Chem Exam 5 Study Set
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acid
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a molecular compound that dissolves in solution to form H⁺ ions. These have the ability to dissolve some metals and will turn litmus paper red.
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acid rain
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acidic precipitation in the form of rain; created when fossil fuels are burned, which releases SO₂ and NO₂, which then react with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
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acidic solution
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a solution containing a concentration of H₃O⁺ ions greater than 1.0 x 10⁻⁷M(pH < 7).
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alkaloid
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organic compounds that are typically found in plants and act as bases.
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amphoteric
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In Bronsted-Lowry terminology, able to act as either an acid or a base.
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Arrhenius acid
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a substance that produces H⁺ ions in aqueous solution.
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Arrhenius base
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a substance that produces OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution.
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Arrhenius definition
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an acid produces H⁺ ions in aqueous solution and a base produces OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution.
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base
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a molecular compound that dissolves in solution to form OH⁻ ions. These have a slippery feel and turn litmus paper blue.
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basic solution
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a solution containing a concentration of OH⁻ ions greater than 1.0 x 10⁻⁷M(pH > 7).
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Bronsted-Lowry acid
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a proton (H⁺ ion) donor.
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Bronsted-Lowry base
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a proton (H⁺ ion) acceptor
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Bronsted-Lowry definition
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an acid is a proton (H⁺ ion) donor and a base is a proton (H⁺ ion) acceptor
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buffer
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a solution that resists pH change by neutralizing added acid or added base.
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carboxylic acid
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an organic compound with the general formula RCOOH.
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conjugate acid-base pair
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in Bronsted-Lowry terminology, two substances related to each other by the transfer of a proton.
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diprotic acid
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an acid containing two ionizable protons.
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dissociation
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in aqueous solution, the process by which a solid ionic compound separates into its ions.
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equivalence point
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the point in a reaction at which the reactants are in exact stoichiometric proportions.
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hydronium ion
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the H₃O⁺ ion. Chemists often use H⁺(aq) and H₃O⁺(aq) interchangeably to mean the same thing.
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indicator
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a substance that changes color with acidity level, often used to detect the endpoint of titration.
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ion product constant for water (Kw)
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the product of the H₃O⁺ ion concentration and the OH⁻ ion concentration in an aqueous solution. At room temperature, Kw = 1.0 x 10⁻14.
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ionization
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the forming of ions.
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logarithmic scale
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a scale involving logarithms. A logarithm entails an exponent that indicates the power to which a number is raised to produce a given number (e.g. the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2)
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monoprotic acid
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an acid containing only one ionizable proton
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neutral solution
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a solution in which the concentrations of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ are equal (pH = 7)
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neutralization
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a reaction that takes place when an acid and a base are mixed; the H⁺(aq) from the acid combines with the OH⁻(aq) from the base to form H₂O(l).
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pH scale
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a scale used to quantify acidity or basicity. a pH of 7 is neutral; a pH lower than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. Defined as pH = -log[H₃O⁺]
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pOH scale
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a scale analogous to the pH scale , defined with repect to [OH⁻] instead of [H₃O⁺]. pOH=-log [OH⁻]
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salt
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an ionic compound that usually remains dissolved in a solution after an acid-base reaction has occurred.
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strong acid
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an acid that completely ionizes in solution.
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strong base
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a base that completely dissociates in solution.
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strong electrolyte
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a substance whose aqueous solutions are good conductors of electricity
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titration
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a laboratory procedure used to determine the amount of a substance in a solution. In this procedure, a reactant in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another reactant in a solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches the endpoint.
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weak acid
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an acid that does not completely ionize in solution
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weak base
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a base that does not completely dissociate in solution
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weak electrolyte
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a substance whose aqueous solutions are poor conductors of electricity
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addition polymer
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a polymer formed by addition of monomers to one another without elimination of any atoms.
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addition reaction
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a reaction in which atoms add across the multiple bond
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alcohol
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an organic compound containing an --OH functional group bonded to a carbon atom and having the general formula ROH
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aldehyde
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an organic compound with the general formula RCHO
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alkane
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a hydrocarbon in which all carbon atoms are connected by single bonds. Noncyclic ones have the general formula CⁿH₂ⁿ⁺₂
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alkene
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a hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Noncyclic ones have the general formula CⁿH₂ⁿ
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alkyl group
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in an organic molecule, any group containing only singly bonded carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.
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alkyne
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a hydrocarbon that contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. Noncyclic ones have the general formula CⁿHⁿ₂₋₂₂
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amine
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an organic compound that contains nitrogen and has the general formula NR₃, where R may be and alkyl group of a hydrogen atom
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aromatic ring
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a ring of carbon atoms containing alternating single and double bonds; another name for the benzene ring.
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base chain
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the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in an organic compound.
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branched alkane
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an alkane composed of carbon atoms bonded in chains containing branches.
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carbonyl group
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a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.
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combustion reation
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a reation in which a substance reacts with oxygen, emitting heat and forming one or more oxygen-containing compounds.
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condensation polymer
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a class of polymers that expel atoms, usually water, during their formation or polymerization.
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condensed structural formula
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a shorthand way of writing a structural formula
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copolymer
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polymers hat are composed of two different kinds of monomers and result in chains composed of alternating units rather than a single repeating unit.
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dimer
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a molecule formed by the joining together of two smaller molecules
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disubstituted benzene
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a benzene in which two hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom or group of atoms
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ester
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an organic compound with the general formula RCOOR
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ether
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an organic compound with the general formula ROR
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family (of organic compounds)
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a group of organic compounds with the same functional group
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fossil fuels
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natural gas, petroleum, and coal
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functional group
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a set of atoms that characterize a family of organic compounds.
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hydrocarbon
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a compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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hydrogenation
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the chemical addition of hydrogen to a compound.
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isomers
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molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
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ketone
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an organic compound with the general formula RCOR.
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monomer
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an individual repeating unit that makes up a polymer.
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monosubstituted benzene
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a benzene in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
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normal alkane (n-alkane)
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an alkane composed of carbon atoms bonded in a straight chain with no branches.
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organic chemistry
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the study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions.
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organic molecule
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a molecule whose main structural component is carbon.
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phenyl group
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the term for a benzene ring when other substituents are attached to it.
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polymer
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a molecule with many similar units, called monomers, bonded together in a long chain.
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saturated hydrocarbon
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a hydrocarbon that contains no double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms.
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structural formula
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a two-dimensional representation of moleules that not only show the number and type of atoms, but also how the atoms are bonded together.
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substituent
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an atom or a group of atoms that has been substituted for a hydrogen atom in an organic compound.
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substitution reaction
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a reaction in which one or more atoms are replaced by one or more different atoms.
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unsaturated hydrocarbon
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a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds between its carbon atoms.
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vital force
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a mystical or supernatural power that, it was once believed, was possessed only by living organisms and allowed them to produce organic compounds.
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vitalism
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the belief that living things contain a nonphysical \"force\" that allows them to synthesize organic compounds
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alpha helix
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the most common secondary protein structure. The amino acid chain is wrapped into a tight coil from which the side chains extend outward. The structure is maintained by hydrogen bonding interactions between NH and CO groups along the peptide backbone of the protein.
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amino acid
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a molecule containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and an R goup (also called a side chain). These are the building blocks of proteins.
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beta pleated sheet
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a common pattern in the secondary structure of proteins. The protein chain is extended in a zigzag pattern, and the peptide backbones of adjacent strands interact with one another through hydrogen bonding to form sheets.
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biochemistry
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the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in living organisms.
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carbohydrates
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polyhydroxyl aldehydes or ketones or their derivatives, containingmultiple --OH groups and often having the general formula (CH₂O)ⁿ
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cell
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the smallest structural unit of living organisms that has the properties associated with life.
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cell membrane
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the structure that bounds the cell and holds the contents of the cell together.
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cellulose
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a common polysaccharide composed of repeating glucose units linked together.
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chromosome
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a biological structure containing genes, located within the nucleus of a cell.
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codon
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a sequence of three bases in a nucleic acid that codes for one amino acid.
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complementary base
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In DNA, a base capable of precise pairing with a specific other DNA base.
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complex carbohydrate
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a carbohydrate composed of many repeating saccharide units.
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cytoplasm
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In a cell, the region between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
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dipeptide
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two amino acids linked together via a peptide bond.
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disaccharide
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a carbohydrate that can be decomposed into two simpler carbohydrates.
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DNA
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long chainlike molecules that occur in the nucleus of cells and act as blueprints for the construction of proteins
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ester linkage
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a type of bond with the general structure --COO--. These linkages join glycerol to fatty acids.
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fatty acid
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a type of lipid consisting of a carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon tail.
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fibrous protein
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proteins with structural functions (such as keratin) which tend to have tertiary structures in which coiled amino acid chains align roughly parallel to each other, forming long, water-insoluble fibers.
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gene
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a sequence of codons within a DNA molecule that codes for a single protein. They vary in length from hundreds to thousands of codons.
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globular protein
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proteins with nonstructural functions (such as hemoglobin) which tend to have tertiary structures in which amino acid chains fold in on themselves, forming water-suluble globules that can travel through the bloodstream.
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glycogen
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a type of polysaccharide; it has a structure similar to that of starch, but the chain is highly branched.
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glycolipid
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a biological molecule composed of a nonpolar fatty acid and hydrocarbon chain and a polar section composed of a sugar molecule such as glucose.
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glycosidic linkage
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the link between monosaccharides in a polysaccharride
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human genome
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all of the genetic material of a human being; the total DNA of a human cell.
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lipid
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a cellular component that is insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
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lipid bilayer
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a structure formed by lipids in the cell membrane.
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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long chainlike molecules that act as blueprints for the construction of proteins
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monosaccharide
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a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed into simpler carbohydrates.
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nucleic acids
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biological molecules, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), that store and transmit genetic information.
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nucleotide
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an individual unit of a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are polymers of these.
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nucleus (of a cell)
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the part of the cell that contains the genetic material.
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peptide bond
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the bond between the amine end of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid end of another. Amino acids are linked together by these to form proteins.
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phospholipid
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a lipid with the same basic structure as a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acid groups is replaced with a phosphate group.
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polypeptide
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a short chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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polysaccharide
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a long, chainlike molecule composed of many linked monosaccharide units. these are polymers of monosaccharides.
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primary protein structure
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the sequence of amino acids in a protein's chain. This is maintained by the covalent peptide bonds between individual amino acids.
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protein
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a biological molecule composed of a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. In living organisms, these serve many varied and important functions.
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quaternary protein structure
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in a protein, the way that the individual chains fit together to compose the protein. This is maintained by interactions between the R groups of amino acids on different chains.
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random coil
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the name given to an irregular pattern of a secondary protein structure.
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R group (side chain)
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an organic group attached to the central carbon atom of an amino acid.
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RNA
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long chainlike molecules that occur throughout cells and take part in the construction of proteins.
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saturated fat
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a triglyceride composed of saturated fatty acids. These tend to be solid at room temperature.
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secondary protein structure
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short-range periodic or repeating patterns often found in proteins. This is maintained by interactions between amino acids that are fairly close together in the linear sequence of the protein chain or adjacent to each other on neighboring chains.
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simple carbohydrate
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a monosaccharaide or disaccharide
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starch
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a common polysaccharide composed of repeating glucose units.
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steroid
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a biological compound containing a 17-carbon 4-ring system.
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tertiary protein structure
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a protein's structure that consists of the large-scale bends and folds due to interactions between the R groups of amino acids that are separated by large distances in the linear sequence of the protein chain.
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triglyceride
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a fat or oil; a tri-ester composed of glycerol with three fatty acids attached
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unsaturated fat
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a triglyceride composed of unsturated fatty acids. These tend to be liquids at room temperature.
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strong acids
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hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), nitric acid (HNO3), perchloric acid (HClO4), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)-diprotic
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weak acids
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hydrofluoric acid (HF), acetic acid (HC2H3O2), formic acid (HCHO2), sulfurous acid (H2SO3)-diprotic, carbonic acid (H2CO3)-diprotic, and phosphoric acid (H3PO4)-triprotic
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strong bases
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lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NAOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
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weak bases
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ammonia (NH3), pyridine (C5H5N), methylamine (CH3NH2), ethylamine (C2H5NH2), and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
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nonmetal oxide + water →
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acid
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metal oxide + water →
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base
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acid + metal →
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H₂ (gas) + salt
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Which of the following is NOT an acid in water? a. HCl b. H2SO4 c. NH3 d. H2CO3 e. HNO2
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c. NH3
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Which of the following is NOT a property of a base? a. Turns litmus paper red b. Proton acceptor c. Feels slippery d. Tastes bitter e. All of the above
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a. Turns litmus paper red
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Which of the following can act as an Arrhenius base? a. Ca(OH)2 b. H2O c. KOH d. H2SO4 e. Two of the above
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e. Two of the above
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Which of the following would turn blue litmus paper red? a. H2O b. Al(OH)3 c. HI(aq) d. NaCl e. NH4C2H3O2
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c. HI(aq)
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Each of the following pairs contains one strong acid and one weak acid EXCEPT: a. HCl and HF b. HNO3 and HNO2 c. H3PO4 and H3PO3 d. HClO4 and HClO e. H2SO4 and HSO4-
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c. H3PO4 and H3PO3
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Which of the following is/are true of bases? a. Bases feel slippery or soapy. b. Bases turn blue litmus paper pink. c. Bases taste sour. d. Both a and b are true. e. Both b and c are true.
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a. Bases feel slippery or soapy.
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Which of the following statements about acids are TRUE? 1. An acid is used in car batteries. 2. The active ingredient of vinegar is an acid. 3. Acids are used for cleaning metals. a. 1 and 2 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1 and 3 only d. All of 1, 2, and 3 e. Neither 1, 2, or 3
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d. All of 1, 2, and 3
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Which of the following is the active ingredient of baking soda? a. NH3 b. NaHCO3 c. KOH d. NaOH e. none of the above
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b. NaHCO3
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The Arrhenius definition of an acid is: a. a proton donor. b. a proton acceptor. c. produces H⁺ in solution. d. produces OH⁻ in solution. e. none of the above
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c. produces H⁺ in solution.
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What are the products of a neutralization reaction? a. salt and carbon dioxide b. carbon dioxide and water c. water and salt d. oil and water e. none of the above
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c. water and salt
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When an acid reacts with a metal, what is one of the usual products? a. water b. salt c. carbon dioxide d. hydrogen gas e. none of the above
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b. salt and d. hydrogen gas
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What is the salt formed in the neutralization reaction between nitric acid and potassium hydroxide? a. KCl b. KNO2 c. KNO3 d. H2O e. KH
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c. KNO3
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What gas is produced by the reaction between sulfuric acid and zinc metal? a. CO2 b. H2S c. SO2 d. O2 e. H2
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e. H2
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Organic compounds always contain a. N b. O c. C d. H e. F
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c. C
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Carbon forms a. 1 bond. b. 2 bonds. c. 3 bonds. d. 4 bonds. e. 5 bonds.
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d. 4 bonds.
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Which of the following is NOT a hydrocarbon? a. CH4 b. CH3OH c. CH3CH3 d. CCl4 e. Two of the above
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e. Two of the above (b. CH3OH and d. CCl4)
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Which of the following is an alkane? a. CH4 b. C3H8 c. CH3CH3 d. C8H18 e. All of the above
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e. All of the above
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What type of hydrocarbon is C2H2? a. An alkane b. An alkene c. An alkyne d. Cyclical e. Two of the above
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c. An alkyne
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Which listed hydrocarbon has the lowest boiling point? a. CH4 b. C2H6 c. C3H8 d. C4H10 e. C5H12
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a. CH4
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How many structural isomers can have the formula C5H12? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
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c. 3
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C6H12 is a a. pentane. b. hexene. c. hexane. d. hexyne. e. heptane.
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b. hexene.
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What is the name of the following compound? CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3 │ │ CH3CHCH3 CH3 a. 2-isopropyl-5-methylhexane b. 2-propyl-5-methylhexane c. 2-methyl-5-isopropylhexane d. 2-methyl-5-propopylhexane e. 2,3,6-trimethylheptane
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e. 2,3,6-trimethylheptane
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What is the name of the following compound? CH3CH2C═CHCH3 │ CH2CH3 a. 3-ethyl-2-pentene b. 3-ethyl-2-pentane c. 3-ethyl-3-pentene d. 3-dimethyl-3-pentene e. 3-ethylpentene
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a. 3-ethyl-2-pentene
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What is the chemical formula of 6,6-dimethyl-3-heptyne? a. C7H12 b. C8H14 c. C9H16 d. C7H16 e. C9H18
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c. C9H16
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Which listed type of compound does NOT contain a carbonyl group? a. Carboxylic acid b. Ether c. Ester d. Ketone e. Aldehyde
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b. Ether
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Which of the following compounds is an aldehyde? a. Propanol b. Propanone c. Methyl propanoate d. Propanal e. Toluene
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d. Propanal
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What functional groups are present in the following compound? NH2CH2CHCH2COOH │ OH a. Amino, alcohol, ketone b. Amine, alcohol, carbonyl c. Amine, alcohol, carboxylic acid d. Amine, phenol, carboxylic acid e. Amide, alcohol, carboxylate
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c. Amine, alcohol, carboxylic acid
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Which of the following types of compounds contains the hydroxyl functional group? a. Alcohol b. Ether c. Ester d. Ketone e. Aldehyde
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a. Alcohol
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Esters are formed from the reaction between a. alcohol and aldehyde. b. ether and carboxylic acid. c. ketone and alcohol. d. alcohol and carboxylic acid. e. None of the above
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d. alcohol and carboxylic acid.
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Which of the following is contained within the cell nucleus? a. Cell membrane b. Mitochondria c. Genetic material d. Cytoplasm e. Plasma membrane
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c. Genetic material
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Which of the following is a carbohydrate? a. C12H24 b. CH3CH2OH c. C6H12O6 d. C12H12O12 e. C6H10O6NH2
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c. C6H12O6
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Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? a. Sucrose b. Glucose c. Fructose d. Galactose e. None of the above
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a. Sucrose
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Which of the following is a polysaccharide? a. Sucrose b. Glucose c. Celluose d. Hexose e. Two of the above
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c. Celluose
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Which two monosaccharides compose sucrose? a. Glucose and fructose b. Glucose and galactose c. Glucose and glucose d. Galactose and galactose e. Fructose and galactose
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a. Glucose and fructose
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Almost all amino acids have which two functional groups? a. Amino and amine b. Amine and carboxylic acid c. Amine and aldehyde d. Amino and carboxylic acid e. Amide and alcohol
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b. Amine and carboxylic acid
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What class of molecules do much of the work sustaining life, catalyzing and enabling chemical reactions in living organisms? a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic acids e. Disaccharides
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b. Proteins
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What class of molecules are polymers and ensures that protein synthesis takes place thereby allowing living organisms to survive? a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic acids e. Monosaccharides
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d. Nucleic acids
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What class of molecules separates the interior of the cell from its external environment and serves to insulate the cell? a. Lipids b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic acids e. Polysaccharides
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a. Lipids
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Lipids include all of the following compounds except: a. fatty acids b. amino acids c. Fats d. oils e. All of the above are lipids
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b. amino acids
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Carbohydrates are characterized by many (poly): a. alkene groups b. amine groups c. carboxylic acid groups d. alcohol groups e. aldehyde groups
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d. alcohol groups
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What provides a protein's primary structure? a. amino acid sequence b. kumquat linkage c. peptide bonds d. colloid linkage e. fatty acid sequence
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a. amino acid sequence
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hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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metal cleaning; food preparation; ore refining; main component of stomach acid
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sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
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fertilizer and explosive manufacturing; dye and glue production; automobile batteries
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nitric acid (HNO₃)
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fertilizer and explosive manufacturing; dye and glue production
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acetic acid (HC₂H₃O₂)
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plastic and rubber manufacturing; food preservative; active component of vinegar
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carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
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found in carbonated beverages due to the reaction of carbon dioxide with water
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hydrofluoric acid (HF)
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metal cleaning; glass frosting and etching
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sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
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petroleum processing; soap and plastic manufacturing
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potassium hydroxide (KOH)
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cotton processing; electroplating; soap production
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sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)
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antacid; ingredient of baking soda; source of CO₂
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ammonia (NH₃)
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detergent; fertilizer and explosive manufacturing; synthetic fiber production
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-CH₃
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methyl
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-CH₂CH₃₃
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ethyl
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-CH₂CH₂CH₃
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propyl
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-CH₂H₂CH₂CH₃
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butyl
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-CHCH₃ I CH₃
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isopropyl
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-CH₂CHCH₃ I CH₃
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sec-butyl
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CH₃ I -CCH₃ I CH₃
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tert-butyl
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- OH
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alcohol
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- O -
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ether
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O II C - H
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aldehyde
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O II C
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ketone
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O II C - OH
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carboxylic acid
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O II C - O
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ester
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I - N -
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amine
