PSY 101_5 – Flashcards
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In Pavlov's principle experiment, if a dog salivates after hearing a tone, the salivation would be the
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c. unconditioned stimulus.
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A conditioned stimulus is
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c. a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.
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In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is
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c. a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning.
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Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringeing in the waiting room is
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c. a conditioned response.
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In higher-order conditioning ____ now functions as if it were ____.
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c. a conditioned response; an unconditioned response
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Learning to tie one's shoes is most likely acquired via the process of
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a. operant conditioning.
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April wants to teach her cat not to claw at the arms of her couch. She will be MOST successful in reducing the cat's scratching behavior if she uses
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a. classical conditioning.
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According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it
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c. increases the probability of the response that produced it.
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The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response is called
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c. shaping.
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A schedule of reinforcement is
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d. a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use.
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While new responses are more easily established with ____ reinforcement, responses maintained with ____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.
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a. continuous; intermittent
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Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling up, you will hear an annoying sound. If you learn to buckle up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling up before you turn on the ignition, you show ____.
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b. escape learning; avoidance learning
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The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is
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c. Bandura's theory of observational learning.
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The research of both Tolman and Bandura distinguishes between
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a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy for decreasing the frequency of an undesirable behavior?
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c. Increasing exposure to antecedents of the response
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Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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false
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Escape and avoidance responses are both initially acquired through negative reinforcement.
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true
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Various studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have shown that reinforcement is automatic when favorable consequences follow operant responses.
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false
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Albert Bandura, like Edward Tolman, suggested that organisms store cognitive representations of learned responses that they may or may not perform depending on the reinforcement possibilities.
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true
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The fact that the principles of conditioning are routinely applied in homes, businesses, schools, and factories shows that the causes of behavior are multifactorial
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false
