question

A-B-C Analysis

answer

A method for studying relationships among the behavior and its consequences and its antecedents.

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Abscissa

answer

The x- or horizontal axis of a graph, usually expressed in observational sessions or standard units of time.

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Accountability

answer

Objective demonstration and communication of the effectiveness of a program.

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Accuracy

answer

The extent to which behavior meets a standard measure of performance.

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Activity reinforcer

answer

Contingent access to materials that support the increase or maintenance of a target behavior.

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Adaptation

answer

Refers to the gradual reduction in the rates of responding evoked by a stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentations.

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Advocate

answer

A person or group serving to protect a client's interests; not one who is employed by the organization delivering services.

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Alternative goals

answer

While these goals are not necessarily designed to serve the same function for the client as his misbehavior did, they are designed to teach appropriate ways to behave.

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Antecedent stimulus

answer

A stimulus that precedes or accompanies a behavior and may exert discriminative control over that behavior.

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Applied behavior analysis

answer

This is a system designed to analyze and change behavior in a precisely measurable and accountable manner. It is an evidence-base method of examining and changing what people say and do.

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Applied behavior analysis program

answer

A systematic approach to analyzing and changing behavior: It involves behavioral objectives, application of valid and reliable measures, plus an experimental evaluation of results.

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Applied research

answer

Research directed toward an analysis of the variables that might improve the behavior under study, usually in natural settings. It is research that involves socially important behaviors.

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Automatic reinforcer

answer

The reinforcement is inherent in the response itself.

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Aversive stimulus

answer

A stimulus, also called a punisher, with the function of decreasing the strength of a behavior when presented as a consequence.

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Avoidance behavior.

answer

A class of behavior that postpones or circumvents an aversive stimulus.

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Bar graphs

answer

Graphic depictions generally used to compare discrete sets of data that relate to one another; or to summarize performance within a condition or group.

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Baseline

answer

Repeated measures of the strength or level of behavior prior to the introduction of an experimental (independent) variable.

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Basic research

answer

Research typically conducted in a laboratory setting where it is possible to arrange tight experimental control.

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Behavior

answer

Any living organism's directly measurable actions or physical functions, including both saying and doing.

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Behavior Analysis

answer

Experimental investigation of variables that influence the behavior of any living organism.

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Behavioral assessment

answer

Assessment is used to investigate first, an individual's typical patterns of behavior; then depending on findings, to identify and describe specific challenges, and to plan, execute, and evaluate treatment as objectively, validly and clearly, as possible.

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Behavioral contract

answer

The negotiated goals and procedures of a behavior analysis program, mutually agreed upon by the client or advocate and other involved persons, and modifiable by joint consent.

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Behavioral cusp

answer

A behavior (or behavioral class) that affords clients greater access to reinforcers, by expanding their repertoires and enabling more rapid learning.

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Behavioral dimensions

answer

Measurable parameters or descriptive characteristics that describe particular aspects of the performance, such as frequency, rate, intensity, duration, topography, and accuracy.

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Behavioral goal

answer

A statement of the direction and level to which the target behavior is to be changed: This will be translated into a set of behavioral objectives prior to designing a program.

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Behaviorally anchored rating scale

answer

A method of assessing performance by assigning a numerical value to one's judgments.

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Behavioral objective

answer

Precise specification of a goal behavior, including three essential elements: (1) The behavior; (2) the givens - situations, context, or conditions under which the behavior is to occur; and (3) the standard of acceptability or criterion level of performance.

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Behavioral principles

answer

Lawful relations between behavior and the variables that control it, discovered through experimental analyses of behavior.

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Behavioral procedure or strategy

answer

Interventions or treatments used to induce behavioral change - to occasion, teach, maintain, increase, extend, restrict, inhibit, or reduce behaviors.

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Behavioral repertoire

answer

The total complement of behaviors that an individual previously has demonstrated.

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Behavioral technicians

answer

Auxiliary workers, such as observers and data recorders, whose services may be required to conduct some of the technical aspects of a behavior analysis program.

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Behavior modification

answer

Interventions based on the science of behavior and designed to change behavior in a precisely measurable manner.

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Change in level

answer

Depicts the amount by which the behavior has changed; that is, whether the average performance rate is higher, lower or remaining the same as compared to previous average performance

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Client

answer

The person who receives the services of a behavior analyst, and/or of an agency or organization; the individual whose behavior is targeted for change.

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Coercion

answer

Oppressive or aversive force and disproportionately powerful incentives; often involves threats, severely punitive contingencies, or disproportionately powerful incentives for the purpose of inducing a behavioral change toward an objective unwanted by the client (or their surrogates).

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Collateral behaviors

answer

Behaviors not treated directly, yet whose rates may change as another behavior is directly treated.

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Collateral measures

answer

Measures of variables that relate indirectly to changes in the target behavior.

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Conceptual analysis of behavior

answer

Verbally addresses historical, philosophical, theoretical, and methodological issues and relations among different behavioral properties.

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Conditioned respondent

answer

A stimulus-response relation learned by pairing a neutral stimulus with one that already elicits the response.

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Confounding variables

answer

Uncontrolled variables that influence the outcome of an experiment to an unknown extent, making impossible the precise evaluation of the effects of the independent on the dependent variable(s).

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Constructional approach

answer

An approach to changing behavior that emphasizes building behaviors rather than reducing or eliminating them.

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Context

answer

The surrounding conditions and limitations, under which the response occurs, including the setting, furnishings, materials, personnel, and so on.

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Contextual fit

answer

This is achieved when an appropriate intervention is selected that suits the skills, resources, schedules, and values of the contingency managers.

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Contingencies

answer

The specified dependencies or relations between behavior and its antecedents and consequences.

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Contingency managers

answer

Individuals who conduct the day-to-day operation of a behavioral program by systematically applying behavioral strategies or procedures.

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Continuous behavior

answer

A response lacking a clearly discriminable beginning or end.

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Control condition

answer

Circumstances whereby extraneous or potential confounding variables are held constant; used in applied behavior analysis for the purpose of eliminating alternative explanations for the results of an experimental analysis.

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Criteria

answer

The aspect of a behavioral objective that states the standards used to determine its accomplishment.

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Criterion level

answer

The level of performance to be achieved.

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Cumulative records

answer

A display of the rates of a behavior in the form of changes in the slope or curve of the response patterns generated as a function of conditions in effect.

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Data

answer

The numerical results of measuring some quantifiable aspect of behavior from which conclusions are drawn.

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Datum

answer

The singular form of data.

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Dependent variable

answer

A variable that changes systematically, as a direct function of a change in the independent variable.

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Deprivation

answer

The absence or reduction of a reinforcer for a period of time. Deprivation is a motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of the reinforcer and the rate of behavior.

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Determinism

answer

Doctrine that acts of will, occurrences in nature, or social or psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding events or natural laws.

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Direct observational recording

answer

A method, sometimes called observational recording, in which human observers objectively record ongoing (or video-recordings of ongoing) behavior.

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Discrete behavior

answer

A behavior that has a clearly discriminable beginning and end.discriminable beginning and end.

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Stimulus discrimination

answer

A form of tight stimulus control in which responding is restricted to certain stimulus situations: those in which the response has been reinforced, and not to those in which it has not been reinforced.

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Discriminative stimuli

answer

Stimuli are said to be discriminative when they control behavior differentially, after having been present reliably when a response either has been reinforced, placed on extinction, or punished.

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Duration

answer

The length of time that passes from onset to offset of a behavior or a stimulus.

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Duration recording

answer

Recording the time that elapses from the onset to the offset of a response.

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Edible reinforcer

answer

Consumable items that serve a reinforcing function.

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Elicit

answer

In respondent or classical conditioning of reflexes, a verb used to denote the effect of an antecedent conditioned or unconditioned stimulus on a conditioned or unconditioned response.

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Emit

answer

A verb that describes the occurrence of an operant behavior.

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Empirical

answer

Derived from or guided by experience or experiment.

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Environment

answer

The context in which the behavior occurs.

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Episodic severity

answer

A measure of the intensity or gravity of a response.

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Equal interval graphs

answer

Line graphs, bar graphs, and cumulative graphs generally are labeled equal interval graphs because the units on the y- and x-axis are spaced equally, as opposed to those in standard celeration charting, which uses logarithmic units.

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Escape behavior

answer

Behavior that reduces or removes aversive stimulation, thereby producing negative reinforcement.

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Event measure

answer

The number of times the response occurs. Also called frequency.

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Event recording

answer

An observational recording procedure in which the number of occurrences of a given discrete behavior are counted over a specified period of time.

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Evidence-based practices

answer

Practices, programs, or procedures scientifically demonstrated to be effective with like populations.

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Evoke

answer

To increase the likelihood of the emission of a response by arranging prior stimulus conditions.

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Experimental analysis of behavior

answer

A scientific method designed to discover the functional relation between behavior and the variables that control it.

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Experimental design

answer

An aspect of an experiment directed toward unambiguously establishing experimental control; to demonstrate a functional relation between response patterns and interventions.

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Extinction

answer

The phenomenon of a diminished rate of a behavior, resulting from the discontinuation of reinforcement contingent on a particular target behavior.

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Implementation fidelity

answer

This refers to the accuracy with which the intervention or treatment is implemented. Generally, given a well-designed plan of intervention, the higher the treatment integrity, the more effective the intervention.

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Frequency

answer

The number of times a behavior occurs. Often expressed as rate - that is, in relation to a given period of time.

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Function

answer

The term implies the lawful manner in which the rate, form or other pattern with which the behavior is repeated relates to the way its consequences have influenced it in the past.

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Functional goals

answer

Behaviors that produce functional reinforcers. Based on the findings of a functional assessment, they focus on teaching clients how to obtain their reinforcers in socially acceptable ways.

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Functional relation

answer

A lawful relation between values of two variables. A dependent variable treated behavior and a given independent variable are functionally related if the behavior changes systematically with changes in the value of the independent variable or treatment.

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Functional skill

answer

Behavior that enables someone to obtain reinforcement. Usually it is age, or at least developmentally appropriate, socially significant, and likely to be reinforced or supported by the natural environment.

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Stimulus generalization

answer

The occurrences of the response in the presence of antecedent stimuli sharing certain characteristics with those previously correlated with reinforcement.

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Generalized reinforcer

answer

A conditioned reinforcer effective for a wide range of behaviors as a result of having been paired with a variety of previously established reinforcers.

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Goal

answer

The intended broad or abstract purpose of an intervention.

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Outcome goal

answer

A specification of the end product or behavior sought as a result of the treatment program.

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Process Goal

answer

A target, the accomplishment of which enables the achievement of an outcome goal.

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Graph

answer

A diagram displaying data in the form of one or more points, lines, line segments, curves, or areas, representing the variation of a variable in comparison with that of one or more other variables.

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Independent variable

answer

The experimental variable that is managed or manipulated.

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Instructional demand

answer

An unintended alteration in behavior occurring as a function of variations in the way participants are told about an experimental protocol.

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Intensity

answer

The strength or force with which a stimulus is delivered or a behavior expressed.

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Interobserver agreement assessment

answer

A method for estimating the reliability of a behavioral observation system.

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Interresponse time

answer

The duration of elapsed time from the offset of one response to the onset of the next response.

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Ipsative data

answer

Data based on the behavior of an individual; used as the basis for demonstrating functional relations.

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Latency

answer

The elapsed time from the presentation of an antecedent stimulus and the response.

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Learning

answer

Any enduring change in behavior produced as a function of the interaction between the behavior and the environment.

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Learning history

answer

The sum of an individual's behaviors that have been conditioned or modified as a function of his or her interaction with environmental events.

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Line graphs

answer

A graphic display of data scaled along some dimension, such as time or the order of responses in a sequence.

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Measurement complexity

answer

Refers to the number of behaviors observed.

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Mission

answer

An organization's fundamental purpose for existing.

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Coping model

answer

A model known previously to have experienced difficulty with the behavior to be imitated, but who now is capable of demonstrating that skill.

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Momentary time-sampling

answer

A time-sampling procedure in which a response is recorded only if it is occurring at the specific point in time when the interval terminates.

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Motivating operations

answer

These are antecedent events that (a) change the value of the consequence, or, (b) along with the immediate discriminative stimulus, may alter the behavior.

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Multiple-baseline designs

answer

Intensive experimental designs that attempts to replicate the effects of a procedure across (1) different subjects, (2) different settings, or (3) different classes of behavior

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Multiple probes

answer

Measuring untreated responses intermittently to assess any variations in those responses due to generalization or unidentified conditions

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Natural reinforcer

answer

A reinforcer indigenous to the natural environment. A good mark is usually a natural reinforcer in a school setting as is pay for a worker.

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Needs assessment

answer

A systematic method for identifying goals to target for programmatic change.

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Negative punishment

answer

The removal or reduction of positive reinforcers as a consequence of a response, resulting in the reduction in the rate of that response.

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Negative reinforcement

answer

A behavior has been negatively reinforced if it increases or is maintained as a function of the contingent removal or reduction of a stimulus.

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Negative reinforcer

answer

An aversive stimulus; a stimulus that, when removed, reduced, or postponed as a consequence of a response, results in an increase in or maintenance of that response.

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Neutral stimulus

answer

An object or event that is unbiased with respect to some property that it later may acquire.

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Normative data

answer

Data based on group behavior, such as group averages.

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Objective measurement

answer

Publicly verifiable measures free of feelings, interpretations, or inferences.

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Observer awareness of being assessed

answer

When observers are aware that their own scoring is being monitored. This often results in more accurate observers data.

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Observer bias

answer

A situation in which the data recordings may have been influenced by the observer(s)' expectation of change in a particular direction.

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Observer drift

answer

A phenomenon in which observational data move away from the true (valid) measures.

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Occasion

answer

To increase the likelihood of the emission of a response by arranging prior stimulus conditions.

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Operant behavior

answer

That class of behavior primarily controlled by its consequences, and often, following a given learning history by particular antecedent stimuli

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Operant learning

answer

The basic process by which "voluntary" learning occurs.

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Operant level

answer

The strength (e.g., rate or duration) of behavior prior to any known or designed conditioning.

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Operation

answer

An act or behavior that affects the environment.

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Operationally defined

answer

Terms that are broken down into observable and measurable components.

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Operational definition or statement

answer

The product of breaking down a broad concept into its observable and reliably measurable component behaviors.

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Ordinate

answer

The y value, on the y-axis of a graph, usually expressed in numerals such as frequency, number or percentage.

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Parameter

answer

Any of a set of physical properties whose values determine the characteristics of a behavior, such as schedule and quantity or quality of reinforcers.

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Parsimony

answer

The simplest theory that fits the facts of a problem is the one that should be selected.

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Partial-interval time-sampling.

answer

Data collection whereby a response is recorded if it occurs at any time(s) - even momentarily - during the interval, and not necessarily throughout the interval.

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Permanent products

answer

A tangible result of behavior so that an observer need not be present at the exact moment the behavior occurs.

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Permanent product recording

answer

A recording method in which durable products of a behavior are assessed.

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Phase change lines.

answer

Vertical lines on a graph indicating a change in the "treatment" or independent variable.

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Phase label

answer

The phase label describes, or names, the condition(s) in place (e.g., baseline, treatment, follow-up, etc.).

question

Picture Exchange Communication System

answer

An augmentative verbal communication system that uses images rather than spoken or written words as the communicative medium.

question

Pivotal behavior

answer

Behaviors, that as learned, produce change in other adaptive untrained behavior.

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Planned activity check

answer

An observational recording system in which, according to a preset schedule, the observer counts the number of individuals engaged in the assigned task at that moment and compares that to the total number present.

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Positive behavior support team

answer

An intervention approach that focuses on examining contextual factors or motivational operations and designing programs with the aim of preventing problem behaviors.

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Positive punishment

answer

An event in which a stimulus (typically unpleasant) occurs contingent on a response, resulting in a decrease in the future probability of that response

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Positive reinforcement process

answer

Inferred when the rate of a response maintains or increases as a function of contingent consequences.

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Positive reinforcement procedure

answer

The planned application of a positively reinforcing stimulus for the purpose of increasing or maintaining the rate of a response.

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Positive reinforcer

answer

A stimulus, such as an object or event, that follows or is presented as a consequence of a response and results in the rate of that response increasing or maintaining.

question

Precision Teaching

answer

A formal, individualized instructional method that emphasizes fluency, charting of performance, designing and implementing teaching, and that reinforces the emission of each specific behavior under conditions in which it is expected to occur.

question

Premack principle

answer

Statement that contingent access to higher-probability behavior ("preferred activities") reinforces lower-probability behavior.

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Primary aversive stimulus

answer

A stimulus that functions aversively in the absence of any prior learning history resulting in a decrease in the rate of the behavior it follows.

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Primary prevention

answer

Addressing factors contributing to problem behavior among all clients in the setting, to prevent the occurrence of problem behaviors.

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Primary positive reinforcer

answer

A stimulus that usually is reinforcing in the absence of any prior learning history.

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Punisher

answer

A stimulus that, when presented immediately following a response, effects a reduction in the rate of the response.

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Punishment

answer

An event occurring contingent on a response that decreases the future probability of the response.

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Rate

answer

The average frequency of behavior emitted during a standard unit of time.

question

Rate of criterion level

answer

This measure of rate can provide a guide as to when to begin maintenance.

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Reactivity

answer

An artificial effect produced by the process of conducting the assessment or as a result of experimental activities other than the selected independent variable.

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Recalibrate

answer

Retraining observers to achieve interobserver agreement scores at acceptable levels of accuracy.

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Reinforcement

answer

A process in which a behavior is strengthened as a function of an event that occurs as a consequence of, or contingent on, the response.

question

Reinforcement procedure.

answer

The carefully planned presentation of positive reinforcers, or removal of negative reinforcers or aversive stimuli, as a function of a given response for the explicit purpose of increasing the future rate of that response under similar circumstances.

question

Reinforcer

answer

A specific behavioral consequence, the addition of which functions, to increase or maintain the rate of a behavior.

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Reinforcer menu.

answer

An array of possible reinforcers from which respondents may select as a consequence of given (or set of) behavior(s).

question

Reinforcer preference assessments

answer

Repeatedly presenting to an individual several items at a time to determine which items s/he repeatedly (1) approaches, (2) selects, and/or (3) with which s/he spends the most time.

question

Reinforcer sampling

answer

Enabling an individual to come in contact with a potential reinforcer to experience the positive characteristics of the stimulus.

question

Reinforcer survey

answer

A set of questions designed to help identify an array of reinforcers effective for a particular individual.

question

Reliable measurement

answer

Measurement that remains consistent regardless of who conducts it and what conditions prevail.

question

Respondent behavior

answer

A response that is lawfully elicited by antecedent stimuli.

question

Respondent conditioning

answer

Conditioning that takes place when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, producing, thereby, an unconditioned response.

question

Response class

answer

The composite set of behaviors controlled by a particular reinforcing or punishing event.

question

Return to baseline design

answer

This design incorporates the withdrawal and its several variations.

question

Reversal phase.

answer

A return to baseline phase in which reinforcers are delivered contingent on the occurrence of the undesired, instead of the desired behavior.

question

Reversal design.

answer

An experimental design in which the effects of the independent variable are tested by introducing a phase during which the direction of the change reverses.

question

Reward

answer

A reward is an arbitrarily selected item or event assumed to motivate an individual to repeat a given behavior.

question

Scientific method

answer

A method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis or question is formulated from the gathered data, and the hypothesis or experimental question is empirically tested.

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Secondary aversive stimulus

answer

A stimulus that initially has no aversive properties but acquires them as a result of its having repeatedly been accompanied by or of occurring just prior to (1) the withdrawal or absence of reinforcers, or (2) the delivery of primary or other learned aversive stimuli.

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Secondary prevention

answer

Using strategies like small-group social skills training and tutoring, with clients who are at-risk for failure and/or behavioral problems.

question

Secondary reinforcer

answer

A stimulus that initially lacked reinforcing properties, but has acquired those by being paired with primary or strong secondary reinforcers.

question

Sensitive measure of behavior

answer

A measure that reflects subtle changes in the the response of interest.

question

Significant others

answer

Individuals with substantial knowledge of, contact with, and/or control over many of the client's contingencies, such as family members, teachers, and close friends.

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Single-subject experimental designs

answer

Used to demonstrate the relation between the experimental manipulation of a specific independent variable on the change in the dependent variable.

question

Socially mediated reinforcers

answer

Reinforcers delivered by another person.

question

Social reinforcer

answer

Reinforcers mediated by other people, such as recognition, compliments, or peer approval.

question

Standard celeration chart

answer

A variation of a semi-logarithmic chart, which shows proportional or relative changes in behavior.

question

Strategic planning

answer

An effort to determine where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it's going to get there and how it'll know if it got there or not.

question

Stimulus

answer

A specific or combination of physical objects or events, which affect the behavior of an individual. Stimuli may be internal or external to the person.

question

Stimulus class

answer

A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class.

question

Stimulus control

answer

The process or procedure that enables an antecedent stimulus to gain control over one or more particular behaviors as a function of the individual's experience of response-consequence correlation in the presence of that antecedent.

question

Student success team

answer

A group organized within a school for the purpose of identifying, addressing and preventing problems exhibited by students who have not responded satisfactorily to the programs implemented by the positive behavior support team.

question

Subjective measures

answer

Non-publically verifiable measures; measures that cannot be repeated by others.

question

Tangible reinforcers

answer

non-consumable items the contingent delivery of which increases or maintains a behavior

question

Target behavior

answer

The behavior to be changed.

question

Task analysis

answer

Breaking down a complex skill, job or behavioral chain into its component behaviors, sub-skills, or subtasks.

question

Teaching

answer

Promoting learning, by any or a combination of various means, so that reinforcement follows a reasonable proportion of those efforts directed towards meeting behavioral objectives.

question

Tertiary prevention

answer

Individualized strategies designed to assist clients who regularly exhibit severe social and/or academic problem behaviors.

question

Three-term contingency

answer

A phrase used to describe the interdependency among antecedents, behavior and consequences.

question

Time-sampling

answer

A direct observational procedure in which the presence or absence of specific behaviors is recorded within short uniform time intervals.

question

Token

answer

A conditioned reinforcer in the form of a ticket, voucher, checkmark, or other symbolic item, which is exchangeable at a later time for a coveted reinforcing item or event.

question

Topography of response

answer

The configuration, form, appearance, or shape of a response.

question

Transitory behavior

answer

A behavior that does not leave an enduring product or outcome.

question

Treatment

answer

The behavioral procedures, intervention program, or independent variable(s) being applied.

question

Treatment drift

answer

A term used to describe the application of the intervention veering off course from its originally intended path, thereby violating the fidelity of the implementation or treatment.

question

Treatment utility of assessment

answer

The degree to which assessment is demonstrated to contribute to desired or beneficial treatment outcomes.

question

Trend

answer

The general direction and rate of increase or decrease in which data move over time.

question

Trendline

answer

A standard of reference derived by examining measures of central tendency of a series of data sets over time.

question

Trials to criterion

answer

The number of responses for the participant has emitted in order to meet the criterion or standard set for success.

question

Unconditioned respondent behavior

answer

Behaviors reliably elicited by stimuli that precede those behaviors (i.e., unconditioned antecedent stimuli), despite any prior learning.

question

Unconditioned stimuli

answer

Particular preceding stimuli that elicit respondent behaviors.

question

Valid measures

answer

The extent to which measures actually measure what they are purported to measure.

question

Variability

answer

The degree to which the rate of the behavior varies from one assessment to another

question

Variable(s)

answer

Any behavior or condition in the individual's internal or external environment that may assume any one of a set of values

question

Voluntary

answer

The client's voicing agreement with the terms of the behavior-change program under non-coercive circumstances.

question

Whole-interval time-sampling

answer

Interval recording that requires the response to be emitted throughout the entire interval for its presence to be scored.

question

Withdrawal design

answer

An experimental design that involves the removal of the intervention in order to test its effect.

question

Withdrawal of treatment phase

answer

The phase in the return-to-baseline design in which the intervention is temporarily removed to demonstrate experimental control.

question

X-axis

answer

The horizontal line on the graph. The x axis displays the label for the observational sessions.

question

Y-axis

answer

The vertical line on a graph. The y axis, usually is used to depict a measure of the dependent variable (the behavior).

question

Zone system

answer

An observational system similar to partial-interval time sampling in which space, not time, provides equivalent opportunities for the target behavior to occur in it.

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