question

In a(n) ___________________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

When people's thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and they feel alert, they are generally said to be in a state of

answer

waking consiousness

question

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of

answer

increased alertness.

question

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts became fuzzy and disorganized. Todd was in a state of

answer

alerted consciousness.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about the circadian rhythm?

answer

It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete.

question

As _____________ accumulate(s) in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy.

answer

melatonin

question

As a person relaxes and becomes drowsy, ______________ waves appear.

answer

alpha

question

Many researches believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by ______________ during the first stage of sleep.

answer

hypnogogic images

question

_____________________ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that inhibits the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

answer

REM behavior disorder

question

Night terrors are experienced

answer

during deep non-REM sleep

question

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming began by

answer

Freud

question

People under hypnosis

answer

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session.

question

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

answer

controlling pain

question

The ________________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

answer

social-cognitive theory

question

Just before every test, Juan closes his eyes, relaxes, and visualizes himself passing all of his exam with high scores. Juan appears to be engaging in the practice of:

answer

meditation.

question

When someone is properly meditating, brain waves change to include

answer

more theta and alpha waves.

question

Whenever Caroline goes more than a day without drinking, she begins to experience severe headaches, irritability, nausea, cramping, and shaking. Caroline is experiencing symptoms of ______________.

answer

withdrawal

question

Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of ________________.

answer

psychological dependence

question

Minor tranzuilizers

answer

are commonly used to treat anxiety.

question

Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called

answer

narcotics.

question

___________________ are sometimes used to treat narcolepsy.

answer

Methamphetamines

question

Alcohol indirectly stimulates the release of ____________, the brains major depressant.

answer

GABA

question

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

answer

Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due.

question

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

answer

altered

question

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our

answer

biological rhythms.

question

The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by _________________.

answer

the brain

question

Some instances of automobile accidents have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though the person was certain that he or she had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

answer

The person was in the N1 stage of sleep.

question

Melatonin is secreted by the _______________ gland.

answer

pineal

question

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during

answer

N3 (R & K Stages 3 & 4)

question

Which of the following is TRUE about REM sleep?

answer

It is when most dreams occur.

question

Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. These episodes take place during REM sleep. Jonah is experiencing

answer

nightmares

question

Which statement about sleep apnea is TRUE?

answer

The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more.

question

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from

answer

narcolepsy.

question

Freud believed that dreams were a kind of _________________ for his patients.

answer

wish fullfillment

question

According to researchers, men tend to

answer

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women.

question

About __________ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

answer

40

question

Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In face, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?

answer

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

question

Every night, Pricilla increases her dose of medication, noting that the initial does no longer works. Pricilla seems to have developed

answer

drug tolerance.

question

Darren uses cocaine recreationally. Darren's drug of choice is a _____________________.

answer

stimulant

question

Ecstasy is classified as a

answer

stimulatory hallucinogenic

question

Both marijuana and hashish contain

answer

cannabinoids.

question

Smoking marijuana

answer

may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users.

question

Research suggest that once people learn something

answer

it is always present somewhere in memory.

question

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning?

answer

Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.

question

While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop and take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?

answer

learning

question

Which of the following describes change that is due to biology and not experience?

answer

maturation

question

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is

answer

a reflex.

question

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n)

answer

neutral stimulus.

question

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of

answer

stimulus generalization.

question

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is caleld

answer

extinction.

question

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that

answer

human emotional responses could be conditioned.

question

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses, then cry before the needle even touches them, this is an example of

answer

vicarious conditioning.

question

Shortly after eating apiece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he'd had many times, Amad became nauseated. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior?

answer

conditioned taste aversion

question

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _____________ on behavior.

answer

consequences

question

Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior?

answer

negative rienforcment

question

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses

answer

continuous reinforcement.

question

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using

answer

punishment by application.

question

A police car is a __________ for slowing down.

answer

discriminative stimulus.

question

Animals' tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns is called

answer

instinctive drift.

question

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is

answer

applied behavior analysis.

question

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as

answer

cognition.

question

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was

answer

not rewarded.

question

Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because

answer

other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait.

question

Seligman connects learned helplessness to

answer

depression.

question

Bandura conducted some of his research to study

answer

possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior towards others.

question

Bandura found that consequences

answer

do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.

question

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the element of

answer

imitation.

question

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning?

answer

desire

question

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when your'e not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the cold water

question

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

answer

Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.

question

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

answer

distinctive.

question

_________________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

answer

Stimulus discrimination

question

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is

answer

when coyotes eat sheep meat laced with lithium chloride, get sick, and then stop eating sheep meat.

question

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________________ on behavior.

answer

consequences

question

Dorethea eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

answer

operant conditioning

question

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

answer

primary reinforcers.

question

Every time Paul's neighbor upstairs plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of ________________________.

answer

negative reinforcement.

question

For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned?

answer

fixed ratio

question

In most employment situations, people are paid

answer

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

question

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teachers sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of

answer

punishment.

question

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _____________________.

answer

behavior modification

question

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats

answer

learned to find the exit almost immediately.

question

Tolman and Kohler were

answer

Gestalt psychologists.

question

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved

answer

a chimp fitting one stick into another to reach out of his cage for a banana.

question

In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _______________ into is studies of children and the Bobo doll.

answer

reward

question

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner first must

answer

pay attention.

question

Bandura concluded that there were ____________________________ elements of observational learning.

answer

four

question

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?

answer

holding information just long enough to work with it

question

On the first day of school, all of the students in Mrs. Randall's class shared their names with one another by standing up and clearly speaking their name to the other students in the classroom. Mrs. Randall encouraged each student to pay careful attention and commit the names to memory, so that students would get to know each other and become friends. Mrs. Randall was steering her students to engage in the process of ____________.

answer

encoding

question

The ________________________ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored.

answer

information-processing model

question

The parallel distributed processing model

answer

proposes that memory is a simultaneous process that allows people to retrieve many different aspects of a memory all at once.

question

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden he thinks, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this though, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

answer

iconic sensory

question

Jamie has the ability to look quickly at a page in a book, then focus on a blank piece of paper and "read" the words from the image of the page in the book that still linger in his sensory memory. Jamie's ability is an example of

answer

eidetic imagery

question

Echoic memory lasts ____________ iconic memory.

answer

about two to four seconds longer than

question

In spite of the loud music and many conversations at the party, Rachel was able to hear her friend say her name. Rachel's ability to hear her name regardless of the background noise is an example of

answer

selective attention.

question

Eve is able to remember her Social Security number by breaking it into three parts: three numbers/two numbers/four numbers. Eve is using the process of

answer

chunking.

question

Which of the following is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making the information meaningful in some way?

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

You walk into a room and know that there's something you need, but in order to remember it, you have to go back to the room you started in and use your surroundings. This illustrates

answer

the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

question

____________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

answer

Encoding specificity

question

Which is an example of a recognition task?

answer

a word-search puzzle

question

Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding

answer

requires little or no effort to retrieve.

question

People's memories of September 11, 2001 are best described as

answer

flashbulb memories.

question

Kevin was in a study room where he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced the the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of

answer

the minsinformation effect.

question

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting

answer

is greater just after learning.

question

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had few minutes earlier, while walking out the door. Since his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny's friend expereienced

answer

encoding failure.

question

Decay is the fading of

answer

a memory trace.

question

When Diana remodeled her kitchen, she moved the clock from one wall to another. Now every time she enters the kitchen, she first looks at the blank wall do see the time. Diana is expereiencing

answer

proactive interference.

question

Research suggests that short-term memories are stored in the

answer

prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe.

question

Quincy had a terrifying experience in which he was attacked by a dog. This memory is most likely stored in the

answer

amygdala.

question

Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident.

answer

retrograde amnesia.

question

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by

answer

a concussion.

question

The ______________ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.

answer

parallel distributed processing model

question

Kevin, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Kevin's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory?

answer

storage

question

Dr. McCrae encourages her students to go beyond just memorizing definitions. She teaches them that if they fully understand the meanings of the concepts covered in class, they will be able to remember them much longer. Dr. McCrae's lesson to her students appears to be based on which model of memory?

answer

levels-of-processing

question

You always ask for a window seat whenever you fly because you love looking at the clouds and their shapes as the plane flies above them. They type of sensory memory used when viewing the clouds is __________ memory.

answer

iconic sensory

question

Jade was asked to participate in an experiment. The experimenter read aloud to her a series of numbers that she was then asked to repeat back to him in the same order. As Jade continued to answer correctly, the lists became longer and longer until she finally couldn't get the numbers right. The experiment in which Jade was asked to participate involved the use of what memory test?

answer

the digit-span test

question

In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Denver repeated the list to herself over and over again until she got all of the items from the store that she needed. Denver's method of memorizing the grocery

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in

answer

auditory form.

question

George Miller concluded that the capacity of the short-term memory is

answer

from five to nine bits of information.

question

_______________ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

answer

Long-term

question

After Eve had used "elaborative rehearsal" to remember her Social Security number, the information

answer

found its way to her long-term memory.

question

Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of your

answer

nondeclarative memory.

question

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

answer

state-dependent learning.

question

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is

answer

the primacy effect.

question

The constructive processing view that says that every time a memory is retrieved

answer

it may be altered or revised in some way.

question

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also

answer

makes it easier to create false memories.

question

Long-term memories may be stored in the brain but inaccessible because

answer

of interference.

question

It has been five years since you've taken a psychology course and you find yourself back in school taking Introduction to Psychology all over again. Unfortunately, you're having a difficult time remembering anything that you learned previously. Your forgetting in this situation is most likely due to _______________.

answer

decay.

question

The case of H.H. shows that the ______________________ is integral in the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

answer

hippocampus

question

_____________ is the most common type of dementia found in adults and the elderly.

answer

Alzheimer's

question

Dana cannot remember anything about the car accident in which she was recently involved, nor can she remember anything that happened during the week prior to the accident. Dana appears to be suffering from _____________________.

answer

retrograde amnesia.

question

In order for people to be able to tell you how many television they have in their house, the would prpbably use

answer

a mental image.

question

______________ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world.

answer

Natural concepts

question

Mechanical problem-solving solutions may involved solving by

answer

rote.

question

Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms?

answer

They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found.

question

Erik dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. This is an example of

answer

functional fixedness.

question

People who believe that aliens have come to earth might disregard evidence that crop circles are human-made. This is an example of

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires

answer

divergent thinking.

question

Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of _______________________ intelligence.

answer

s factor

question

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and

answer

practical.

question

Binet decided that a key element in testing intelligence was a child's

answer

standard deviation.

question

___________________ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test.

answer

Stern's formula

question

Dovorah has deficits in her cognitive functioning. These limitations were not really recognized until she got to school and her learning difficulties became apparent. As an adult, she is a fairly concrete thinker, although she is capable of living independently with a small amount of regular assistance. Dovorah is probably best described as suffering from _________________ intellectual disability.

answer

mild

question

According to Goleman, _________________ is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence.

answer

emotional intelligence

question

In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that

answer

intelligence is largely inherited.

question

According to Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through

answer

their language acquisition device.

question

"Michael painted the picture" and "the picture was painted by Michael" have the same semantic meaning but different

answer

syntax.

question

Piaget noted that preschool children spent a great deal of time talking to themselves, even when playing together, and that the "conversations" had nothing to do with the speech of the children around them. He called this process

answer

collective monologue.

question

Researchers have found that while some animals have demonstrated an ability to use language, none of them have been able to master ____________.

answer

syntax

question

PET scans show areas of the ________________ being activated during the process of forming an image.

answer

visual cortex

question

Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to

answer

actual tasks involving visual perception.

question

Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a

answer

natural concept.

question

A(n) _______________ refers to a type of scheme that involves a familiar sequence of activities.

answer

script

question

Writing a term paper may best be approached by using

answer

subgoals.

question

The _______________ heuristic is based on one's estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples.

answer

availiability

question

Sabrina's statistics instructor assigns math homework every week that requires Sabrina to solve mathematical problems using formulas. Sabrina is making use of what method of problem solving to complete her statistics homework?

answer

algorithms

question

After almost giving up on fixing the loose leg on the table because he couldn't fine a screwdriver, Aaron was able to fix the table by using a knife that was nearby. Aaron was able to fix the loose leg on the table by overcoming __________________.

answer

functional fixedness.

question

Which of the following examples best illustrates divergent thinking?

answer

Jennifer makes a bowling game using empty plastic bottles and an orange.

question

Gardner theorized that there are ____________ types of intelligence.

answer

nine

question

Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. According to Binet, fifteen is Keneisha's ___________________.

answer

mental age

question

You are taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and come to a question that requires you to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order. You are being tested for

answer

working memory.

question

Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. This test can be considered

answer

reliable.

question

Jeremy was diagnosed with lead poisoning at about 4 years of age. As a result of his condition, he has an IQ score of 55, he has trouble doing most things for himself, and he shows a number of deficits in his mental abilities. Jeremy most likely has ___________.

answer

intellectual disability.

question

In some languages, changing the stress or pitch of certain words or syllables can change its entire meaning. This is referred to as ______________.

answer

intonation

question

Amelia is 3 years old and is beginning to develop more complex language skills. However, when she's out in public, she still has trouble knowing when to say what, and what to say to whom. Amelia appears to be having trouble with the _________________ of language.

answer

pragmatics

question

The idea that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture has come to be known as the ______________.

answer

linguistic relativity hypothesis

question

In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp ____________________________________________.

answer

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes.

question

The rattle of a rattlesnake, the growling of an angry dog, and the dancing of honey bees are all examples of ___________________ communication.

answer

instinctual

question

A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with _____________________, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.

answer

schizophrenia

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