Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice – Flashcards
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Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" center of the brain.
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True
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Correctional programs have been shown to improve morality scores among offender populations.
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True
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The brain releases oxtocin in settings where there are feelings of anger or fear.
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False, trust and generosity
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According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to hight order reasoning.
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False
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According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development.
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True
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According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.
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False, some never reach the highest stage.
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According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.
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False
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Kohlberg's seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.
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True
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According to the text, training clases in ethics have more influence over the behavior of employees than the behavior of administrators and supervisors.
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False
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Zak referes to oxytocin as the "moral molecule".
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True
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An employee who reveals unethical behavior in an organization is known as a whistleblower.
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True
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The importance of Kohlberg's work is the link he makes between gender and moral development.
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False, reason and moral development
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Sherman suggest that coercion is a key element in criminal justice, so the moral issue related to coercin should be studied.
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True
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Kohlberg's research indicates that, while their are six stages of moral development, people pass through these stages in different orders, depending on their , upbringing.
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False, you can not pass the stages.
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Albert Bandura is best-known for his theories regarding the biological factors that influence one's moral development.
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False
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are "paper-and-pencil" tests that measure an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.
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Recognition Tests
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Sherman says that ethics courses relating to criminal justice should include understanding the morality of ,since the concept is intrinsic to the criminal justice system.
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coercion
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Using words that downplay the seriousness of out actions is an example of .
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Euphemistic Labeling
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The term refers to an individual's feeling of competence.
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self-efficiency
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theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.
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Delelopmental
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Kohlberg's "moral stages" are , meaning that each succeeding stage encompasses and is more comprehensive and complicated than the precceding stage.
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Hierachical Intergation
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refers to a non-exclusive love and acceptance of everyone.
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Agape
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Gilligan suggests women tend to approach moral dilemmas with an orientation emphasizing relationships and needs; she refers to this as the:
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Care Perspective
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According to theorists, the most effective way to change behaviors; that is, supervision and disipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.
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Learning Theorist
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are employees who expose what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.
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Whistleblowers
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Pinker's concept of the " " refers to the idea that humans are naturally peaceful and altruistic.
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Noble Savage
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A person whose moral development has progressed to the point where he or she has moved beyond the norms of society to determine universal good is, accorfing to Kohlberg, at the level.
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Post-Conventional
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Gilligan found that most men analyze moral decisions with a rules or justice orientation (stage 4), whereas many women see the same moral dilemma with an orientation toward:
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Needs and Relationships
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Research indicates that workers are more likely to make unethical choices when they are:
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Busy and Stressed
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One who justifies unethical behavior by claiming to only be following orders is using Bandura's method of cognitive restructuring.
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Displacement of Responsibility
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The theory that expains the people's behaviors influenced by their cognitive and emotional stage of maturity is defined as:
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Developmental Theory
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Bahvior that is based on rewards is what theory?
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Learning Theory
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The concept of six stages of moral growth was authored by which researcher?
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Kohlberg
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According to Gardner, which cognitive ability is needed to achieve excellence through ethical practices?
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Creating Mind, Disciplined Mind, and Synthesizing
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A perspective focused on the notions of equality, rights, and universality is known as:
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Justice Perspective
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The care perspective was labeled by which researcher?
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Gilligan
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Influencing ones behavior by responding with rewards is knwon as:
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Reinforcement
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A survey of police chiefs found that ethics training modules should be:
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four hours or less
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Rear lobes of the brain seemt o be implicated in feelings of empathy, shame, and moral reasoning.
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False, Frontal lobes
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What are the characteristics of the frontal lobes damages?
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Increased Impulsiveness, Difficult following instructions, Decreased attention span.
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According to Shafer's research on police leadership, which factor emerged as the strongest in terms of effectiv leadership?
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Honest and Integrity
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Garnder argues that ethics apply only to individuals, and that we cannot expect to be ethical.
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False
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Carol Gilligan, one of Kohlberg's students, found a difference in moral reasoning between:
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Men and women
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One of the theories of moral development is learning theory.
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True
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Gilligan proposed a difference between men and women in the perspective they bring to moral reasoning.
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True
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Kohlberg's main emphasis of study was on how moral development took place in stages.
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True
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According to Bandura, self-efficiency is defined as the ability to:
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Feel competent by comparing the self to others.
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The car perspective was labeled by:
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Gilligan
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According to the text, if reward structure and informal culture of the organization support unethical beahvior then:
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Ethical training is a waste of time.
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In values and moral beliefs come from those whom one admires and aspires to identity with:
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Modeling
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All of the following components of developmental theories:
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Cognitive development, Physical development, Emotional development
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Trautman's "corruption continuum" explains:
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How organizations can become corrupt.
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Souryal's advice to leaders who would like to advance ethical decision making include all below:
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-Create an enviorment that is conductive to dignified treatment on the job. - Increase ethical awearness among the ranks through formal and informal socialization. - Avoid decpetion and manipulation in the way officers are assigned, rewarded, or promoted. - Allow openness and the free flow of unclassified information. - Foster a sense of shared values and incorporate such values in the subculture of the agency. - Demonstrate an obligation to honesty, fairness, and decency by example. -Discuss the issue of corruption publicly, expose corrupt behavior, and reward ethical behavior.
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Metz (1990) offers a similar set of advice as Souryal he proposes that ethical administators follow these:
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- Establish realistic goals and objectives. - Provide ethical leadership (meaning set a moral tone by actions) - Establish formal written codes of ethics. - Provide a whistleblowing mechanism. - Discipline violators of ethical standards. - Train all personnel in ethics.
