Radiation Protection
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What personnel monitoring device is capable of providing and immediate reading?
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Pocket Dosimeter
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The Geiger counter is capable of detecting which of the following types of radiation? 1. X-rays 2. Gamma rays 3. Beta particles
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X-rays, Gamma rays, and Beta particles
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Which of the following would be considered natural background radiation? 1. x rays 2. cosmic rays 3. alpha rays
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Cosmic rays and Alpha particles
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Which of the following is a radiation survey instrument? 1. gamma camera 2. cutie pie 3. pocket dosimeter 4. Thermoluminescent dosimeter
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Cutie Pie
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Which of the following is the unit of exposure dose of gamma or x-rays? 1. Rad 2. rem 3. RBE 4. Roentgen
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Roentgen
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Which of the following timers is used to accurately and automatically reproduce radiographic exposures? 1. Mechanical timer 2. impulse timer 3. electronic timer 4. phototimer
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Phototimer
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Which of the following radiation monitoring devices is considered to be the most accurate? 1. film badge 2. ring badge 3. optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter 4. thermoluminescent dosimeter
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Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL)
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What describes an Alpha Particle?
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2 Protons, 2 Neutrons
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A piece of paper will provide adequate protection from what types of radiation?
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Alpha
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Which of the following types of radiation is most penetrating? 1. Alpha 2. beta 3. gamma 4. all are equally penetrating
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Gamma
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The probability of photoelectric absorption occurring increases with an increase in which of the following? 1. kVp 2. atomic number of material 3. distance from material
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Atomic number of material
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Which of the following is a major advantage of a film badge as a radiation monitoring device? 1. radiation types cannot be determined 2. immediate readings are not available 3. must be changed monthly
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Immediate readings are not available
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What refers to the primary beam after it has passed through the beam restricting device?
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Useful beam
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According to NCRP report #160, how much background radiation do individuals receive annually in the U.S?
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3 mSv
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How often should personnel radiation monitoring devices be changed?
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Monthly
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Which of the following affects the rate of decay of a radioactive material? 1. pressure 2. temperature 3. elevation 4. nothing can affect the rate of decay
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Nothing can affect the rate of decay
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What describes Beta particles?
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High speed electron
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The roentgen unit only applies to which of the following types of radiation? 1. alpha 2. beta 3. x & gamma rays 4. background
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X & Gamma rays
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Which of the following x-ray interactions occurs most often with x-ray energies over 100 KeV? 1. coherent (classical) scatter 2. Compton effect 3. photoelectric absorbtion 1. pair production
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Compton effect
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The density of a film bade is compared to which of these to determine the exposure to the worker? 1. density standard 2. national standard 3. control film badge
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Density standard
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What measurements is equal to 1 joule per kilogram?
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Gray
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The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter uses which of the following to detect radiation? 1. aluminum oxide 2. silver bromide 3. calcium tungstate
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Aluminum oxide
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Which of the following exposure indicator numbers indicates that the image receptor and patient were overexposed? 1. 2.5 2. 200 3. 400 4. 2000
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2.5
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When should gonadal shielding be used on a patient?
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if the patient is of reproductive age or younger, if the shield will not interfere with the exam, and if the gonads lie in or near the primary beam
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Which type of gonadal shielding could be used for a patient having an exam requiring a sterile field?
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Shadow shield
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Which of the following will reduce exposure to the patient as well as improve image contrast? 1. Beam restriction 2. increase kVp 3. increase grid ratio
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Beam Restriction
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A .5mm lead gonadal shield will reduce female gonadal exposure by approximately what percentage?
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75%
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The dose rate at the table top during fluoroscopy cannot exceed ___R per minute?
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10
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Which of the following types of beam restricting devices is considered the best at reducing patient exposure? 1. cone 2. diaphragm 3. collimator 4. extension cylinder
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Extension cylinder
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To prevent leakage radiation from exposing the patient, an x-ray tube must have how much protective lead?
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1.5mm
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How can a fast film-screen combination reduce patient exposure?
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Allows for a reduction in mAs
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What is the equivalent dose limit for an embryo-fetus?
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.5 mSv/month
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What percentage of the total amount of radiation to the general public is due to medical imaging?
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50%
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Which of the following factors will affect the quantity as well as the quality of the x-ray beam? 1. kVp 2. half value layer 3. SID
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kVp, HVL, SID
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The quality of an x-ray beam can be measured by which of the following methods? 1. Rate meter 2. sensitometry 3. Half value layer
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Half-value layer
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What is the equivalent dose limits for the hands of a technologist?
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500 mSv (50 rem)/ Year
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What is the effective dose limit for the whole body of a radiation worker?
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50mSv (5 rem)/ Year
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Personnel monitoring is required when there is any likelihood that an individual will receive more than ____ the effective dose limit.
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1/10th
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What must the lead equivalency be for a lead apron?
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.50 mm Pb
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What is the effective dose limit a radiography student may receive in one year if he/she is under 18 years old?
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1 mSv (.1 rem)
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To reduce the amount of scatter radiation, which of the following should be done by the radiographer? 1. increase kVp and reduce mAs 2. utilize precise collimation 3. Increase to OID
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Utilize precise collimation
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What is the equivalent does limit to the fetus of a pregnant radiologic technologist?
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.5 mSv/month
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How thick must the lead be in a primary barrier of a radiographic room?
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1/16th
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The lead equivalency for a pair of protective gloves must be at least how much?
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.25 mm
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Primary radiation barriers in walls must be how high?
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7 feet
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Which of the following describes a primary protective barrier? 1. a lead apron 2. a barrier to absorb scatter radiation 3. a barrier to absorb primary radiation
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A barrier to absorb primary radiation
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Mobile protective barriers should NOT be used when making exposures over what kilovoltage?
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90 kVp
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How many times should radiation scatter before reaching behind the control booth or a mobile protective barrier?
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two times
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What percentage of the primary exposure to the patient will reach a radiographer standing 1 meter away?
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.1%
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If an exposure of 16 m R is recorded at 1 meter, what would the exposure rate be at 4 meters?
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1 mR
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Which of the following would never be considered as primary barrier in normal diagnostic range? 1. a wall 2. the floor 3. a ceiling 4. a mobile shield
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The ceiling
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Which of the following are considered extremely sensitive to radiation? 1. gonads 2. lens of the eye 3. blood forming organs
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Gonads & Blood forming organs
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Which of the following is the most common result of cell irradiation? 1. cell death 2. sterilization 3. mutation 4. uncontrolled growth
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Sterilization
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Which of the following are the two bases that are the building blocks of both types of nucleic acids? 1. purines and pyrimidines 2. adenine and thymine 3. adenine and guanine
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Purines and Pyrimidines
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Which of the following pyrimidines will always pair with the purine-adenine? 1. cytosine 2. thymine 3. uracil 4. quanine
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Thymine
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Ionization can result from which of the following interactions of radiation with tissue? 1. photoelectric absorption 2. Compton effect 3. coherent (classical) scatter
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Photoelectric absorption and Compton effect
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Which of the following is considered the unit of heredity? 1. the cell 2. the gene 3. the chromosome 4. the DNA molecule
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The Gene
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Where will most of a cell's genetic information be found?
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Nucleus
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Of the following blood cell producing organs, which are considered radiosensitive? 1. spleen 2. bone marrow 3. lymphatic nodes
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Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic Nodes
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The probability of radiation interacting with matter depends on which of the following? 1. the charge of the radiation 2. the size of the radiation 3. the energy of the radiation
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The charge of the radiation, the size of the radiation, and the energy of the radiation
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Which of the following is NOT a function of a DNA molecule? 1.it carries the genetic codes 2. it duplicates exact copies of itself 3. it synthesizes proteins 3. it divides during mitosis
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It synthesizes proteins
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What does genetically significant dose mean?
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Estimated dose received by the population
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What is the minimum level of radiation exposure below which no genetic or somatic damage occurs?
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No minimum level is known
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If a human is exposed to radiation levels in the 100R to 200R range, which of the following is expected? 1. no clinical effects 2. slight reduction in lymphocytes 3. complete recovery in 90 days 4. death within 30 days
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Complete recovery in 90 days
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Why is radiation exposure to the gonads such a critical concern?
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Mutations in offspring may result
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According to NCRP report #160, what percentage of the total amount of radiation to the general population comes from background radiation?
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50%
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Which of the following publications recommends limits of exposure to ionizing radiation? 1. NCRP report # 100 2. NCRP report #102 3. NCRP report #105 4. NCRP report #116
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NCRP Report # 116
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Standards state the exposure in air from fluoroscopic equipment shall NOT exceed how many Coulomb/kg/minute?
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2.58 X 10-3 Coulomb/kg (10 R)
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Which of the following are NOT required on newly manufactured radiographic equipment? 1. AEC 2.computerized technique selections 3. automatic collimators
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Automatic exposure control (AEC), Computerized technique selections, and Automatic Collimators.
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Which of the following devices alerts the radiologist that 5 minutes of fluoroscopy has elapsed? 1. Phototimer 2. cumulative timer 3. synchronous timer 4. mechanical timer
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Cumulative timer
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Personnel monitoring shall be performed if there is a possibility of exceeding how many milisievert (rem) per year?
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5.0 mSv (.50 rem)
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Leakage radiation from the x-ray tube cannot exceed which of the following at a distance of one meter? 1. 6.45 X 10-6 coulomb/kg/hr (25mR/hr) 2. 1.29 X 10-5 coulomb/kg/hr (50 mR/hr) 3. 1.94 X 10-5 coulomb/kg/hr (75mR/hr) 4. 2.58 X 10-5 coulomb/kg/hr (100 mR/hr)
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2.58 X 10-5 Coulomb/kg/hr (100 mR/hr)
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Which of the following publications contains the regulations for using x rays up to 50 MeV? 1. NCRP report #99 2. NCRP report #100 3. NCRP report #102 4. NCRP report #105
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NCRP report #102
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Which of the following government agencies is responsible for governing the use of radiation? 1. health education and welfare 2. food and drug administration 3. nuclear regulatory commission 4. environmental protection agency
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Food and Drug Administration
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The source-to-skin distance for stationary fluoroscopy must NOT be less than how many inches?
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15 inches
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The source-to-skin distance for mobile fluoroscopy must NOT be less than how many inches?
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12 inches
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What is the effective dose limit a radiation worker may receive to his/her whole body in one year?
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50 mSv (50. Rem)
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A \"Radiation Area\" warning sign must be visible in areas where the exposure rate exceeds which of these? 1. .05 mSv/hr (5 mrem/hr) 2. .10 mSv/hr (10 mrem/hr) 3. .15 mSv/hr (15 mrem/hr)
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.05 mSv/hr (5 mrem/hr)
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Which of the following is a responsibility of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission? 1. set x-ray manufacturing standards 2. police manufacturing standards 3. police the field of nuclear medicine
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set x ray manufacturing standards, police manufacturing standards, police the field of nuclear medicine
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Which of the following topics is covered in NCRP #102? 1. equipment design 2. personnel monitoring 3. radiation survey procedures
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Equipment design and use, personnel monitoring and Radiation survey procedures.
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Mobile fluoroscopic equipment must have which of the following? 1. VCR capabilities 2. image intensification 3. T.V monitoring 4. Solid state circuitry
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Image intensification
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A recommendation that is necessary to meet accepted standards is indicated by the use of which term?
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Shall
