Skin, Hair, Nails: Abnormalities
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Hemangioma
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bright red, raised lesion usually present @ birth; typically fades by age 10; 2-10cm
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Port-wine Stain
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red-to-purple, flat, irregularly shaped lesion present on face @ birth but does not fade
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Spider Angioma
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flat, bright red dot w/ radiating blood vessels; blanches w/ pressure; 2cm or less
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Venous Lake
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flat, blue lesion w/ radiating veins; 3-25cm; caused by increased intravenous pressure in superficial veins
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Petechiae
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flat, round, red or purple \"freckles\"; 1-3mm; minute hemorrhages caused by septicemia, liver disease, Vit. C or Vit. K def., or anticoagulant therapy
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Purpura
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flat, reddish blue patches of various size; caused by bleeding disorders, scurvy and capillary fragility
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Ecchymosis
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bruise
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Hematoma
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raised lesion similar to a bruise, accompanied by swelling; caused by a leakage of blood into the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to trauma
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Macule and Patch
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flat, non-palpable skin color changes; macules are 1cm (ex: freckles, port-wine stains)
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Papule and Plaque
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elevated, solid masses; papules are 0..5cm (ex: warts, lichen planus)
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Nodule and Tumor
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elevated, solid, hard or soft masses extending deeper into the dermis than papules; nodules are 0.5-2cm and tumors are >2cm (ex: lipomas)
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Vesicules and Bulla
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elevated, fluid-filled, round or oval masses with thin, translucent walls; vesicles are 0.5cm (ex: zoster, blisters)
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Wheal
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elevated often reddish area w/ irregular borders caused by diffuse fluid in tissues (ex: insect bites and hives)
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Pustule
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elevated, pus-filled vesicle or bulla (ex: acne, boils)
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Cyst
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elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled or semi-solid mass originating in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis; usually 1cm or larger
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Atrophy
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translucent, dry, paper-like skin surface resulting from thinning of the skin due to loss of cartilage and elastin
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Erosion
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wearing away of the superficial epidermis causing a moist shallow depression (ex: scratch marks, ruptured blisters)
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Lichenification
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rough, thickened, hardened area of epidermis resulting from chronic irritation (ex: chronic dermatitis)
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Scales
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shedding flakes of greasy, keratinized skin tissue (ex: dandruff)
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Crust
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dry blood, serum or pus left on the skin surface (ex: scab)
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Ulcer
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deep, irregularly shaped area of skin loss extending deep into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue
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Fissure
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linear crack w/ sharp edges extending into the demisr
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Scar
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flat, irregular area of connective tissue left after a lesion or wound has healed
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Keloid
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elevated, irregular, darkened area of excess scar tissue
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Tinea
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fungal infection affecting the body (tinea corporis), the scalp (tinea capitis) or the feet (tinea pedis - athlete's foot)
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Measles (Rubeola)
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viral disease causing a red-to-purple macule rash; begins on face and spreads to body; may be accompanied by Koplik's spots (white spots on the oral mucosa)
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German Measles (Rubella)
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viral disease similar to rubeola; pink spots vs. red; no Koplik's spots but may have swollen glands
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Psoriasis
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thickening of skin in dry scaly patches
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Contact Dermatitis
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skin inflammation due to contact with an allergen
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Eczema
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internally provoked inflammation of the skin causing itching red papules to form
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Impetigo
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bacterial infection of the skin around the nose/mouth; causes blisters that break and form tan crust
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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most common form of skin cancer; arises from the cells of the stratum basale into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue; begins as shiny papules that develop central ulcers
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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arises from the stratum spinosum; red, scaly papule that forms a shallow ulcer
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Malignant Melanoma
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most seious skin cancer; spreads rapidly; varied pigmentation (blue, black, brown or red) with irregular edges and size >6mm
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
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malignant lesion of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues; soft blue or purple lesions; associated with AIDS
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Seborrheic Dermatitis
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\"cradle cap\"; eczema of scales on infants
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Alopecia Areata
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sudden hair loss
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Folliculitis
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infections of hair follicles; pustules with redness
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Furuncle/Abscess
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hard, red, pus-filled lesions; furuncles caused by infected hair follicles; abscesses caused by bacteria entering the skin
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Hirsutism
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excess body hair in women; usually due to endocrine or metabolic dysfunction
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Spoon Nails
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Concavity (vs. normal convex nails) and thinning of nails; usually congenital
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Paronychia
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infection of skin adjacent to nail
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Beau's Line
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linear depression of nail resulting from trauma or illness
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Splinter Hemorrhage
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result of trauma or endocarditis; red-brown spots in nail
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Clubbing
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nail is more convex and wide with an angle >160 degrees; sign of compromised oxygenation
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Onycholysis
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Nail plate loosens distally and moves proximally
