question

Classical conditioning occurs by pairing a(n) _____ with a(n) _____ to produce a response.

answer

neutral stimulus, unconditioned repsonse

question

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, _____ will gradually occur.

answer

extinction

question

_____ conditioning has been demonstrated in patients in vegetative states.

answer

trace

question

The initial pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning represents the _____ phase of learning.

answer

acquisition

question

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, conditioning should be most powerful when stimuli are _____.

answer

unfamiliar

question

In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a conditioned response due to its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

The _____ is important for trace but not delay conditioning.

answer

hippocampus

question

The _____ approach to psychology ignored the influence of cognition.

answer

behaviorist

question

Watson and Raynor demonstrated that _____ was responsible for the fear responses in Little Albert.

answer

classical conditioning

question

The main difference between _____ and trace conditioning is that there is a brief interval of time after the tone ends and the air puff is delivered in trace conditioning.

answer

delay

question

In Pavlov's famous studies, the food was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.

answer

salivation

question

The adaptive ability for organisms to transfer learning of one particular instance to another very similar case is evidence of _____.

answer

generalization

question

_____ proposed that the cognitive process of expectation occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

answer

Rescorla and Wagner

question

Behaviorism is the school of psychology most associated with _____.

answer

learning

question

Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____ foods due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.

answer

novel

question

What is true about Little Albert study?

answer

unethical, results are still relevant

question

_____ conditioning has many practical applications, including the relief of food aversions in cancer patients.

answer

classical

question

The dependent variable in Pavlov's studies of conditioning was how much the dogs salivated, or engaged in the _____ response.

answer

conditioned

question

Watson and Raynor demonstrated that classical conditioning was responsible for the _____ in Little Albert.

answer

fear responses

question

Early in your schooling you knew to say "A" when asked to name the first letter of the alphabet. This is because _____ had occurred.

answer

learning

question

Based on the principle of _____ you should be able to pair any neutral stimulus with a CS and still elicit the CR.

answer

second order conditioning

question

You always give your cats treats before you go to work each morning. When you are gathering the things you take to work your cats begin to circle around you in the kitchen and start meowing. Rescorla and Wagner would say this is occurring because the cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

answer

expectations

question

In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the conditioned stimulus, and the salivation was the conditioned response.

answer

sound / bell

question

The finding that amnesic patients show normal delay conditioning but do not show normal trace conditioning can be explained by the observation that trace conditioning requires _____ and delay conditioning does not.

answer

awareness

question

When studying classical conditioning, the mind or internal state of the organism:

answer

does not matter

question

The question of why Pavlov's dogs didn't salivate to Pavlov himself is really asking about the role of _____ in classical conditioning.

answer

thinking

question

John went to a Halloween party and was unknowingly exposed to a stomach virus. The next day he ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill (from the virus) immediately after eating the pizza. Years later John still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. In this example the CS is the:

answer

pizza establishment

question

Money gains its power to control behavior through _____ conditioning.

answer

second-order

question

Thorndike's _____ states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be repeated, while behaviors that result in unpleasant situations will be avoided.

answer

law of effect

question

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the slowest, most methodical responding?

answer

interval

question

Each species is _____ predisposed to learn some things more readily than others.

answer

biologically

question

Skinner found that bar pressing in the Skinner box was not a natural behavior for rats so he reinforced the rats for approaching the bar, getting closer to the bar, touching the bar, etc. Skinner was reinforcing _____ to the desired behavior of bar pressing.

answer

succesive approximation

question

What part of the brain is MOST associated with the positive aspects of reinforcement?

answer

limbic system

question

Positive punishers _____ behavior and negative punishers _____ behavior.

answer

weaken, weaken

question

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of responding.

answer

Ratio

question

Tolman suggested that rats in a maze don't simply produce behaviors without using any previous spatial information, but develop a _____ of the maze, which argues for a cognitive component to operant learning.

answer

cognitive map

question

Any consequence that _____ the likelihood of a behavior is a reinforcer and any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is a punisher.

answer

increases

question

Ratio schedules of reinforcement typically produce the:

answer

highest and most consistent rates of responding

question

Each species is _____ to learn some things more readily than others.

answer

biologically predisposed

question

Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be _____, while behaviors that result in unpleasant situations will be _____.

answer

repeated, avoided

question

Schedules of _____ are based on the finding that conditioned behaviors often continue or even become strengthened by irregular reinforcement.

answer

reinforcement

question

Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the 11th day of their maze running. Tolman called this _____.

answer

latent learning

question

Skinner expanded on the work of Thorndike by focusing on:

answer

both reinforement and punishment

question

Compared to continuous schedules of reinforcement, _____ schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.

answer

intermittent

question

Rats who are given the ability to stimulate their pleasure centers will stop if drugs that block the neurotransmitter _____ are given.

answer

dopamine

question

The key difference between the two main types of conditioning is that classical conditioning is based on _____ responses, whereas operant conditioning produces _____ behaviors.

answer

involuntary, voluntary

question

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of responding.

answer

ratio

question

Neurons along the medial forebrain bundle all secrete the neurotransmitter:

answer

dopamine

question

Your date smiles at you and you suddenly know that she probably would return your kiss. Her smile is functioning as a(n) _____ stimulus.

answer

discriminative

question

The research on _____ of learning suggests that you should use tests to assess what you know and don't know before studying.

answer

judgments

question

Skinner's idea of stimulus control refers to:

answer

particular responses only occuring when particular stimuli are present

question

Unlike Skinner, _____ proposed that learning involved a cognitive component.

answer

Tolman

question

On a daily basis, we experience more _____ reinforcers than _____ ones.

answer

secondary, primary

question

Radio stations generally use a _____ schedule of reinforcement when they do promotional giveaways so that you will continue to listen to the station throughout the day.

answer

variable interval

question

The limbic system is MOST associated with the _____ aspects of reinforcement.

answer

positive

question

The key difference between the two main types of conditioning is that classical conditioning is based on involuntary responses, whereas _____conditioning produces voluntary behaviors.

answer

operant

question

Schedules of reinforcement are based on the finding that conditioned behaviors:

answer

often continue or even become stregthen by irregular reinforcement

question

Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs and _____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

answer

positive punishment

question

Superstitions can be explained by operant conditioning as mistakenly inferring a _____ between a specific behavior and a reinforcer.

answer

casual relationship

question

If you learn a statistical technique (maybe a t-test) but don't use it for two semesters, you may have demonstrated _____ learning.

answer

letent

question

The research on judgments of learning shows that people often mistake familiarity for _____.

answer

understanding

question

Jon believes that he does things that make him feel good and avoids things that make him feel bad. His views are consistent with which of the following ideas?

answer

law of effect

question

A teacher originally wanted to increase class participation, so she positively reinforced the asking of questions with nickels. After a few days, students had stacks of nickels on their desks and were asking far too many questions. To reduce question-asking, the teacher could approach the students' desks and remove a nickel whenever they ask a question, a process known as negative punishment. Or, she could simply not give students nickels anymore when they ask questions, a process known as _____.

answer

extinction

question

A behavioral change that does not manifest itself until some time in the future is called _____.

answer

latent learning

question

Just as in classical conditioning, operant behavior will undergo _____ if reinforcement stops.

answer

extinction

question

An organism's behavior that has some impact on the environment is called a(n) _____ behavior.

answer

operant

question

In _____conditioning, the consequence of the behavior influences whether it is likely to occur again.

answer

operant

question

Shaping refers to:

answer

reinforcing sucessive steps to reach a desired outcome

question

Because of _____, you can tell the difference between the men's restroom and the women's restroom, and know which one to use.

answer

stimulus control

question

Effects of observational learning can be seen in:

answer

both humans and nonhumans

question

Children with dyslexia show deficits in _____ learning.

answer

implicit

question

Because of the powerful effects of _____, many parents monitor the content of video games, television shows, and movies their children engage in so that they do not imitate violent behavior.

answer

observational learning

question

Mirror neurons most likely play a critical role in observational learning in which organisms _____ the actions of others.

answer

imitate

question

In _____ learning the learner needs to be consciously aware that his or her behavior is changing.

answer

observational

question

Learning that occurs mostly without awareness of both the process by which the information is learned and the consequences of knowing the information is:

answer

implicit learning

question

If you watch someone to learn how to play the violin and then serve as a model for another student, you are part of a:

answer

diffusion chain

question

Occurs mostly without awareness of both the process by which the information is learned and the consequences of knowing the information.

answer

implicit learning

question

Observational learning challenges operant conditioning explanations of learning because:

answer

it incolves no direct reinforcement

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