question

Variability in practice increases ______ and ______

answer

learning and generalizability

question

McCracken & Stelmach: Variable vs. Constant Practice experiment (Methods)

answer

-4 Constant groups - had to hit ball into barrier placed either 15, 35, 60, or 65cm away -1 Variable group - barriers placed 15, 35, 60, and 65cm randomly -All groups practiced 300 trials/day --> Transfer training - all groups had barrier placed 50cm

question

Variable vs. Constant Practice experiment (Results)

answer

Constant groups had less errors, BUT the Variable groups had less errors during transfer training (active learning)

question

Variable practice allows the subjects to ________ the task more effectively

answer

learn

question

Variable practice facilitated more _____________ of the skill

answer

generalizability

question

Goode & Magill: Blocked vs. Random Practice experiment (methods)

answer

Practice 3 different badminton serves, 3x/wk, 36 trials in each session, for 3 weeks = total 324 trials Blocked Practice group- practiced 1 serve each day of the week Random Practice group- practiced all 3 serves in random order each day

question

Blocked vs. Random Practice experiment (results)

answer

Random practice group did not do as well in performance but had more accurate/better transfer and retention phase.

question

Deeper cognitive processing seems to degrade _______________ but enhance ____________

answer

initial performance; retention

question

_____________ that make a task more difficult initially seem to help learning in the long run. This concept is called ________________.

answer

Context factors; contextual interference

question

A ______________ condition is an example of contextural interference.

answer

random practice LOOK AT PAGE 377 in book.

question

Who did the experiment with Stroke patients and random vs. blocked groups?

answer

Hanlon

question

Hanlon's Stroke experiment: Method + Results

answer

Random group, Block group, and Control group -Used hemiplegic arm of stroke pts to reach and open an OH cabinet, take cup out, put it down -Block group- did this task over and over again -Random group- did this task and then pointed somewhere or touched something, did task + "some activity" -Control group- did nothing Results: Random group did better at retaining than blocked or control group

question

Prosthetic Simulator

answer

Both Groups: improved in movement time, were similar in the ability to retain learning Random Practice Group: was significantly better in performing the new tasks required in the transfer test --> Greater Generalizability

question

Who did the experiment on task practice order on adults with Parkinson's Disease?

answer

Winstein

question

Experiment of Adults with Parkinson's Disease (Methods)

answer

Adults with PD (and age-matched controls) -Given three versions of the pattern = 3 different tasks, randomized

question

Experiment of Adults with Parkinson's Disease (Results)

answer

During training: Overall - controls had less errors than those with PD Retention: -Controls practicing with random practice were more accurate than those practicing with blocked practice -Results reversed for PD, practicing with blocked practiced is more accurate than those practicing with random practice

question

Why do people with Parkinson's Disease do better with blocked practice?

answer

People with PD have difficulty learning sequential tasks and have difficulty switching sequences --> blocked practice works better

question

_________ practice works for Stroke pts. _________ practice works for PD pts.

answer

randomized; blocked *Findings in healthy subjects may or may not relate to patient populations -- Hanlon's article (stroke) transferred but PD did not transfer

question

What is a Massed practice schedule?

answer

Fewer practice sessions than a distributed schedule -- with each session requiring longer practice. i.e.- 700 trials 3 days in a row, Constraint -Reduced Movement therapy

question

What is a Distributed practice schedule?

answer

Distributed the same amount of practice across more sessions -- each session is shorter Hypothesize that we need time to consolidate this new mov't pattern (like sleeping on it) and time b/t practice

question

On going controversy regarding ________ vs ________ practice.

answer

massed; distributed

question

How should we deliver these dosage?

answer

We really do not know. Really. SO.....we don't know WHICH (massed or distributed) is better and WHICH DOSING is better!

question

What is transfer of training/transfer of learning?

answer

The influence that the practice of one task has on some other subsequent task

question

What is the Specificity of Practice principle?

answer

The more closely the demands in the practice environment resemble those in the actual environment - the better the practice

question

Who did the experiment on Specificity of Practice and Specificity of Training? And what was the purpose?

answer

Dean To examine the effect of training program on sitting balance after stroke...does improvement in sitting balance transfer to STS and gait?

question

Specificity of Practice (methods)

answer

2 groups- sat on stool with work table in front of them and had to reach for objects in front of them Experimental Group: -Varied distance and direction of reach -Varied weight of the object -Varied seat height and extent of thigh support -Speed of movement -Varied number of reps Control Group: -Manipulated task within arms reach -Reps increased -Complexity of tasks increased

question

Specificity of Training (results)

answer

Experimental group: -Reached further and faster (had practice with this) -Increased load on their lower extremity -Increased muscle activation in the lower extremity -Improved sit to stand -NO improvement in ambulation Control Group also no improvement in amb.

question

Why was there no improvement in ambulation in Dean's experiment?

answer

Walking is a different task! You get what you train for STS has similar task requirements to this experiment Also, Dynamic weight-shifting in side-to-side plane does not mean weight-shifting during ambulation

question

What is part-task training?

answer

Practice on some components of the whole task as pre-training for performance of the whole task

question

What is adaptive training?

answer

the learner starts with a less difficult version of the task and gradually transitions to the more difficult version. i.e.- training wheels on a bike, walker to quad cane to reg cane

question

Who did an experiment on Part-Practice specificity of training?

answer

Winstein

question

Part-practice specificity of training (methods)

answer

2 groups of post-stroke pts with ongoing PT -subjects performed weight-shifting on a balance board-type object -group received additional weight-shifting therapy on hemiplegic leg

question

Part-practice specificity of training (results)

answer

Both groups demonstrated improvement in ambulation -the group that received additional weight-shifting therapy demonstrated a more symmetrical standing posture -but the weight shifting group did not show greater improvement in ambulation

question

What is mental practice?

answer

Asking a subject to spend a lot of time thinking about or imagining the action being performed without producing any action.

question

Mental practice could be an important tool in facilitating __________ of a motor skill.

answer

aquisition

question

Who did the experiment on mental practice task?

answer

Maring

question

Maring's mental practice task (methods)

answer

Groups must toss ball onto target with EMG attached to their arm -- looking at flexors and extensors. -Control Group tossed 10x, rest, then practiced again, memorized a poem during rest periods -Experimental Group did same thing but during rest periods though about how it felt to toss the ball, their accuracy, mentally rehearsed the toss

question

Maring's mental practice task (results)

answer

Experimental Group did better with mental rehearsing -- improved accuracy over trials

question

Changes in muscle activity reflect a more _________ firing pattern.

answer

efficient

question

Decrease in ____________ from the onset of muscle activity to peak muscle activity.

answer

firing time

question

Increase in time between onset of _________ activity to onset of ___________ activity.

answer

agonist; antagonist

question

What are 3 explanations for benefit of mental practice?

answer

1) cognitive elements 2) motor program executed with low gain 3) supplementary cortex activated during mental practice Cognitive (repetitively thinking about and rehearsing the movement), Executed with low gain (your muscles are firing at low gain--not visible-- during mental practice).

question

Describe Roland's experiment with finger movement and brain activity.

answer

-Simple finger flexion/extension: motor and sensory cortex are active -More complex finger mov't: motor, somatosensory, and supplementary motor cortex active -Mentally rehearing and no mov't: supplementary motor cortex is active

question

What area of the brain is active during planning of movement?

answer

supplementary motor cortex

question

Who did the experiment of application of mental practice in a normal population?

answer

Sidaway & Trzaska

question

Application of mental practice: Aim of the study was to determine whether mental practice could produce ____________________

answer

strength gains in the ankle dorsiflexor muscles

question

Application of mental practice (Methods)

answer

24 healthy young adults -8 physical practice group, 8 mental practice group, 8 control group -Each subjects ability to produce a maximal torque using the dorsiflexor muscles was measured using a Biodex, either physically or mentally practiced the mov't -mental practice group was given scripted instructions, they were attached to dynamometer to ensure no torque generated -All subjects performed 3 sets/10 3x/week/4weeks

question

Application of mental practice (Results)

answer

25% improvement for the physical practice group 17% improvement for the mental practice group -1.77% for the control group 8% difference but not statistically sig. -- might be USEFUL AS AN ADJUNCT to traditional treatment options

question

What is Guidance?

answer

A technique often used in therapy The learner is PHYSICALLY GUIDED through the task to be learned.

question

Manual Guidance is often used to encourage symmetrical ___________

answer

weightbearing

question

Sidaway's Manual Guidance experiment (Purpose)

answer

Study compared the effect of providing 2 frequencies of manual guidance and 2 frequencies of KR to 40 healthy subjects.

question

Sidaway's Manual Guidance experiment (Methods)

answer

4 Healthy Groups: 100% guidance, 33% guidance, 100% KR, 33% KR -Task was to learn to distribute their weight on their feet in 70:30 ratio (on scale only seen by experimenter) -Guidance conditions - subjects were positioned by the researcher into correct position (get target ratio w/o seeing scale) -KR condition - verbally provided with KR regarding the %age of body weight on each foot

question

Sidaway's Manual Guidance experiment (Results)

answer

Most accurate performance = 33% KR group Poorest learners = 100% Guidance In middle = 100% Kr and 33% Guidance --> Best performance with knowledge of results 1/3 of the time --> feedback/guidance is important

question

Practice in an unguided condition is more beneficial for __________

answer

learning

question

Conditions which make the acquisition of the skill more ________ appear to enhance the _________ and retention of the skill.

answer

difficult; learning

question

What behavioral components were required to drive the plasticity? -- Neural Plasticity Paradigms

answer

1) Intensive, repetitive 2) Required skill development in a specific task 3) Adaptive - programmed incremental changes 4) Motivating Rewards

question

What behavioral components were required to drive the plasticity? -- Motor Learning Paradigms

answer

1) hundreds of practice trials 2) practice in specific task to facilitate skill development 3) feedback in many different forms = inherent component of reward system

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