question

the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

answer

discrimination

question

a type of learning that involves stimulus response connections

answer

conditioning

question

the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

answer

generalization

question

a learned avoidance of a particular food

answer

taste aversion

question

the loss of a stimulus ability to bring about a conditioned response

answer

extinction

question

an automatic response to a stimulus

answer

unconditioned response

question

a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response normally generated by a different stimulus

answer

classical conditioning

question

a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral

answer

conditioned response

question

a stimulus that causes a response that is not learned

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

a stimulus that causes a learned response

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

counter-conditioning is a conditioning method in which people with fears are exposed to harmless stimuli until fear responses are extinguished

answer

false: flooding

question

in spontaneous recovery, organisms display responses to stimuli that had been extinguished earlier

answer

true

question

the use of relaxation techniques to help peoples overcome fears is part of systematic desensitization

answer

true

question

generalization involves the pairing of pleasant stimuli with fearful ones in order to counteract the subjects fear

answer

false: counter conditioning

question

pavlov's experiments with dogs are an example of classical conditioning

answer

true

question

process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again

answer

reinforcement

question

method of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps

answer

shaping

question

the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two things

answer

ratio

question

stimuli that increases the frequency of a behavior that they follow

answer

positive reinforcers

question

method of learning in which each step of a sequence leads to another step until the final action is achieved

answer

chaining

question

rewarding a mouse every time it presses a particular button is an example of partial reinforcement

answer

false: continuous

question

examples of secondary behavior reinforces include food and warmth

answer

false: primary reinforcers

question

the schedule of reinforcement outlines how often a behavior s reinforced

answer

true

question

negative reinforces are intended to stop unwanted behavior from occuring

answer

true

question

reinforcement can include both rewards and punishments

answer

true

question

conditioning is a type of learning in which people and animals learn to behave in certain ways because of the results of what they do

answer

operant

question

money and social status are considered ______ reinforcers because their values must be learned

answer

secondary

question

being allowed to visit a friend because you have completed all of your chores is an example of _______ reinforcement

answer

positive

question

a process such as riding a bicycle can be learned as a series of steps that build on each other, a process known as ________

answer

chaining

question

rewarding a behavior every fifth time it occurs is an example of _______reinforcement

answer

partial

question

the frequency of a behavior and some psychologists do use the term reward interchangeable

answer

reward

question

stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior

answer

reinforcement

question

the quantity, amount, or size between two or more things

answer

ratio

question

unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow

answer

punishment

question

functions due to biological makeup of an organism

answer

primary reinforcer

question

the acquiring of knowledge by observing and imitating other people

answer

observational learning

question

learning that remains hidden until it is needed

answer

latent

question

system in which people are paid to act correctly by earning rewards, such as points that can be cashed in for treats or privileges

answer

token economies

question

form of observational learning in which people observe behavior and can later reproduce it

answer

modeling

question

experienced indirectly through the experience of another person

answer

vicarious reinforcement

question

approach to active learning that includes six steps to help students absorb information

answer

pq4r

question

an effort to learn a great deal of information all at once

answer

massed learning

question

effort to get a general picture of the material covered in a section of text before reading it

answer

preview

question

the process of studying something regularly so the learning is spread over several days or weeks

answer

distributed learning

question

phrasing questions about the material to be studied, perhaps by changing headings into questions

answer

question

thinking about material that has been studied in order to better understand and remember it

answer

reflect

question

repeatedly studying the same material for better understanding and memory

answer

review

question

attempting to get a general picture of the material to be studied before studying actually begins

answer

preview

question

stating information about the studied material aloud to improve memory

answer

recite

question

examining the material to be studied to try to answer questions you have phrased about it

answer

read

question

the pq4r method of learning was developed by psychologists to help students better absorb and retain information

answer

true

question

reciting information that you have studied can help you remember that information better

answer

true

question

distributed learning, also sometimes known as cramming, involves a great deal of study squeezed into a short amount of time

answer

false: massed

question

massed learning is usually the most effective method of studying

answer

false: distributed

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