & spiritual depletion. Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.

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therapist decay

answer

a long process that leads to burnout

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Impairment

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presence of a chronic illness and/or severe psychological depletion.

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Self-care

answer

is ongoing, preventative activity for mental health workers

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value neutrality

answer

the idea that therapists can and should keep their values out of therapy

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value imposition

answer

the counselor directly attempting to influence a client to adopt their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

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Assessment

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a process of looking at all the potential influences on a client's problem

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Rational Suicide

answer

a person has made the decision to end his/her life because of extreme suffering involved with terminal illness.

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Aid-in-dying

answer

providing a person with the means to die. Person self-administers lethal drug

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Hastened death

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Speeding up the death process by withholding or withdrawing treatment or life support

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Advance directives

answer

decisions a person makes about the end-of-life care

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Codes of Ethics

answer

provide general standards/guidelines

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Ethics

answer

study of right and wrong

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Jean Piaget

answer

child cognitive development

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Lawrence Kohlberg

answer

moral development

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Erik Erikson

answer

psychosocial stages of development

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William G. Perry

answer

adolescent/young adult cognitive development

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Daniel Levinson

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mid-life crisis

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Sigmund Freud

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psychoanalysis

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Harry Harlow

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Rhesus monkey studies with with wire vs. terry cloth mother

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Konraz Lorenz

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imprinting

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John Bowlby

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attachment & bonding

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Harry Stack Sullivan

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interpersonal theory

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Lev Vygotsky

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social developmental theory of learning

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Gerald Caplan

answer

mental health consultation model

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Edward Schein

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doctor-patient consultation model

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Carl G. Jung

answer

analytic psychology

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Alfred Adler

answer

individual psychology

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Eric Berne

answer

transactional analysis

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Viktor Frankl

answer

logotherapy

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Rollo May

answer

existential

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Carl R. Rogers

answer

person-centered

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Fritz Perls

answer

gestalt

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William Glasser

answer

reality therapy

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Ivan Pavlov

answer

classical conditioning

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B.F. Skinner

answer

operant conditioning

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Don Meichenbaum

answer

stress innoculation

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Aaron Beck

answer

cognitive therapy

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Albert Ellis

answer

rational emotive behavioral therapy

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Arnold Lazarus

answer

multimodal therapy

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Salvador Minuchin

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structural family therapy

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Virginia Satir

answer

conjoint family therapy

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Jay Haley

answer

strategic family therapy

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Murray Bowen

answer

family systems therapy

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Michael White

answer

constructivist therapy

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John B. Watson

answer

father of behaviorism

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Abraham Maslow

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hierarchy of needs

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Steve DeShazer

answer

solution-focused therapy

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Frank Parsons

answer

father of guidance

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E.G. Williamson

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trait-factor approach/Minnesota viewpoint

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Nathan Ackerman

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psychoanalytic family therapy

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Ann Roe

answer

career fields & levels

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A.A. Brill

answer

career - ego defense mechanisms (sublimation)

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John Holland

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career - personality approach (RIASEC)

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Donald Super

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career - developmental approach (life stage structure, developmental tasks, career patterns, career rainbow)

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John O. Crites

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career maturity

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Leon Festinger

answer

cognitive dissonance

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George Gazda

answer

formed ASGW Assoc. for Specialists in Group Work (division of ACA) (1970s) group leadership influences members/aggressive leaders= group casualitiesdevelpmtal group counseling to teach basic life skills (1980s)

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definition of a group

answer

collection of 2 or more individuals meet in face2face interaction interdependent awareness of belonging to group purpose to achieve mutually agreed-on goals

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group work

answer

to reach their mutual goals, which may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, or work related. The goals of the group may include: the accomplishment of tasks related to work, education, personal development, personal and interpersonal problem solving, or remediation of mental and emotional disorders.

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Purpose of group before 1900s

answer

primarily to distribute information to immigrants, poor, & those mental challenges

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moral therapy

answer

philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating mentally ill people with compassion and understanding, rather than shackling them in chains (before 1900s)

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Jane Addams

answer

social worker and leader in the settlement house movement; she founded Hull House in 1889 (Forerunner to T-groups) which helped improve the lives of poor immigrants in Chicago, used to help them understand selves & environment. Now is known as group social work

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Joseph Pratt

answer

Boston physician, formed the first formal not education/task but counseling/therapy group 1905-1923; formed group with issues of tuberculosis

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Jesse Davis

answer

the principal of Grand Rapids High School in Michigan designed 1st children's group to stress the funtionality of a group as an environment in which students learn life skills, values, & citizenship. 1907

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Army Alpha and Beta intelligence test

answer

psychological group test (1909-1919) groups were used to treat fatigued soldier

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J. M. Levy

answer

actually Jacob Moreno published paper on group methods under that name, stressed the psychoanalytic/social psychological perspectives of individuals working together

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collective counseling

answer

Adler (1920) child guidance group in Vienna, group approach to understand child's problem were related to family issues

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Jacob Moreno

answer

WWII produced shortage of counselors in US hence term 'group therapy' & 'group psychotherapy' (1931), father of psychodrama (1920s), found that individuals involved in theatric productions w/o scripts (role-play) had cathartic reaction (curative): \"act out feelings\" founder, American Society of Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama (ASGPP) (1940s)

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1930-1939

answer

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) formed group guidance & educational publications increased \"guidance hour\" in schools to establish friendly relationships, discover needs & abilities, & develop right attitude toward home, school, & community group work recognized as a specialty

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phyloanalysis

answer

Trigant Burrow (leader) studied how social forces affect behavior, stressing biological & interactive principles of group behavior (phylo) (1930s) beginning of psychoanalytic group therapy

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Samuel Slavson

answer

Originally an engineer, but eventually developed group therapy using play therapy. Founder of American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA)

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Kurt Lewin

answer

Is credited with the term 'group dynamics' his approach field theory ( interaction btwn individuals & their environment) interested in what motivated individuals. (1940s) help establish basic skills training group which evolved to T-groups (training groups) applied feedback to group work Gestalt psychologists \"here & now\" group discussions superior to individual instruction for changing people's ideas & behavior

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Wilfred Bion

answer

focused on group cohesiveness and group dynamics that promoted the progression of a group. broke away from Freud such as family is basic group characterized emotional patterns as work group \"W\" or basic assumption \"BA\" anti-work group (1940s)

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Rudolph Dreikurs

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Adler's student, first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice; also introduced Adlerian principals to the treatment of children - parent groups

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John Bell

answer

treated family as strangers in group therapy open discussion to solve family problem

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Virginia Satir

answer

was often empathic with the family. She identified five styles of relating with a family. To explore relationships within the family, she used techniques such as family sculpting and taking a family life chronology. (1950s)

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Nathan Ackerman

answer

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling, was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between then. Prior to Ackerman, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions. cure dysfunction (1950s)

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Gregory Bateson

answer

known for seeing families in similar ways to machines

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encounter groups

answer

Carl Rogers personal growth groups emphasizes personal development (1970s) also sensitivity group focuses on individual's awareness of emotions & behavior of others

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total quality group

answer

work groups in Japan to address quality issues (1950s)

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marathon group

answer

help individuals to become more honest, real, genuine w/self George Bach & Fred Stoller (1960s)

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Esalen Institute

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Institute established in the 1960s to explore human potential Fritz Perls - Gestalt therapy in group setting

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Eric Berne

answer

father of Transactional Analysis (TA) - who put Freud in everyday lingo with Parent ego [Superego], filled with shoulds, oughts, and musts to guide morality. (1960s)

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William Schutz

answer

illustrated through group work those individuals can take care of their interpersonal needs for inclusion, control, and affection through groups and stressed the use of nonverbal communication such as touching or hugging in groups. (1960s)

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Jack Gibb

answer

studied competitive & cooperative behaviors as contagious in groups; behavior in 1 sparks behavior in others (1960s)

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Yalom 11 Curative Factors (1971)

answer

-Imparting information -Installation of hope -Universality -Altruism -Corrective reenactment -Development of social interaction techniques -Imitative behaviors -Interpersonal learning -Existential factors -Catharsis -Group cohesion

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groupthink

answer

Irving Janis created the term to emphasize the detrimental power that groups may exert over member to force them to conform (1971)

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general (group) system theory

answer

James Durkin (1980s) examines how circular causality (systemically) as opposed to linear causality (cause &effect) can be used in groups

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Decade of Ethics

answer

1980s Code of Ethics drafted & formed then revised in 1989

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dialectic behavior therapy

answer

Marsha Linehan (1990s) CBT therapy involves skills training in problem-solving techniques, emotional regulation, and interpersonal skills; relatively new treatment for borderline personality disorder and related conditions involving dysregulation and impulsivity

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cooperative learning groups

answer

a method of instruction that has students working together in groups, usually with the goal of completing a specific task. (1990s)

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focus groups

answer

small groups of people (representative sample) brought together to talk about issues or candidates. (1990s) Too small to provide estimates of public opinion, but they are useful for testing the appeal of ads, terms, slogans, ect.

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group leader training

answer

focus on intentional modeling identifying critical incidents for members examining event & member reaction deriving meaning & self-understanding from events applying new understanding towards personal change

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3 primary contact groups

answer

group guidance: preventive & growth engendering group counseling: preventive, growth, & remedial group psychotherapy: remedial Gazda states group move on continuum

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TRAC model

answer

delineates group process & management and types of specialty groups nature of management (x-axis): facilitation to leadership nature of group process (y-axis): task achievement to process enhancement

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TRAC model quadrants

answer

Contacting: process & catalytic function Acquiring: access & expansion of info and awareness Relating: restructure/rehearsal new behavior Tasking: control, efficiency, achievement

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Johari Window

answer

A model of mutual understanding that encourages disclosure and feedback to increase our own open area and reduce the blind, hidden, and unknown areas.

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Johari Window Quadrants

answer

I. Open: info known to self & others II. Hidden: info known to self & not others III. Blind: unknown to self & know by others IV. Unknown: unknown to self & others

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psychoeducation groups

answer

education is treatment & perceptions may change these groups provide education and skill building for growth and prevention, management, and remediation of problems. structured by central theme/particular population used in schools & community and by social services, mental health agencies, and universities,

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counseling groups

answer

focus on interpersonal process and problem-solving strategies that stress conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior. remedial, mild, & situational problems outcome: growth & development, self-awareness leader emphasizes \"here & now\" and encourages growth, helps set goals & create plan to obtain

question

psychotherapy group

answer

It is depth-oriented remedial and rehabilitative for more serious problems. It is supportive, reconstructive, involves depth analysis, is analytical, focuses on the unconsious, emphasis on neurotics and serve emotional problems, and is long term. reconstruct personality or character of members lead by a professional with advanced training.

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personal growth group

answer

sometimes referred to as support groups, aim to help members cope with particular difficulties. developmental issues that arise in transitions less focused on personality of individuals short-term and intensive for personal growth leader technique increase open communication, increase emotional experience and self-awareness

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self-help group

answer

Leaderless or nonprofessionally guided groups in which members assist each other with a specific problem, voluntary groups of people who share the same problem (overheating, gambling, drug addiction, etc) - Members meet regularly, often with a therapist present to: - Discuss problems - Share solutions - Give and receive support (ex: Alcoholics Anonymous)

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task facilitation group

answer

focuses on training & consciousness raising help members develop skills to interact effectively w/ others in task-oriented interpersonal settings leader techniques to increase self-awareness as it relates to sensitivity to others improve functioning tasks center around problem-solving & decision making

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closed group

answer

Shuts its gates after the start of therapy (or after 1-3 sessions). Often these groups are brief therapy groups. Meet weekly for 6 month or less. Long term closed groups mostly in prisons, etc. promotes cohesiveness

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open group

answer

New members can join after the group begins, allows for more group stability. Disadvantage is groups members that are added late miss some information or experiences.

question

ideal length of session

answer

1.5 hours, even if critical issues being discussed (for adults). Longer than this people lose attention span/fatigue group members. Children's groups should be shorter and meet more frequently (1hr)

question

ideal size of group

answer

6-8 members, could be less with elementary aged children (3-4)

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group dynamics

answer

the forces operating in groups that affect the way members relate to and work with one another. the process through which inputs are translated into outputs, influences individual behavior. Lewin thought that many factors contribute to it

question

ideal group duration

answer

6-16 sessions (shorter for children)

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group content

answer

information within and purpose of the group

question

group process

answer

Refers to interaction (verbal & non-verbal) between the group members. Also includes the different roles that people assume in a group. As the group develops more time is spent on process than content.

question

7 types of group processes

answer

contagion, conflict , anxiety, consensual validation, universality, family reenactment, instillation of hope

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contagion

answer

an emotional/physical reaction from the group, one member cries other members cry, the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people

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conflict

answer

all groups experience it; depends on how leader handle it makes a difference

question

consensual validation

answer

checking one's behavior with others; done by questioning, confronting, & affirming individually or with a group

question

subgrouping

answer

two or more members develop a group within a group

question

factors in preplanning a group

answer

• clarifying of purpose: what is the group to accomplish • group setting: an environment that's quiet, comfortable •time & size: how long & how many •membership: heterogeneous or homogeneous •goals: expected or planned outcomes •commitment: voluntary or mandatory •openness: consideration of new ideas & actions •risk taking: willingness to engage new thoughts & behaviors •attitudes: how members & leaders perceive tasks & others

question

content questions

answer

• What do we have to do? • What do we need to do to accomplish our goals? *warm-up

question

process questions

answer

• Who am I? • Who am I with you? *warm-up • Who are we together? *action

question

system terms

answer

• Differentiating: taking care of their needs by themselves • Integrating: doing things with others members constantly deciding to between the two. leader helps members balance between them.

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group structure

answer

• refers to both the physical setup of a group as well as the interaction of each group member in relation to the group as a whole physical structure should be practical (circle, chain, wheel, Y, theatre style)

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group exercises

answer

promote a positive atmosphere, used as a catalyst to activate groups, encourage members to take risk, provide learning to move group, help or shift focus, increase risk taking, increase comfortability timing & instruction are everything

question

Theatre of Spontaneity

answer

1st step into psychodrama

question

types of group exercises

answer

verbal interpersonal activities - introducing oneself to the group and answering questions non-verbal interpersonal - \"changing seats\"—asking select members or an entire group to change seats Intrapersonal activities: an exercise is done alone at first and then shared and explored with others at a later time verbal intrapersonal - draw a picture & share non-verbal intrapersonal - body relaxation techniques

question

group interaction

answer

the way members relate to one another •consists of nonverbal and verbal behaviors and the attitudes that go with them. •The meaning of nonverbal behaviors cannot be assumed • on a continuum, from extremely nondirective to highly directive track who speaks to whom & how often member speaks, observe silence

question

member's role

answer

• \"a dynamic structure within an individual (based on needs, cognitions, and values), which usually comes to life under the influence of social stimuli or defined positions\" (Munich & Astrachan, 1983, p. 20). manifestation based on that individual's expectation of self and others and the interaction one has in particular groups and situations roles do not define overall identity of individual; though, they influence how they act

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facilitative/building role

answer

adds to the functioning of the group in a positive way. initiators in the group

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maintenance role

answer

relationship building group behavior. Supportive, and constructive interpersonal relationships, helps balance

question

blocking role

answer

behavior that inhibits either team performance or that of individual members; anti group/outsider

question

role collision

answer

conflict between the role and individual plays in the ouside world and the one experienced with the group ex. an active participant

question

Role incompatibility

answer

member is given a role within the group that s/he does not want or is comfortable with

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Role confusion/ambiguity

answer

member does not know what role to perform; this usually happens in a leaderless group

question

Role transition

answer

member expected to move from one role to another as the group progresses and individual doesn't feel comfortable doing so

question

Irvin Yalom

answer

the first specialists in group work to delineate positive primary group variables based on research he conducted with others on therapy groups. positive variables = 11 curative factors

question

sociometry

answer

study of group relationships

question

Yalom's negative group variables

answer

•avoiding conflict: silencing those who disagree w/group •abdicating group responsibilities: takes no responsibility & place all on leader •psychic numbing: anesthetizing to contradictions within the group •becoming narcissistic: encouraging cohesiveness w/ hatred

question

ways to learn group dynamics

answer

• Videotaping • Journaling • Outdoor experiences • Simulation games for team building • Sociometrics • Learning integration

question

3 basic styles of group leadership (Lewin)

answer

authoritarian, democratic, & laissez-faire

question

authoritarian leader

answer

Theory X - leader is the expert, tends to be rigid & conventional in their beliefs, controlling structure: wheel b/c leader centered group emphasis on personality of one giving that person much power & trust (leader-centered) good during crisis or chaos

question

democratic leader

answer

Theory Y - trust members to develop their own potential & others cooperate, collaborate, & share power w/ members self-awareness & develop the guru within (Rogers) good for openness & establishing trust

question

laissez-faire leader

answer

leader does not provide structure or direction for group. group-centered focusing on members & interpersonal processes. slow to establish agenda & set goals used to decrease intimidation, increase like ability usually leads to no accomplishment

question

Theory Z leader

answer

leader that encourage members to participate & trust members to meet individual and collective goals thru interaction

question

leaderless group

answer

group for mutual support, usually end creating some leadership style that is comfortable to the group

question

group leader skills different from individual

answer

facilitating: open up communication protecting: protect member for attack of other members blocking: stop counterproductive behavior

question

linking

answer

intervention used to connect one member to one or more other members. connecting persons with one another by pointing out to them what they share in common.

question

diagnosing

answer

leader identifies certain behaviors & categorizes it. based on leader observation (for example, observation of group blaming instead of productive). leader looks for ways to overcome these behaviors

question

reality testing

answer

member has to make a major decision. other members give input to the member

question

modification

answer

designed to get potentially productive feedback from a group member. member gave negative feedback to the member; leader tries to persuade member to restate feedback constructively

question

delegating

answer

leader gives members task like observing or maybe leading - to share responsibility.

question

creativity

answer

insight, meaning, & synergy occur with it. leaders should be skilled in divergent in ways of thinking & behaving.

question

group leader roles

answer

traffic director: make members aware of behaviors that promote or inhibit communication modeler of appropriate behavior: interactional catalyst: promote interaction w/o saying it (ex. may look at member when needs to respond) communicator facilitator: leader reflect feelings & content

question

withdrawal from conflict

answer

leader distance from conflict & postpones interventions. good for further observation to collect data w/o becoming overly involved. help to avoid taking sides disadv: conflict may escalate & ineffective in dealing with crisis

question

suppressing conflict

answer

down play conflict when issues are minor & unimportant and relationship is more important. disadv: doesn't resolve issue & feeling may erupt later leader may be seen as weak or insensitive

question

integrating conflict

answer

consensus is the idea; get all members to reexamine a situation & identify points of agreement. (ex. mediation -3rd party hears conflict & render decision) increase group commitment disadv: very timely to implement & resistance of members set aside own goals for the group

question

use of compromise to resolve conflict

answer

giving up a little to avoid conflict. win-win in cooperative behavior & collaborative efforts. good when resources are limited & members are flexible (ex. negotiation) disadv: individuals may inflate wants for larger gain & final outcome may ineffective or less desirable

question

use of power to resolve conflict

answer

imposition of one will over another. power is based on status or personality. position power (immature relationships) personal power (mature relationship) individual uses ability to persuade. good to solve problems quickly (limited time) and save relationships & alleviate resentment & revenge

question

co-leadership

answer

Sharing of leadership between two therapists: needed when there are a lot of group members The goal is to increase observations, knowledge and skills, model effective behaviors works best they have similar philosophy & group style

question

advantages of co-leadership

answer

ease of handling difficult situations use of modeling feedback from different perspective helps avoid burnout shared specialized knowledge pragmatics: ability to cover for one another

question

limitations of co-leadership

answer

lack of coordinated efforts too leader focused competition between leaders collusion: co-leader form alliance w/ group member to address disliked qualities of the other leader

question

types of co-leadership

answer

alternated, shared, apprenticed

question

cutting off

answer

used to stop members from continuing to ramble & help focus \"you seem to be repeating yourself, see if you can make a sentence & let's hear from someone else.\" making sure that new material is not introduced into the group too late in the session for the group to deal with it adequately

question

drawing off

answer

directly invites members to comment or give input; used to encourage participation or go deeper \"What your thoughts about that\"

question

holding focus

answer

helps members focus on specific topic or person for a length of time. \"Let's conclude our focus on risk-taking before we move on\"

question

Tuckman & Jensen stages (5)

answer

Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning

question

Gazda stages (4)

answer

exploratory, transition, action, termination

question

Trotzer stages (5)

answer

security, acceptance, responsibility, work, closing

question

Yalom stages (4)

answer

1. orientation 2. conflict 3. cohesion 4. termination

question

Corey stages (9)

answer

formation, orientation/exploration, transition, working, consolidation/termination, follow-up/evaluation

question

Gladding stages (9)

answer

forming/orientation, transition (storming/norming), performing/working, mourning/termination

question

steps to forming a group

answer

Step 1: Developing a Rationale for the Group Step 2: Deciding on a Theoretical Format Step 3: Weighing Practical Considerations Step 4: Publicizing the Group Step 5: Screening and Pre-training and Step 6: Selecting Group Members Step 7. Selecting a Group Leader

question

Tasks of beginning a group

answer

Dealing with apprehension: anxiety Reviewing members' goals and contracts: individual and/or group; restate purpose & have members state goal Specifying more clearly or reiterating group rules (summarizing): rationale behind each rule Setting limits Promoting a positive interchange among members so they will want to continue (Weiner, 1984

question

screening of group members

answer

essential to screen to determine if the group is right for the individual at the particular time. prescreening for group: identify needs, expectations, & commitment challenge myths & misconceptions convey information

question

pre-training

answer

orienting group members on what to expect of the group before it ever meet

question

ideal candidate for group

answer

individual who has a specific goal, who has lessen the fears of a group, who are comfortable with their role & surroundings, must be willing to contribute, mature (immature, self-centered, hostile, closed individual are not ideal for group)

question

heterogeneous vs. homogeneous group

answer

hetero: best for intensive group therapy with focus on personality change homo: best for support & have focused; task groups

question

group leader skills - promoting positive interchange

answer

be enthusiastic drawing out holding the focus on interesting topics shifting the focus when irrelevant/uninteresting cutting off hostile

question

manipulators

answer

subtle ways or not so use of feelings & behaviors members use to get what they want. angry & unresolved issues of control fix: reframing destructive acts in positive way

question

resisters

answer

angry or frustrated & don't wan to participate, act as barriers. fix: drawing out and/or confront & interpret in a reflective manner

question

monopolizers

answer

dominates the conversation of the group, not allowing others to participate fix: cutting off

question

silent members

answer

sign of hostility or shyness, nonassertive reflecting or delay in assessing feelings. fix: drawing out, & acceptance by group

question

users of sarcasm

answer

mask of feelings with smart language; help member express anger more directly & get feedback from other members

question

opening a group

answer

known as the critical incident in the life of the group general lead, opening statement with purpose, intro exercise...Q&A

question

beginning a group - structure

answer

promotes group cooperation, decreases anxiety, inclusion, but restrict responsibility & freedom question is what degree of structure members look to lead for structure & answers

question

beginning a group - involvement

answer

structured exercises are creative way to do it. discussing info & specific concerns to the group helps

question

beginning a group - group cohesion

answer

we-ness, expressive arts best to help; doesn't fully manifest until norming. universality helps also.

question

joining

answer

the process by which members connect with one another psychologically and physically - icebreakers

question

clarifying the purpose

answer

Sometimes members unintentionally bring up material that is not appropriate for a beginning session or the overall purpose of the group

question

transition period

answer

after the forming & before the norming stage (2nd or 3rd session)

question

storming

answer

members begin to compete with others to find their place in the group, involves struggles over power & control, can be overt (e.g., arguing) and covert (e.g., withdrawal), Associated with a lot of fears

question

primary tension

answer

awkwardness about being in a strange group

question

secondary tension

answer

intragroup conflict

question

quiet storming

answer

form of avoidance of conflict, may get stuck if conflict is avoid or dwelled on. then conflict become destructive.

question

conflict resolution

answer

views conflict as negative & destructive; focus is to end it

question

conflict management

answer

conflict can be positive, needs to be direct towards a constructive dialogue. helps overcome resistance, release tension, strengthen relationships

question

informational power

answer

those who know more or \"have information\" have power

question

influential power

answer

based on persuasion or manipulation to influence

question

authoritative power

answer

influence based on position

question

resistance

answer

behavior that moves the group away from conflict, discomfort, conflict, or potential growth. leader should not react with resistance & defensiveness

question

intellectualization

answer

use of sophisticated words & thoughts to avoid dealing with personal feelings

question

questioning

answer

using questions to disguise statements \"safety net\" leader can ask members to make \"I\" statements and phrase questions as a statement

question

advice giving

answer

instructing other member on what to do in order to avoid dealing with own issues

question

band-aiding

answer

misuse of support; overly supportive of others to avoid fully expressing own emotional pain

question

dependency

answer

encourages band-aiders & advice-givers, present themselves as helpless & incapable but will not receive feedback

question

attack on the leader

answer

most direct form of resistance, contribute to subgrouping, could be justified. leader should address immediately & determine underlying variables in a non defensive, open manner

question

task processing in storming

answer

regresses during storming, more focus on personal matters

question

scapegoat

answer

project the group's issues on to one person

question

working thru storming

answer

process observer leveling: draw out silent members & bring understanding to overly active members talk thru as a group feedback (informal - verbal or formal - rounds, logs)

question

conflict management orientations

answer

Competing: dominating Accommodating: appeasing Avoiding: neglecting Collaborating: integrating Compromising: sharing

question

norms

answer

rules or expectations of the group; may be unclear, confusing, ambiguous, restrictive. based on input of everyone

question

relationship in norming

answer

identification here & now experiences: best to help group make progress to deal w/ immediate feelings & interactions hope, cooperation, collaboration, cohesion

question

task processing in norming

answer

goals for members to reach agreement on norms from which the group will operate, also commitment

question

aspects of norming

answer

behaviors & feelings indicate the group is moving toward one another SYMLOG

question

promoting norming

answer

supporting, empathizing, facilitating, self-disclosure results of norming: members feel connected & ready to move on to be productive, have guidelines to operate, feel about themselves & the group

question

working stages

answer

focuses on achievement of goals (individual & group) productivity and movement into unified & productive system 40-60% group time willing to try new behaviors & strategies

question

task processing in working stages

answer

rounds: equal input to express ideas & concerns role-playing: focus on behaviors & consequences ***trust & care vital in role-playing homework: practice outside group setting incorporation: personal awareness & appreciation for the group & accomplishment

question

problem in the working stages

answer

racial & gender issues: conflict result of this group collusion: self-preservation (ex. agrees with the boss to keep from being fired. fix: devil's advocate procedure

question

culturally encapsuated

answer

individuals who hold cultural stereotypes & hold to them and act based on those

question

signs of working stage

answer

sense of trust & cohesion, work in the present, take risks self-disclosing, deal with conflict, open & honest communication & feedback w/o fear, accept responsibility for their role

question

assisting in working stage

answer

modeling by leader, exercises group observing group: fishbowl procedure brainstorming, nominal-group technique (NGT): comes with individual ideas then create system to choose collective idea synectics: excursion - members take a break to engage in fantasy, present ideal situation to group group processing, teach skills

question

outcome of working stages

answer

achieved goals, combined group vision, learning & sharing of ideas & info among members. humor is helpful in the working stages

question

corrective emotional experience

answer

another benefit of the working stage. member takes risk to express strong emotion, group helps member recognize inappropriateness of certain feelings & behavior or avoidance of it.

question

primary activities of termination

answer

reflect on their past experiences evaluate what has been learned process memories, acknowledge ambivalent feelings engage in cognitive decision making (Wagenheim & Gemmill, 1994) practice how you want to say \"good-bye\" you get to have a choice about how you want to say \"goodbye\"

question

proper termination

answer

Proper preparation for ending a group begins in the planning stage. Termination occurs on two levels in groups: at the end of each session, and at the end of a certain number of group sessions

question

Who is the \"expert\" in the client's life?

answer

The client is the expert.

question

Support Self-Efficacy

answer

Elicit and support hope, optimism, possibility of change. Look for strengths in client and bring to forefront. Believe that your client is capable of change. Talk about similar situations that changed their behavior Clients need to believe that their long-term success starts with a single step forward. Education can increase self-efficacy Assist client in enhancing their self-efficacy by allowing them to see baby steps.

question

Affirming Statements

answer

Help promote self-efficacy. \"That must have been very difficult for you.\" \"That's a good suggestion\"

question

Denying

answer

the client uses blame, excuses, or pessimism to express unwillingness to recognize problems, cooperate, or accept responsibility.

question

Arguing

answer

the client starts contesting the accuracy, expertise, or integrity of the clinician.

question

Ignoring

answer

the client shows evidence of ignoring or not following th clinician by being inattentive, not answering, or sidetracking.

question

Resistance

answer

Can occur when clients experience a conflict between their view of the \"problem\" or the \"solution\" and the counselors.

question

Principals of motivational interviewing

answer

Express Empathy - seeing the world through the clients eyes. Develop Discrepancy - help clients see where they are and where they might want to be. Avoid Argument and Direct Confrontation - convincing clients that they have a problem may cause resistance. Roll with Resistance - there will be times of resistance, be prepared. Support Self-Efficacy - clients belief that change is possible and that they can make those changes even in difficult situations.

question

Autonomy and what holds control

answer

Having a self-directing freedom; moral independence. It is what happens when clients makes their own choices. The client holds control.

question

Spirit of motivational interviewing

answer

It is not a technique. Collaborative, Evocative, Honors Autonomy

question

Ambivalence

answer

Clients have motivation and they also have doubt. Ambivilance was once thought to be a sign of resistance. Ambivilance is a \"natural state\". When a client shows ambivilance giving advice is the last thing a counselor should do., instead meet them where they are and respect their freedom.

question

Eliciting change talk

answer

Counselor must learn to elicit change talk because it doesn't always happen. For example: \"If you were going to change your heroin use, why would you do it?\" \"How important would you say changing your smoking is right now?\"

question

Ambivilance

answer

Having \"mixed\" feeling about someone or something; being unable to chose between the two (usually opposing) courses of action. \"I want to lose weight but I'm not sure if I want to give up sweets\"

question

Most important tool as a counselor

answer

ME, MYSELF AND I..I am the most important tool!

question

Biorhythms

answer

Refers to an individuals sleep, menstral and hunger cycle

question

What things impact an individuals drug use physiologically?

answer

Receptors in the brain. Homeostasis, Rebound and Withdrawal, Age, Gender

question

What is the tendency to movre towards equilibrium?

answer

Our systems striving to maintain homeostasis.

question

What occurs when a drug has receptor affinity without efficacy?

answer

Allows the drug to occupy the receptor and block neuro-transmission.

question

What are catecholamines

answer

A group of neurotransmitters with similar chemical composition.

question

What group of neurotransmitters have similar chemical compositions?

answer

Catecholamines

question

Which neurotransmitters are known as naturally occuring morphine like compounds?

answer

Endorphins

question

Which neurotransmitter is probably the most widely distributed neurotransmitter?

answer

Acetylcholine

question

Which neurotransmitter is also referred to as 5-hydroxytriptamine?

answer

Serotonin

question

What is the term for the amount of time required to matabolize and excrete 1/2 dose?

answer

Half-life

question

Which organ matabolizes drugs and alcohol?

answer

The liver

question

What is the difference between intra-muscular injections, inhalation, intra-venus injection & oral ingestion?

answer

Muscular injections is rapid due to the greater blood supply in muscles. Inhalation, drugs move from lungs to bloodstream through capilary walls Intravenous involves putting drug directly into the bloodstream. Oral ingestion, drugs from GI tract travel through veins first to the liver, where they may be metabolized.

question

What are two physiological processes of the drug user?

answer

Pharmacokinetics - body's obsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug. Pharmacodynamics - the neurological functioning of the user.

question

What is effective dose?

answer

The dose required to produce a particualr effect in a certain proportion of the population.

question

What is lethal dose?

answer

The dose required to kill a particular proportion of the recipients.

question

What is the difference between efficacy and affinity?

answer

Efficacy is the stimulatory power of the drug on the receptor. Affinity is the drug's ability to attach itself to , or bind with a receptor, or site of action.

question

What is determined by the efficacy and affinity of a drug?

answer

Whether or not the drug will have an effect on the user.

question

What is the term used to describe the desired affect of a drug or the reason it is used?

answer

Therapeutic Effect

question

What are some factors that affect a drugs effects?

answer

Characteristics of the drug. Physiological functioning of the user. Psychological state of the user. Sociocultural environment in which the drug is used.

question

What do we call short term treatment centers that are designed to oversee the clients safe withdrawal?

answer

Detoxification Center

question

What two broad catagories are discussed in your text and slides that counselors might work with clients with chemical dependent issues?

answer

General Community Settings and Specialized Substance Abuse Settings

question

What ways might counselors have to advocate on behalf of their clients?

answer

Negotiating service systems Helping clients gain access to resources Identifying barriers to clients' well being Developing and carrying out action plans for change Working to influence public policy

question

Which two conditions leads to which when talking about addiction?

answer

Substance abuse can lead to addiction (and not the other way around).

question

What four theories emphasize the importance of the social context and clients?

answer

1. Social control theory 2. Behavioral choice theory 3. Social leaning theory 4. Stress and coping theory

question

Social Control Theory

answer

emphasizes the degree to which \"strong bonds with family, school, work, religion, and other aspects of traditional society motivate individuals to engage in responsible behaviors and refrain from substance abuse.

question

Behavioral Choice Theory

answer

Sees substance abuse as less likely to occur when the individual's environment provides reinforcements that serve as alternatives to the reinforcing effects of substance use.

question

Social Learning Theory

answer

Emphasizes that the modeling effects of drug-related attitudes and behaviors are prevalent in teh individual's environment.

question

Stress and Coping Theory

answer

Explains that stressors in the social environment can lead to substance abuse in teh absence of healthier coping skills.

question

What can often determine an individuals character traits?

answer

Situation and context

question

What skews the ways in which people explain human behaviors?

answer

Human beings overestimate the importance of fundamental character traits and underestimate the importance of situations and context when they try to interpret other people's behaviors.

question

Does one particular treatment work for everyone?

answer

NO

question

What is the definition of Substance Abuse?

answer

A condition in which an individual exhibits one or more of the following behaviors over a 12 month period.

question

What kind of process is it that helps the clients progress towards mutually approved treament goals?

answer

A collaborative process

question

The Multiaxial System of Diagnosis

answer

Axis I - Clinical (anything listed in the DSM - excl. Axis II category) Axis II - Personality and Mental Retardation Axis III - Medical Diagnosis (may influence a psychiatric condition) Axis IV - Psychosocial and Environmental considerations Axis V - GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning)

question

Panic Disorder - Diagnosis

answer

Both (1) and (2) (1) recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks (2) at least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one (or more) of the following: (a) persistent concern about having additional attacks (b) worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, \"going crazy\") (c) a significant change in behavior related to the attacks ALSO: The Panic Attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism). ALSO: The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., occurring on exposure to feared social situations), Specific Phobia (e.g., on exposure to a specific phobic situation), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., on exposure to dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., in response to stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., in response to being away from home or close relatives).

question

Panic Disorder - Symptoms

answer

A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes: 1) palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate 2) sweating 3) trembling or shaking 4) sensations of shortness of breath or smothering 5) feeling of choking 6) chest pain or discomfort 7) nausea or abdominal distress 8) feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint 9) derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself) 10) fear of losing control or going crazy 11) fear of dying 12) paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) 13) chills or hot flushes

question

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Diagnosis

answer

DSM-IV Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A. The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present: (1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others (2) the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. Note: In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior. B. The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one (or more) of the following ways: (1) recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions. Note: In young children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the trauma are expressed. (2) recurrent distressing dreams of the event. Note: In children, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content. (3) acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (includes a sense of reliving the experience, illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, including those that occur upon awakening or when intoxicated). Note: In young children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur. (4) intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event. (5) physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event. C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following: (1) efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma (2) efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma (3) inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma (4) markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities (5) feeling of detachment or estrangement from others (6) restricted range of affect (e.g., unable to have loving feelings) (7) sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) of the following: (1) difficulty falling or staying asleep (2) irritability or outbursts of anger (3) difficulty concentrating (4) hypervigilance (5) exaggerated startle response E. Duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criteria B, C, and D) is more than one month. F. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Specify if: Acute: if duration of symptoms is less than 3 months Chronic: if duration of symptoms is 3 months or more Specify if: With Delayed Onset: if onset of symptoms is at least 6 months after the stressor

question

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Symptoms

answer

Re-experiencing symptoms include ways in which the person persistently re-experiences the traumatic event. These symptoms may include the following: - Intrusive memories of the traumatic event - Recurrent, distressing dreams about the traumatic event - Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event is reoccurring -Mental and physical discomfort when reminded of the traumatic event (e.g., on the anniversary of the traumatic event) Avoidant symptoms are ways in which the person tries to avoid anything associated with the traumatic event. These symptoms may also include a \"numbing\" effect, where the person's general response to people and events is deadened. Avoidant symptoms include the following: - Avoiding thoughts or feelings, people or situations (anything that could stir up memories) associated with the traumatic event - Not being able to recall an important aspect of the traumatic event - Reduced interest or participation in significant activities - Feeling disconnected from others - Showing a limited range of emotion - Having a sense of a shortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a normal life span, marriage or career) Symptoms of increased arousal may be similar to symptoms of anxiety or panic attacks. Increased arousal symptoms include the following: - Difficulty concentrating - Exaggerated watchfulness and wariness - Irritability or outbursts of anger - Difficulty falling or staying asleep - Being easily startled

question

Agorophobia Diagnosis

answer

A) anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected or situationally predisposed Panic Attack or panic-like symptoms. Agoraphobic fears typically involve characteristic clusters of situations that include being outside the home alone; being in a crowd, or standing in a line; being on a bridge; and traveling in a bus, train, or automobile. B) The situations are avoided (e.g., travel is restricted) or else are endured with marked distress or with anxiety about having a Panic Attack or panic-like symptoms, or require the presence of a companion. C) The anxiety or phobic avoidance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., avoidance limited to social situations because of fear of embarrassment), Specific Phobia (e.g., avoidance limited to a single situation like elevators), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., avoidance of dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., avoidance of stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., avoidance of leaving home or relatives).

question

Euphoria

answer

the predominant affect during manic episodes

question

Dysthymic Disorder

answer

The main symptom of dysthymia is a low, dark, or sad mood on most days for at least 2 years. In children and adolescents, the mood can be irritable instead of depressed and may last for at least 1 year. In addition, two or more of the following symptoms will be present almost all of the time that the person has dysthymia: Feelings of hopelessness Too little or too much sleep Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Poor appetite or overeating Poor concentration

question

CMHC Community Mental Health Centers

answer

Kentucky has 15 CMHC's

question

Criteria for Abnormal Behavior

answer

1. Unusualness 2. Social Deviance 3. Faulty Perceptions or faulty interpretations of reality 4. Significant personal distress 5. Maladaptive or self-defeating behavior 6. Dangerousness

question

GOAL of Abnormal Psychology

answer

To describe, predict and explain behavior.

question

Psychological Disorder:

answer

Abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior.

question

Abnormal Psychology

answer

The branch of psychology that deals with the description, causes and treatment of abnormal behavior patterns.

question

Medical Model

answer

A biological perspective in which abnormal behavior is viewed as symptomatic of underlying illness.

question

US Surgeon General on Mental Health

answer

MH reflects the complex interaction of brain functioning and environmental illness. Treatments exist for most MH disorders including psychotherapy, counseling and psychopharmacologic or drug therapies. (Treatment is most effective when both are combined). 15% of American adults receive some form of help each year, many who need help do not receive it. Mental Health is best understood when we take a broad view and consider the social and cultural contexts in which they occur.

question

The Demonological Model

answer

1. Historically, abnormal behavior was thought to be caused by the inhalation of evil spirits. 2. Treatment: TREPHINATION - drilling the skull to provide an outlet for the spirits. 3. This idea remained until the Enlightenment era.

question

Origins of the Medical Model: ill humor

answer

(Hippocrates and Galen) 1. Illness was caused by natural causes. (not possession) 2. Health depended on the balance of body fluids. (humors) 3. Imbalance caused abnormal behavior. (very important in today's understanding chemical imbalances).

question

Medieval Times

answer

1. increase in supernatural beliefs as a cause of abnormal behavior. 2. Possession by evil spirits or the devil (Roman Catholic Church) 3. Treatment was exorcism, prayer, incantations, waiving a cross at the victim, beating, flogging, starvation and torture (rack).

question

Witchcraft

answer

1. Amounted to the massive persecution of women. 2. Church officials believed witches made pacts with the devil, practiced satanic rituals, ate babies, and poisoned crops. 3. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII decreed that withches be executed. 4. Manual for Witch Hunting \"Malleus Maleficarum\" (The Witches Hammer). 5. The Water-float Test: damned if you do, damned if you don't.

question

Asylums:

answer

Bedlam: 18th century. The patients at St. Mary's of Bethlehem Hospital in London were a source of entertainment. The public could buy tickets to watch. The conditions were appalling, patients were chained to the beds, and were forced to lie in their own waste.

question

Reform Movement

answer

(Jean-Baptiste Pussin and Philippe Pinel). 1. Wanted Humane Treatment. 2. Moral Therapy - to restore functioning. 3. Similar reforms were beginning to be practiced in England (William Tuke) and in the US (Dorothea Dix). 4. Benjamin Rush - the father of American Psychiatry. He recommended bloodletting, purging and ice-cold baths.

question

The Community Mental Health Movement

answer

1. 1963 congress enacted a nationwide system to offer alternatives to custodial care. 2. DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION 3. Phenothiazines (antipsychotic drugs) reduced the need for indefinite hospital stays, increased independent living. 4. Some MH hospitals were closed as a result.

question

Contemporary Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior

answer

a) Biological: Wilhelm Gresinger + Emil Kraeplin. Biological defects. Focus on treatment, not punishment. b) Psychological: Martin Charcot. Organic factors alone do not explain all abnormal behavior. (used hypnosis + influenced Freud). c) Freud reasoned that if hypnosis works, then abnormal origins must be psychological.....(outside conscious awareness). Developed the Psychodynamic model. (Personality)

question

The Sociocultural Perspecitive

answer

1. The causes of abnormal behavior may be found in the failures of society rather than the person. 2. Unemployment, poverty, family breakdown, injustice, ignorance and lack of opportunity, gender, social class, ethnicity and lifestyle. 3. Former practices are concerned with labeling and alienation.

question

The Biopsychosocial Approach

answer

1. Abnormal behavior is best understood by taking into account multiple causes representing the biological, psychological and sociocultural domains.

question

Ellis (ABC Model)

answer

A = Activating Event B = Belief C = Consequences A cognitive approach. Interpretation of events determine the emotional state. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck believe that distorted thinking patterns can lead to maladaptive behavior.

question

Diathesis Stress Model

answer

Abnormal behavior problems involve the interaction of a vulnerability or predisposition and stressful life events and experiences. Inherited predisposition (Diathesis) + Environmental stressors (Stress) = Psychological Disorder (development)

question

The Nervous System

answer

....is made up of neurons (nerve cells that transmit messages). 1. Every neuron has dendrites that receive messages from adjoining neurons. 2. Every neuron has an axon - which can extend several feet.

question

Neurotransmitters

answer

are the chemical substances that transmit messages from one neuron to another

question

Synapse

answer

is the junction between one neuron and another through which, nerve impulses pass.

question

Central Nervous System: (CNS)

answer

The brain and spinal cord (Master Control Unit)

question

Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS)

answer

The somatic and automatic nervous system

question

Acetylchloline (ACh)

answer

controls muscle contractions and formation of memories. There are reduced levels of ACh found in patients with Alzheimer Disease.

question

Dopamine

answer

regulation of muscle contractions and mental processes involving learning, memory and emotions. Overutilization of dopamine in the brain may be involved in the development of Scizophrenia.

question

Norepinephrine

answer

mental process involved in learning and memory. Irregularities of norepinephrine are linked with mood disorders such as depression.

question

Serotonin

answer

regulation of mood states and sleep. Irregularities are implicated in depression and eating disorders.

question

Major Defense Mechanisms in Psychodynamic Theory

answer

1. Repression - expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas or motives. (a person is unaware of harboring hateful or destructive impulses toward others). 2. Regression - the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development. (eg, suddenly becomes totally dependent on others). 3. Displacement - transferring unacceptable impulses away from their original objects onto safer or less-threatening objects. (slamming the door after an argument....is not angry with the door!) 4. Denial - refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire. (refusing to acknowledge an addiction, or, a person who nearly chokes someone and acts like it is no big deal). 5. Reaction Formation - behaving in a way that is the opposite of one's true wishes to keep them repressed. (a sexually frustrated person goes on a personal crusade to stamp out pornography). 6. Rationalization - the use of self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior. (cancer doesn't run in my family - to justify smoking) 7. Projection - imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another person. 8. Sublimation - channeling unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits.

question

Freud - Id, Ego, and Superego

answer

Id: the unconscious psychic structure, present at birth, contains primitive instincts and is regulated by the pleasure principle. (Unconscious) Ego: the psychic structure, that corresponds to the concept of the self, governed by the reality principle, and characterized by the ability to tolerate frustration. (Preconscious) Superego: the psychic structure that incorporates the values of the parents and important others and functions as a moral conscience. (Unconscious) --> Freud believed the unconscious is the repository of our basic biological impulses or drives (instincts). They are primarily sexual and aggressive instincts.

question

Pleasure Principle (ID)

answer

.....the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs.

question

Reality Principle (EGO)

answer

.....the governing principle of the ego, which involves considerations of social acceptability and practicality.

question

Defense Mechanisms (EGO)

answer

....the reality-distorting strategies used by the ego to shield the self from awareness from anxiety-provoking materials.

question

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

answer

1. Oral - first year of life. (sucking and biting is a source of both sexual gratification and nourishment). 2. Anal - second year. (sexual gratification is experienced through contraction and relaxation of the sphincter muscles). 3. Phallic - around 3rd year. (unconscious incestous wishes for the parent of the opposite gender/ rival same-sex parent) Oedipus + Electra complex. 4. Latency - (6 - 12 yrs) (sexual impulses are in a latent state, interests directed towards school and play activities. 5. Genital - (begins at puberty) - sexual gratification through intercourse.

question

Fixation:

answer

..... in Freudian Theory, a constellation of personality traits associated with a particular stage of psychosocial development, resulting from either too much or too little gratification at the stage results in fixation.

question

Archetypes:

answer

....primitive images or concepts that reside in the collective unconscious.

question

Ego Psychology

answer

....modern psychodynamic approach that focuses more on the conscious striving of the ego than on the hypothesized unconscious functions of the id.

question

Learning Models

answer

1. Behaviorism 2. Social Cognitive Theory 3. Humanistic

question

Behaviorism

answer

B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson - focused on studying behavior that was observable. Abnormal behavior is learned maladaptive behaviors. (Pavlov's dogs, Classical Conditioning; Operant conditioning,)

question

Social Cognitive Theory

answer

Bandura, Rotter, Mischel, Rogers Learning is obtained through observing and immitating. (Modelling)

question

Humanistic

answer

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = Self Actualization Rogers believed that people hurt one another or become antisocial in their behavior only when they are frustrated in their endeavors to reach their unique potentials > self discovery > self acceptance

question

DSM-IV-TR

answer

1. relies on the medical model 2. recognizes that causes can be social/psychological as well as biological in nature. 3. Mental state is assessed according to the five axes

question

Axis I: CLINICAL DISORDERS

answer

MENTAL DISORDERS: syndromes, includes anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (anything in the DSM excl. axis II)

question

Axis II: PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND MENTAL RETARDATION

answer

....maladaptive ways of relating to others and adjusting to external demands. (antisocial, paranoid, narcissistic, borderline personality disorders and pervasive intellectual impairment)

question

Axis III: GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS

answer

All medical conditions and diseases that may be important to the understanding and treatment of an individuals mental disorder. (Some medical complaints can contribute to mental health decline, depression....)

question

Axis IV: PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

answer

consider the social, environmental situation. Housing, income, employment......

question

Axis V: GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING (GAF)

answer

.....is a rating scale of client's current level of functioning. Higher score = higher level of functioning.

question

Adjustment Disorder:

answer

a maladaptive reaction to an identified stressor, characterized by impaired functioning or emotional distress that exceeds what would normally be expected.

question

Endocrine System

answer

the system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

question

Hormones

answer

substances secreted by endocrine glands that regulate bodily functions and promote growth and development.

question

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

answer

The body's 3-stage response to the states of prolonged or intense stress. 1. Alarm Reaction: heigtened sympathetic activity (fight or flight) 2. Resistance Stage: the body's attempt to withstand the stress 3. Exhaustion Stage: lowered resistence, increased parasympathetic activity

question

Type A Behavior Pattern: (TABP)

answer

...is characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitiveness and hostility.

question

Ego Syntonic

answer

refers to behaviors or feelings that are perceived to be natural parts of the self. (I'm just bad).

question

Ego Dystonic

answer

refers to behaviors or feelings that are perceived to be alien to ones self identity

question

Impulse Control Disorders: Coded on Axis I

answer

includes..... Pathalogical gambling Kleptomania Intermittend Explosive d/o Pyromania Trichotillomania >>>Schizophrenia is also coded on Axis I because it does have an organic cause......it is NOT a personality disorder.

question

Personality Disorders: Clusters

answer

Cluster A: (odd, eccentric) 1. Paranoid Personality d/o - unusual beliefs, suspicious of others. 2. Schizoid Personality d/o - no interest in personal relationships. 3. Schizotypal Personality d/o - wider range of odd beliefs. Cluster B: (dramatic, emotional, erratic) 1. Antisocial Personality d/o - (psychopath/sociopath) violates the rights of others, breaks society's norms, large proportion are in prisons. Lack of guilt/remorse. Predominately men. 2. Borderline Personality d/o - instability in relationships,alternates between personal identity extremes, fear of abandonment. (all is either great, or awful). Usually women. 3. Histrionic Personality d/o - excessive emotionality, needs to be the center of attention. Usually women. 4. Narcissistic Personality d/o - \"self love\", lack of empathy for others. Usually men. Cluster C: (anxious, fearful) 1. Avoidant Personality d/o - fear of rejection, unwilling to enter relationships. 2. Dependent Personality d/o - overly submissive, common with victims of abuse, feelings of inadequacy. 3. Obsessive Compulsive Personality d/o - DIFFERENT FROM OCD! orderliness, meticulousness, preoccupied with perfection, difficult to express feelings. Is more common in men.

question

Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD's)

answer

Aspergers Syndrome (does not have the language or cognitive delays associated with autism) Autism Spectrum - is the fastest growing disability in the US. No single cause or cure. Downs Syndrome (IQ of less than 70 to be diagnosed, life expectancy = 49) Klinefelters Syndrome Turner Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Phenylketutonina (PTK)

question

Learning Disorders

answer

Mathematics disorder Disorder of written expression Reading Disorders (dyslexia)

question

Communication Disorders

answer

Expressive Language disorder Phonological disorder Stuttering Mixed receptive/expressive language disorder

question

Attention Defecit and Disruptive Behaviors

answer

ADHD Conduct d/o Oppositional defiant d/o

question

Childhood Anxiety and Depression

answer

separation anxiety childhood depression (girls are twice as likely as boys) suicide in children and adolescents - 3rd most common cause of death in 15 - 24 year olds.

question

Elimination Disorders

answer

Enuresis - failure to control urination after one has reached the expected age for attaining such control Encopresis - lack of control over bowel movements that is not caused by an organic problem in a child at least 4 years old.

question

Etiology

answer

.......Cause

question

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder would be listed on which axis?

answer

Axis I

question

Impairment in daily living skills and need for supervision would be listed on which axis?

answer

Axis IV

question

The DSM-IV-TR is bades on a ___________ ?

answer

Medical Model

question

The Decision Trees are found in Appendix _____ of the DSM?

answer

A

question

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is used to......?

answer

evaluate and individual's overall psychological, social and occupational functioning.

question

As the GAF score increases, the severity of symptoms..........?

answer

decreases.

question

If a condition had an \"insidious onset\", this means that....?

answer

the condition came on slowly.

question

Acute is used to describe symptoms that are.....?

answer

relatively short in duration, usually under six months.

question

Risk Factors for Childhood Disorders

answer

genetic susceptibility environmental stressors inconsistent/harsh discipline neglect physical/sexual abuse verbal abuse Boys are at a greater risk for developing many childhood disorders, ranging from autism to hyperactivity to elimination disorders and difficulty forming peer relationships/attachments.

question

Paranoid Personality Disorder\"

answer

Pervasive suspiciousness/excessive mistrust Tendency to interpret other people's behavior as deliberately threatening or demeaning. Reluctance to confide in others. Overly sensitive to criticism. Anger easily. Hold grudges when they think they have been mistreated. Have few friends/intimate relationships. Hypervigilant. Deny Blame and may launch lawsuits Argumentative. DOES NOT HAVE DELUSIONS - SCHIZOPHRENIA

question

Types of Anxiety Disorders

answer

Panic d/o Generalized anxiety d/o Specific phobia Social phobia Agorophobia without panic d/o Obsessive compulsive d/o Acute stress d/o Post-Traumatic Stress d/o

question

Treating Anxiety Disorders

answer

Psychoanalysis: puts awareness on how clients fears symbolyze their inner conflicts, so the ego can be freed from expending its energy on repression. (little documentation for usefulness). Learning Approaches: Systematic Desensitization: (Joseph Wolpe, 1958). This is a gradual process in which clients learn to handle progressively more disturbing stimuli while remain relaxed. Is based on the assumption that phobias are learned, therefore they can be unlearned. Gradual Exposure: gradually approaching the object/situation they fear.

question

task-focused case-work

answer

a method of helping a person with a problem by focusing on the immediate priorities of the client and the small steps involved in realizing, or seeking to realize, the ultimate goal.

question

permanency planning

answer

an attempt to create, in a timely fashion, a plan for a child that will return him or her safely to the family of origin or legally free the child to be adopted.

question

family preservation

answer

a commitment to provide the resources and supports that can hold together or reunite a family unit, especially to provide stability to the children.

question

referral file

answer

an updated list of all available resources in a human service area, with notations about the special characteristics or qualifications of each.

question

preparatory empathy

answer

an attempt to put oneself in the shoes of another person, to feel or think of a problem from another perspective, even before encountering a client, to sensitize the worker.

question

objective data

answer

data based on unbiased facts, not affected by personal feelings or prejudice.

question

subjective data

answer

personal opinions about the client's attitude, situation, and behavior that may or may not be objectively true.

question

referral statement

answer

an initial verbal or written statement that explains the reasons a client is being sent to or has chosen a specific resource, person, or agency.

question

intake interview

answer

an interview (form) that solicits relevant information before the delivery of a service begins.

question

linkage technology

answer

the acts involved in referring a client to another agency, worker, or resource.

question

health maintenance organization (HMO)

answer

a healthcare institution or an association of doctors that contracts with its members to collect a fixed sum of money monthly or yearly in exchange for doctor visits, tests, medications, hospital care, and preventive services, as needed.

question

fee for service

answer

a prearranged amount of money that will be paid to a health care provider each time he or she delivers a specific service to a plan member in accordance with the plan's criteria for that service.

question

gatekeeper

answer

a person in a health plan organization who decides whether a prescribed medical service will be paid for, based on its set of criteria for care.

question

Elizabethan Poor Law

answer

The Act of Relief of the Poor (1601), also known as the Elizabethan Poor Law. It created a national poor law system in England and Wales. To pay for this, taxes were raised to support the system. If an individual's family were unable to care for the individual, then the government would get involved in their care. 1. The impotent poor (people who cannot work) were to be cared for in almshouses, or poor houses. 2. The able bodied poor were sent to work in a \"House of Industry\" 3. The Idle Poor were sent to a \"House of Correction\", or prisons. 4. Pauper children would become \"apprentices\"

question

Increase in Human Service Field

answer

1. developed from an increasing number of problems in the world. Transitional Increased dependence on drugs and substance abuse An aging population Isolation and Alienation Rising stress levels

question

Self Sufficiency

answer

is a goal of the human service worker. 1. Provide enough care and support to lead the client to be financially independent. 2. Client empowerment. 3. Permit the client to assume responsibility for themselves. 4. Encourage the client to believe in themself. Hopelessness = Helplessness! Negative believes about the self is difficult to overcome.

question

Social Care

answer

helping those unable to meet social needs.

question

Social Control

answer

People can meet their needs but did so in a way that violates social norms. (Judicial System)

question

Rehabilitation

answer

restoring someone to a former level of functioning

question

Interdisciplinary Approach

answer

Psychology: Study of mind and behavior. Looks at the client as an individual. Sociology: Looks at society, culture and how it affects individuals. Assesses a relationship between the two. Anthropology: Looks at how problems are changing and the frequency of problems over time. Pays attention to cultural, physical and social development and variations over time.

question

Autonomy

answer

Independence and Self Determination

question

Nonmaleficence

answer

Do No Harm

question

Beneficence

answer

Promote good or wellness

question

Justice

answer

Commitment to fairness

question

Fidelity

answer

make honest promises and not deceive or exploit clients

question

Common Ethical Dilemmas

answer

1. Multiple role relationships (conflict of interest) 2. Informed Consent 3. Confidentiality and Privileged Communication.

question

Limits to Confidentiality

answer

1. Client request for release of information 2. Court orders for release of information 3. Danger to self 4. Danger to others

question

Holistic Care

answer

assisting the whole person requires the Human Service worker to obtain detailed information including; Case history Current level of functioning/ skills/ knowledge Finances Physical Health Education Capability Environment/support system/ family Mental/Emotional health Beliefs/Values

question

Management Principles

answer

The Human Services worker is part of a larger network and may be involved with personnel from other professsions. Welfare to work, community outreach, child care, rehabilitation, housing, legal aid, education, substance abuse, mental health and criminal justice.

question

Networking

answer

Service Providers working together to achieve a common goal

question

Non-Professionals

answer

Volunteers and Self-Help groups. Not thoroughly trained in the profession

question

Paraprofessionals

answer

Some education, is working in the field, but is not licensed to practice.

question

Professionals

answer

Belongs to a profession, is licensed to practice

question

Responsibility for Mental Illness

answer

Prior to the 1500's the church was responsible for the mentally ill, thereafter responsibility went to the government.

question

4 Principles of the Poor Law in the United States

answer

1. Poor relief was a public responsibility 2. Began to look at residence - assistance was at the public local level. 3. Public Aid was denied to those who had a family. 4. Children were assigned as apprentices, (orphans in employment, so they won't be dependent forever).

question

Almshouses

answer

....were places for orphans to live. The first Almshouse was in Mass. 1662. By the 1800's an entire system of almshouses were developed. Franklin developed the first institution in Pennsylvania for Mental Illness but did not look at it from a medical perspective/ or try to treat.

question

Three Social Philosophies

answer

Individualism: Hard work = success! Individual is blamed for failure and poverty is a sign of spiritual weakness. Laissez-Faire: \"to leave alone\" Less government is more desirable. Nothing should be done to help the less fortunate. Social Darwinism: to create a society of the fittest people, nothing should be done to help the less fortunate.

question

William Booth

answer

Salvation Army. The first to support ex-con's in society.

question

Dr. Benjamin Rush

answer

Father of American Psychiatry began to integrate occupational therapy and regular excercise

question

Dorothea Dix

answer

Launched an investigation into the treatment of the mentally ill. Moral reformer Pushed for national government responsibility 1843 - 1853 studied 9 state hospitals 1854 got the states to accept financial responsibility for the mentally ill

question

Jane Adams

answer

Community driven services, advocating reform. Hull House

question

Mid 20th Century

answer

The focus of serving those in need emphasized the governments commitment to treating mental health. Kennedy called for a national plan to investigate the causes of mental health problems and to training professionals.

question

Community Mental Health Centers Act 1963

answer

1. Grants were made available for staffing and educational facilities. 2. Inpatients, outpatients and emergency services were established. 3. Services for the mental health of children. By 1975, Congress had authorized 609 multi service centers.

question

Scheuer Subprofessional Career Act of 1966

answer

Personnel shortage had led to this act. Allowed for poor people and minorities to provide mental health services. Training was mostly in-service. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson followed the same philosophy.

question

1965 State of the Union Address

answer

Johnson declared a \"war on poverty\". Many schemes were introduced; Head Start College Work Study The aim was to provide ways for the poor to improve their own economic conditions.

question

Managed Care

answer

Is a move to spend less to get the same results. 1. External Reviews (to ensure efficiency of services) 2. Authorize services (must be approved by insurance companies) 3. Approve the quality of services (checks the credentials of the professional and the establishment). Insurance companies influence the \"Standards of Practice\" by defining the \"best practice\".

question

Level of Care

answer

1. Must be the least restrictive environment for the client. 2. Not more treatment is given than is needed.

question

Trends in the Human Service Field

answer

1. By 2030 the aging population will double 2. Services will address physical, social, mental and emotional decline. 3. Other issues will include; housing, depression, confronting death and dying.

question

Human Services in Rural Areas

answer

1. Losing population 2. More likely to be elderly population 3. More likely to be members of disadvantaged minority groups 4. Lack of services to Human Service professionals

question

Barriers to receiving services

answer

1. Stigma of being labelled with a disorder 2. Income 3. Insurance

question

Technology

answer

.....has changed the way we network. 1. More information, faster. (email, listservs, teleconferencing, cell phones, pagers). 2. Improved resources, internet research, blogs, infosites. 3. Electronic records management = sharing info (challenges confidentiality) 4. Client management (goals/progress checks) = maintaining communication. 5. Provide online counseling services. 6. Some agencies use technology to provide services (skype, teleconference).

question

Defining a Problem

answer

1. It is difficult to predict what an individual will experience as a problem. 2. The individuals perspective is part of the problem definition. 3. Individuals often lack the resources/skills to solve problems. There are no guarantees that an individual will seek help.

question

Ways of Getting Help

answer

1. Referral - self referral or by other professionals 2. Involuntary Placement - adolescents/judicial system (court mandated services) 3. Inadvertant Services - neighborhood watch/redevelopment

question

Barriers to seeking help

answer

1. Financial/ practical 2. Preconceived notions/stigmas 3. Lack of information about services 4. Fear/ feel threatened 5. Counselor/ helper is a stranger 6. Culture / shame in the family 7. Prior bad experiences 8. Client expectations/ may want to be overly dependent

question

Friends as Helper

answer

1. Not trained 2. Emotional involvement 3. Biases 4. Confidentiality issues 5. May not have best interests served 6. No ethical responsibility 7. Oversimplified expectations

question

Stages in the Helping Process PECIT

answer

1. P - Preparation (review all available info) 2. C - Client arrives - ice breaking skills 3. E - explore the problem (locate source, assess severity) 4. I - Intervention (set goals) 5. T - Termination (services have been provided, goals are met, client has learned new skills)

question

Nonverbal Messages

answer

1. Counts for more than 65% of any communication 2. Communicates thoughts and feelings 3. Can be misinterpreted

question

Verbal Messages

answer

1. Actual spoken or written words 2. Cognitive and affective aspect 3. Connotation and denotation

question

Listening and Responding

answer

.....is the main role of the helping professional 1. active listening 2. response is always purposeful 3. Paraphrase or rephrase 4. ask questions to get more information, create new insight in client 5. appropriate questions (interview/intake, request specific info, to clarify, to elicit examples of specific behavior, OPEN QUESTIONS WORK BETTER!

question

SOLER

answer

1. S - squared (face the client) 2. O - Open 3. L - Lean forward 4. E - eye contact 5. R - relaxed

question

Erikson's Stages

answer

1. Trust v mistrust: Virtue = hope (0 - 1 years) 2. Autonomy v Shame and Doubt: virtue = will (2 - 3 years) 3. Initative v guilt: virtue = purpose (4 - 6 years) 4. Industry v inferiority: virtue = competence (7 - 12 years) 5. Identity v role confusion: (who am i?) ( 13 - 19 years) 6. Intimacy v isolation: (20 - 34) 7. Generativity v Stagnation: Virtue = Care ( 35 - 65) 8. Ego Integrity v Despair: Virtue = wisdom (65+)

question

Maslow's Hierarchy

answer

1. Psysiologica/ biological needs (food, shelter, water) 2. Safety Needs (protection, security) 3. Social Needs (acceptance, love) 4. Esteem Needs (recognition, independence) 5. Self-Actualization

question

Counselor Values

answer

Acceptance - be receptive to the client Tolerance - be patient, not judging Individuality - do not stereotype, accept differences Self-determination - allow client to make up their own mind Confidentiality - assure that information is secure

question

Stages of Problem Solving ICECAE

answer

1. I - Identify the problem 2. C - Clarify Goals 3. E - Examine alternatives 4. C - Choose the alternative 5. A - Act (move to the course of action/goal) 6. E - Evaluate and re-act (how well did it go, alterations needed?)

question

The focus of assessment in rehabilitation

answer

is to gather relevant data to assist in making useful recommendations for service planning

question

Assessment is defined broadly as

answer

\"any systematic method of obtaining information from tests and other sources, used to draw inferences about people, objects, or programs\"

question

Test is defined broadly as

answer

\"an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior\"

question

Measurement is defined as

answer

\"the assignment of numbers to attributes of persons according to rule stated explicitly\"

question

Vocational assessment involves

answer

exploring a person's strengths, weaknesses, and preferences and discovering how the individual's potential for vocational adjustment can be enhanced.

question

Assessment procedures can include

answer

interviews, standardized tests, inventories, observations, job tryouts, simulated tasks, and medical examinations.

question

The intake interview generates

answer

a social-vocational history

question

The focus of intake interviews should be placed on the following:

answer

(1) determining the person's reason for rehabilitation services, (2) providing the individual with necessary information about the role and function of the agency, (3) developing adequate rapport, (4) initiating the diagnostic process, and (5) informing the consumer of any medical, vocational, or psychological evaluations that must be completed and the purposes of such evaluations.

question

Medical Evaluation is used to

answer

(a) establish the presence and extent of the disability, (b) provide information on the physical functioning of the consumer, (c) determine the types of activities precluded by the disability, and (d) identify any additional medical evaluation necessary for achieving the first three purposes.

question

The medical examination provides information

answer

a) clarifying the consumer's general health at present; (b) describing of the extent, stability, and prognosis of the present disability as well as any recommended treatment; (c) assessing present and future implications of the disability and its potential affects on performance of essential job functions; and (d) reporting the presence of any residual medical conditions that could impact the individual during the rehabilitation process

question

Psychological assessments yield information regarding consumer's

answer

intelligence, aptitudes, achievement, personality, interests, and adjustment related to vocational functioning.

question

Psychological assessment results help to determine

answer

(a) the appropriateness of long-term vocational training, (b) the need for adjustment services, and (c) the need to confront the consumer regarding unrealistic vocational choices

question

Vocational evaluations provide reliable and valid data to

answer

(a) generate information about the consumer's current vocationally relevant levels of social, educational, psychological and physiological functioning; (b) estimate the consumer's potential for behavior change and skill acquisition; (c) determine the consumer's most effective learning style; (d) identify possible jobs the consumer can perform without additional vocational services; (e) identify education or special training programs that might increase vocational potential; (f) identify potentially feasible jobs for the consumer with further vocational services; and (g) identify the community support services that might augment job retention following successful consumer placement

question

Scales of Measurement

answer

quantifiable data or numbers.

question

Nominal:

answer

Classifies, assigns numerals but does not distinguish size, amount (e.g., any categorical variable, such as ethnicity or gender).

question

Ordinal:

answer

Indication of ordering, but no indication of distances between objects on the scale (e.g., placing first, second, and third).

question

Interval:

answer

Equal intervals on the scale (e.g., Celsius temperature scale).

question

Ratio:

answer

Possesses a non-arbitrary zero point (e.g., measures of weight).

question

Validity can be understood as

answer

the extent to which meaningful and appropriate inferences can be made from the instrument (Does the test measure what it says it measures?).

question

Face validity:

answer

appraisal of test's content made on the \"face\" of the test by anyone.

question

Content validity:

answer

evaluation by subject matter experts of test items representativeness of the construct being measured.

question

Criterion or predictive validity:

answer

Comparison of the test with another outcome measure.

question

Construct validity:

answer

Extent to which the measure actually measures the theoretical construct.

question

Reliability

answer

is a measure of consistency (Is the test consistent, dependable, and precise?).

question

Test-retest reliability:

answer

A measure of consistency over time.

question

Split-half reliability:

answer

A measure of internal consistency.

question

Parallel forms reliability:

answer

A parallel form correlation indicates consistency of scores of individuals within the same group on two alternate but equivalent forms of the same test taken at the same time.

question

Cronbach's alpha:

answer

An internal consistency statistic calculated from the pairwise correlations between items.

question

A standard score based on the normal distribution curve with a mean equal to 0 and a standard deviation equal to 1 (M = 0, SD = 1) is a:

answer

z-score

question

According to the CRCC Code of Ethics regarding evaluation, assessment, and interpretation:

answer

Prior to assessment, rehabilitation counselors are expected to explain the nature and purposes of assessment in the language and/or at the developmental level of the consumer, unless explicit exception has been agreed upon in advance.

question

E-S-F-P (Extroversion, Sensing, Feeling, Perception) is a possible score summary of a personality type on this well-known personality test based on the works of Jung:

answer

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

question

Jacob Moreno

answer

Coined term \"group therapy\" in 1931, father of psychodrama

question

Pratt

answer

First counseling groups in 1905 on tuberculosis

question

Davis

answer

Introduced groups into schools in 1907

question

Slavson

answer

Used groups with children, started American Group Psychotherapy Association in 1942

question

Alcoholics Anonymous

answer

First self-help group, 1930s

question

Lewin

answer

Started training groups (T-groups) in 1960s, referred to group cohesiveness as \"positive valence\"

question

Reality Distortion

answer

Environment of group is different than the outside world

question

Role Differentiation

answer

Process where members adopt different roles within group

question

Johari Window

answer

Used to explain self-disclosure - there are 4 quadrants of information depending on whether it's known/unknown to self and known/unknown to others

question

Gatekeeping

answer

Occurs when leader and members insist on sticking to group norms

question

Blocking

answer

Resisting behavior by member that slows group progress - often seen as silence or non-participation

question

Informing

answer

When a member talks about another member outside of group

question

Sociogram

answer

Graphical representations of group member interaction patterns, shows the star, cluster and isolate members

question

Forming Stage

answer

Stage that includes discussion of norms and rules

question

Transition Stage

answer

Stage that includes testing boundaries and power structures, members compete for rank, form alliances, test the leader - also called \"storming\" stage

question

Working Stage

answer

Stage where committed members work to achieve goals

question

Termination Stage

answer

Stage that includes closure of the group and summarization

question

Process Evaluation

answer

Assessment of group dynamics

question

Outcome Evaluation

answer

Assessment of how members are different because of group work

question

Hill Interaction Matrix

answer

Instrument used to measure screening and selection

question

Primary Group

answer

Preventative group that tries to ward off problems - ex. family planning group

question

Secondary Group

answer

Group that tries to reduce the severity of a problem - ex. grief or shyness group

question

Tertiary Group

answer

Group that deals the more serious and longstanding individual problems

question

Norms

answer

Rules governing expected behavior of group members

question

Risky Shift Phenomenon

answer

Group's decision will be less conservative than the average members' individual decision; ex. group of teens wilder than an individual teen

question

T-group

answer

Training group, often used in business to address relationships between employees

question

Role Conflict

answer

Discrepancy between way a member is supposed to behave and how they actually behave

question

Horizontal Intervention

answer

Strategy that works with whole group - also called interpersonal because it focuses on interactions

question

Vertical Intervention

answer

Strategy that works with individuals within the group - also called intrapersonal

question

8-10

answer

What is best number of members for an adult group?

question

Democratic

answer

Which kind of group leader facilitates interaction and guides members to make decisions?

question

Telling leader

answer

Leader with high task behaviors and low relationship behaviors

question

Selling leader

answer

Leader with high task and high relationship behaviors

question

Participating leader

answer

Leader with low task and high relationship behaviors

question

Delegating leader

answer

Leader with low task and low relationship behaviors

question

Trust

answer

What is the most important trait in a group?

question

Psychodrama

answer

Moreno - technique where you act out situations in group - roles include director (therapist), protagonist (member who's re-enacting), auxiliary egos (members who assist)

question

I

answer

Which quadrant of the Johari Window includes information known to others and self such as gender or what you're wearing?

question

II

answer

Which quadrant of the Johari Window includes information unknown to others but known to yourself such as fear of failure, inadequacy?

question

III

answer

Which quadrant of the Johari Window includes information known to others but unknown to yourself such as facial expressions?

question

IV

answer

Which quadrant of the Johari Window includes information unknown to others or self such as family of origin issues?

question

Planned

answer

What kind of group is restricted to people with a demonstrated need in a themed area, such as parenting skills, addiction group for teens?

question

Spontaneous

answer

What kind of group has no planned content and is more for personal growth and support?

question

6-8

answer

What is the best number of members for a teen group?

question

2-4

answer

What is the best number of members for a kids group (ages 3-9)?

question

Closed

answer

What kind of group allows no new members once the group begins?

question

Authoritarian

answer

What kind of group leader takes control of the group and sets the agenda and rules?

question

Laissez-faire

answer

Which kind of group leader assumes little leadership and lacks structure or directiveness?

question

Sociogram

answer

What group therapy tool includes stars, clusters, and isolates?

Human Services and Counseling Exit Exam LWC

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