question

By the second decade of the 20th century, psychologists agreed on the ____.

answer

None of the choices are correct.

question

Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.

answer

a revolt

question

Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?

answer

image mind consciousness

question

For Watson, such subject matter as mind, consciousness, and images was ____.

answer

meaningless for a science of psychology

question

Who argued that consciousness, as a concept, was as unprovable as the concept of the soul?

answer

Watson

question

For Watson, introspection was ____.

answer

irrelevant

question

For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is ____.

answer

objectively observable and social in nature

question

The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.

answer

positivism

question

The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was ____.

answer

animal psychology

question

Who had a theory of tropisms?

answer

Loeb

question

For Loeb, a tropism is a(n) ____.

answer

involuntary forced movement

question

For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the ____.

answer

behavior requires no inferences about consciousness

question

The white rat and the rat maze became staples of research in psychology in 1900 with the work of ____.

answer

Willard S. Small

question

Watson's dissertation was on ____.

answer

the conscious experience of rats

question

An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.

answer

Turner

question

The Animal Mind, the first textbook on comparative psychology, was written by ____.

answer

Margaret Washburn

question

Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?

answer

Turner

question

The "last stand" of mentalistic interpretations of animal behavior was the text ____ written by ____.

answer

The Animal Mind; Washburn

question

Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?

answer

The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.

question

According to Schultz and Schultz, "Whether dealing with mind or with behavior, it was not easy to be ____."

answer

an animal psychologist

question

The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ____.

answer

objective methodology

question

Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability to respond to ____.

answer

head movements

question

The case of Clever Hans served to ____.

answer

illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions

question

Thorndike's (1898) law of effect is similar to ____.

answer

Pavlov's law of reinforcement

question

The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of ____.

answer

Thorndike

question

In Thorndike's early research, he worked with all of the following except ____.

answer

children

question

Thorndike earned his Ph.D. in 1898 and after 1899 studied ____.

answer

human learning mental testing educational psychology

question

An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

answer

connectionism

question

For Thorndike, learning is ____.

answer

making connections

question

The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike's ____.

answer

use of mentalistic processes

question

Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.

answer

mechanism

question

Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

answer

Thorndike

question

The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of ____.

answer

Thorndike

question

Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.

answer

quantitative

question

Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.

answer

trial-and-error

question

Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of ____.

answer

Thorndike's law of exercise

question

Thorndike's ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of ____.

answer

the law of effect

question

Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?

answer

Thorndike

question

Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that ____.

answer

punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection

question

The "original" law of effect states that ____.

answer

any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again

question

Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on ____.

answer

the experimental method

question

Pavlov's work effected a change in focus from ____ to observable physiological events.

answer

subjective speculation about associationism

question

Whose work has been described as "a shift from speculation to experimentation?"

answer

Pavlov

question

What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?

answer

Darwin's theory

question

Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?

answer

Pavlov

question

The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.

answer

Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms

question

Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

answer

reinforcements and S-R connections

question

More than any other researcher in psychology before him, Pavlov attempted to ____.

answer

eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.

question

In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov, the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the ____.

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

For Pavlov, ____ is necessary for learning to take place

answer

reinforcement

question

Pavlov conducted research on ____.

answer

reinforcement extinction generalization discrimination

question

According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), his starting point in research was ____.

answer

Descartes idea of the nervous reflex

question

In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), Pavlov discussed ____.

answer

he building of what became known as the "Tower of Silence"

question

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ____ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.

answer

Edwin Burket Twitmyer

question

If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive, we might today speak of ____.

answer

Twitmyerian conditioning

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

Pavlov argued that higher mental processes in animals could be described in physiological terms. Pavlovian methods have had practical applications.

question

Pavlov's work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in ____.

answer

physiological terms

question

For Pavlov, humans and animals were ____.

answer

machines

question

Consistent with James's views, Pavlov argued that ____.

answer

psychology was not yet a science

question

Pavlov's view of psychology was ____.

answer

initially negative, then somewhat favorable

question

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?

answer

Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.

question

Bekhterev discovered ____.

answer

the associated reflexes

question

Bekhterev ____.

answer

applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles

question

Objective Psychology was authored by ____.

answer

Bekhterev

question

Bekhterev ___.

answer

argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech

question

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, ____ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism.

answer

Cattell

question

Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?

answer

Pillsbury

question

Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term ____.

answer

soul

question

Like many of the first generation of psychologists, Watson's first graduate school area of study was ____.

answer

Philosophy

question

Watson's introduction to mechanism was through his association with ____.

answer

Loeb

question

Watson was attracted to psychology through his association with ____.

answer

Angell

question

John B. Watson was quite dismayed to learn that his dissertation was less brilliant in the eyes of Dewey and Angell than that of ____.

answer

Helen Woolley

question

Watson chose to pursue research with white rats, he said, because he ____.

answer

wanted to maintain a close association with biology

question

____ at John Hopkins University hired Watson and one year later was forced to resign because of a scandal.

answer

James Mark Baldwin

question

Watson's work has been involved with which of the following divisions of psychology?

answer

animal psychology industrial/organizational psychology behaviorism developmental psychology

question

Behaviorism was officially established in ____.

answer

1913, with Watson's "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"

question

In his 1914 book, Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology, Watson argued ____.

answer

for the acceptance of animal psychology

question

Watson has been criticized for which of the following?

answer

methods of behaviorism his childrearing beliefs his personality

question

Watson's second career was in ____.

answer

advertising

question

Watson believed that the behavior of people as consumers of goods and services could be predicted and controlled, just like the behavior of ____.

answer

machines

question

Watson argued that consumer behavior was ____.

answer

under the control of fundamental or conditioned emotional stimuli

question

Watson proposed that consumer behavior ____.

answer

should be studied in the lab

question

Watson's view of consumers' responses was much like ____.

answer

Descartes's view of automata

question

After his dismissal from Johns Hopkins, Watson ____.

answer

published for the American public through popular media

question

Watson's position on childrearing was ____.

answer

that of a strong environmentalist

question

The most significant public impact of Watson's varied undertakings was to ____.

answer

transform childrearing practices

question

Watson's behaviorism was mechanistic. His own behavior might also be called mechanistic with regard to his relationship with ____.

answer

his children

question

Although ____ publicly disagreed with her husband's childrearing practices and occasionally wanted to break his rules, their son did not recall that happening.

answer

Rosalie Raynor Watson

question

In Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, Watson argues that psychology is ____.

answer

a purely experimental branch of natural science

question

For Watson, the goal of psychology is ____.

answer

the prediction and control of behavior

question

For Watson, the distinction between humans and animals is ____.

answer

arbitrary

question

Watson argued that the failure of psychology as a natural science was due to ____.

answer

blaming the observer rather than the method for failure to replicate in introspection

question

Watson argued that areas of applied psychology can be considered scientific because they ____.

answer

seek general laws for the prediction and control of behavior

question

Watson's position on the use of the term consciousness was to ____.

answer

eliminate it entirely from psychological research because it is not an objective method

question

Watson's 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It ____.

answer

was relatively ignored by the professional journals

question

This person said, in criticizing Watson, that introspection had to be used to study certain psychological processes.

answer

Calkins

question

Which of the following was NOT one of Watson's methods?

answer

All of the choices were acceptable to Watson.

question

Watson's contribution to the method of objective testing was ____.

answer

to argue that the subjects' responses were under the stimulus control of the test items

question

Watson's position on verbal reports was ____.

answer

to redefine them as motor responses to redefine thinking as speaking to oneself to limit their use to situations in which they could be verified

question

The most important research method of the behaviorists was ____.

answer

the conditioned reflex method

question

Watson described conditioning in terms of ____.

answer

stimulus substitution

question

All of Watson's methods are based on the concept of ____.

answer

observation

question

Watson adopted the conditioned reflex method of research established by ____.

answer

Pavlov and Bekhterev

question

According to Watson, the elements of behavior are ____.

answer

the body's muscular movement and glandular responses

question

For Watson, a response or behavioral "act" ____.

answer

involves a response through movement in space

question

In Watson's system, implicit responses are those that are ____.

answer

potentially observable

question

For Watson, stimuli ____.

answer

may be simple or complex

question

Watson predicted that the laws of behavior would be identified when ____.

answer

behaviors were reduced to their basic S-R units

question

Watson listed how many instincts in his 1914 book on comparative psychology?

answer

11

question

In Watson's final system, instincts ____.

answer

do not exist

question

Which of the following statements would Watson endorse?

answer

Emotions are equal to internal physiological changes.

question

How many fundamental emotions were seen in infants, according to Watson?

answer

3

question

According to Watson, the three fundamental emotions displayed by infants were ____.

answer

fear, rage, and love

question

For Watson, emotions are explained by the ____.

answer

internal physiological responses to a stimulus

question

In Watson's system, fear, rage, and love are ____.

answer

unconditioned responses

question

Watson rejected the whole notion of the unconscious because ____.

answer

it, like the rest of psychoanalysis, was voodooism and it could not be objectively observed

question

The Little Albert study ____.

answer

has never been replicated

question

The first person to de-condition a learned fear was ____.

answer

Jones

question

Mary Cover Jones's study of Peter ____.

answer

was a forerunner of behavior therapy

question

For Watson, the mentalistic term thinking could be ____.

answer

redefined as the behavior of subvocal talking measured by its behavior correlates (gestures) observed in measures of movements of the vocal apparatus

question

Watson proposed that society as a whole could be improved by ____.

answer

replacing religion-based ethics with experimental ethics

question

An early popularizer of psychology was ____.

answer

both Jastrow and Wiggam

question

A major criticism of Watson's system is that it discounts ____.

answer

sensation and perception

question

One criticism of Watson was that his strict objectivity ____.

answer

was hard to achieve

question

One part of the cerebral cortex is essentially equal to another in its contribution to learning; this is ____ principle of ____.

answer

Lashley's; equipotentiality

question

The efficiency of learning is a function of the total amount of brain tissue; this is ____ law of ____.

answer

Lashley's; mass action

question

Some argue that humans should learn more readily than lower animals because of humans' greater amount of gray matter. Such a belief is variation of ____.

answer

Lashley's law of mass action

question

McDougall believed that human behavior ____.

answer

derives from innate tendencies

question

McDougall's arguments against Watson included that ____.

answer

humans had free will and data pertaining to consciousness were valuable

question

McDougall's argument that the data of consciousness are an appropriate focus of research was later upheld by the ____.

answer

humanistic school and social learning theorists

question

McDougall was especially critical of Watson's ____.

answer

determinism

question

According to the text, Watson's primary contribution to psychology was ___.

answer

his advocacy of a science of behavior that was objective in methods and language

question

In the long run, Watson's behaviorism ____.

answer

was absorbed into the mainstream of psychology and thereby lost its distinctiveness and revolutionary spirit and initiative

question

Gestalt psychology started as a movement opposed to ____.

answer

Wundt's approach

question

The Gestalt protest against Wundt's system focused on his ____.

answer

elementism

question

Köhler reported that he was "shocked" by ____.

answer

Wundt's notion that psychological facts are composed of inert atoms

question

The Gestalt school's major difference with behaviorists was over the ____.

answer

utility of the concept of consciousness

question

Which of the following statements indicates how Gestalt psychology and behaviorism treated the study of consciousness?

answer

Gestalt psychology accepted the study of consciousness but criticized the attempt to analyze it into elements. Behaviorism refused to acknowledge the existence of consciousness.

question

The Gestalt psychologists referred to Wundt's system as ____.

answer

brick and mortar psychology

question

Gestalt psychologists believed that ____.

answer

there is more to perception than meets the eye

question

The essence of the Gestalt system is found in the work of the philosopher ____.

answer

Kant

question

Contrary to the notion of a passive mind, as portrayed by the British empiricists, the German philosopher Kant held that the mind ____.

answer

actively organizes sensory information into a coherent experience

question

For Brentano, the subject matter of psychology was ____.

answer

experiences

question

For Mach, sensations are ____.

answer

independent of the elements of which they are composed

question

The notion of Gestalt quälitaten was offered by ____.

answer

von Ehrenfels

question

For the school of Gestalt psychology, "form" was ____.

answer

a creation of the mind

question

The unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs is ____.

answer

phenomenology

question

In what way was the phi phenomenon a challenge to Wundt's system?

answer

The phi phenomenon could not be reduced to its basic elements

question

Concurrent with the rise of Gestalt psychology, the Zeitgeist in physics was embracing ____.

answer

field theory

question

Complete the following analogy: Field of force: ____:: ____: Psychology.

answer

Physics; Gestalts

question

Who was a subject in Wertheimer's research on the perception of apparent movement?

answer

Koffka and Köhler

question

"Apparent movement" is another term for ____.

answer

the phi phenomenon

question

How did Wertheimer explain the phi phenomenon?

answer

He did not; he said it did not need explanation.

question

Maslow's notion of self-actualization was partially based on ____.

answer

the personal characteristics of Max Wertheimer

question

The Gestalt system was introduced to American scholars by ____.

answer

Koffka

question

One of the major reasons that Gestalt psychology failed to become popular in the United States apparently was ____.

answer

American scholars' belief that Gestalt theory had only to do with perception

question

The Gestalt psychologists initially chose to focus on perception ____.

answer

to challenge Wundtian psychology directly

question

____ was the spokesman for the Gestalt movement who studied the thinking processes of chimpanzees, left Germany because of his anti-Nazi activities, came to the United States, and eventually became president of the American Psychological Association.

answer

Wolfgang Köhler

question

The connection between certain aspects of Gestalt psychology and principles and terms of physics reflects ____.

answer

Köhler's training in physics

question

Perhaps the best known of the books written by the Gestalt psychologists, The Mentality of Apes, ____.

answer

documented animals' purposeful behaviors to solve problems

question

The leaders of the ____ immediately supported the Nazi regime and proclaimed the "evil influence" of the Jews.

answer

German Psychological Society

question

In Germany, the Gestalt protest of Wundt's system was ____.

answer

considered to be heresy

question

A(n) ____ is a quality of wholeness or completeness in perceptual experiences that does not vary even when the actual sensory elements change.

answer

perceptual constancy

question

The importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate was that the experience supported ____.

answer

the Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered

question

The Gestalt psychologists argued that reduction to the elements of experience ____.

answer

are products of reflection are products of abstraction are remote from immediate experience do not and cannot explain a perception

question

The notion that form is a property of objects is ____.

answer

a definition of "Gestalt"

question

The basic premise of the Gestalt principles of perception is that perceptual organization is ____.

answer

innate

question

The Gestalt principles of organization ____.

answer

are present in the stimuli themselves

question

Wertheimer defined "peripheral factors" as ____.

answer

the organizing principles present in the stimuli

question

Köhler's basic criterion for intelligence was ____.

answer

the ability to solve problems

question

Köhler argued that solving a problem requires ____.

answer

a restructuring of the perceptual field

question

Köhler's research on Tenerife ____

answer

was analyzed based solely on his descriptions of incidents

question

According to Köhler, insight involves ____.

answer

an immediate apprehension or cognition of relationships

question

In the original source material from The Mentality of Apes, Köhler argued that "a particular difficulty must lie in the ____."

answer

problem itself

question

Pavlov ____.

answer

replicated Köhler's work but found it to be "chaotic"

question

The spontaneous understanding of a phenomenon is called ____.

answer

Einsicht

question

Köhler's findings occurred simultaneously with ____ discovery of ____.

answer

Yerkes'; ideational learning

question

Köhler argued that trial-and-error learning ____.

answer

was a consequence of not allowing the subject to see the whole situation

question

From the Gestalt perspective, insight requires that one ____.

answer

perceive the relationships between the components of the problem or issue

question

In the Gestalt view, learning entails ____.

answer

a restructuring of the psychological environment

question

Wertheimer's basic premise for productive thinking was that ____.

answer

both the whole problem must dominate the parts and the principles of solutions must be understood, not just situation-specific or problem-specific solutions

question

For Wertheimer, rote memorization and/or rote learning ____.

answer

was inefficient compared to insight learning

question

Wertheimer suggested that brain activity is ____.

answer

a "configural whole process"

question

The Gestalt psychologists maintained that a correspondence called ____ exists between perceptual activity and brain activity.

answer

isomorphism

question

It is known that before an eye movement or a finger movement occurs, it is possible to record altered activity in a specific cerebral cortex area. The Gestaltists would argue that this is support for the principle of ____.

answer

isomorphism

question

The thrust of Gestalt psychology's attack on behaviorism focused on the latter's ____.reductionism

answer

reductionism

question

The term field theory was applied to whose system?

answer

Lewin's

question

The focus of Lewin's system was on ____.

answer

motivation

question

The construct of the life space describes ____.

answer

the person's psychological field

question

According to Lewin, life space ____.

answer

corresponds to all the events that can influence a person's behavior

question

Like Skinner, Lewin argued that ____.

answer

statistics were not useful

question

An analysis of an overt behavior in Lewin's system requires a consideration of ____.

answer

vectors barriers goals valences

question

When Gestalt psychology was in its infancy, which school(s) of thought was/were already established?

answer

behaviorism

question

The observation that an undone task is remembered until completed is an illustration of ____.

answer

the Zeigarnik effect

question

An early test of Lewin's tension theory was done by Zeigarnik who discovered that humans ____.

answer

tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished ones

question

The most outstanding feature of Lewin's social psychology is ____.

answer

group dynamics

question

Psychologists attacked which aspect of Gestalt psychology?

answer

the lack of rigor in its definitions its preoccupation with theory its qualitative results and lack of statistical analysis poorly defined physiological assumptions

question

Perhaps the major contribution of Gestalt psychology to contemporary systems was the ____.

answer

legitimization of conscious experiences

question

Skinner's former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo?

answer

Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

question

Watson's behaviorism ____.

answer

was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought

question

The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____.

answer

1930-1960

question

The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____.

answer

Learning

question

A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ______.

answer

operationism

question

Operationism was ______.

answer

A major characteristic of neobehaviorism, intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems, intended to make the language of science more objective and precise

question

Operationism was formulated by ______.

answer

Percy Bridgman

question

Operationism means that a concept ______.

answer

is synonymous with its methods of measurement

question

The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure is called ______.

answer

acceptable to operationalists

question

For Bridgman, a construct was acceptable if and only if it ______.

answer

could be objectively measured

question

Bridgman argues that a construct must be ______.

answer

measurable

question

The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ______.

answer

the British empiricists

question

A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationalism was that it ______.

answer

was first adopted by physics

question

Tolman's graduate training was in ______, as is reflected in his later work.

answer

Structuralism, Gestalt Psychology

question

Tolman's concept of cognitive maps, i.e., that the animal learns the "whole", might be traced to his work ______.

answer

with Koffka on Gestalt psychology during graduate school

question

Edward C. Tolamn's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ______.

answer

purposive behaviorism

question

For Tolman, the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ______.

answer

learning

question

Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as _____.

answer

having no influence on the animal's overt behavior

question

Which of the following did Tolman NOT consider to be behavior?

answer

motivation

question

Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli) affect processes within the organism. These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response). These internal processes are known as ______.

answer

intervening variables

question

In Tolman's system, intervening variables were ______.

answer

the determinants of behavior

question

The term intervening variable refers to ______.

answer

internal processes that "connect" the stimulus with a response

question

Tolman's position on Thorndike's law of effect was to ______.

answer

reject it

question

For Tolman, each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism's ______.

answer

expectations

question

In Tolman's system, the repetition of an act leads to ______.

answer

sign Gestalts

question

For Tolman, a cognitive map is ______.

answer

a pattern of sign Gestalts

question

According to Tolman's learning theory, as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze, the rat has acquired a ______.

answer

cognitive map

question

What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy?

answer

the former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it

question

Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?

answer

Tolman's

question

The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they _______.

answer

are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs

question

Tolman described ______ as alternativeley "creepy" and "delightful"

answer

white laboratory rats

question

From 1930 until the 1960s, the ______ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists.

answer

white rat

question

It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ______.

answer

provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals

question

According to Shultz and Shultz, "perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ______.

answer

Hull

question

Hull had an immense knowledge of ______ and _______.

answer

formal logic and mathematics

question

Hull's form of behaviorism was ______ than ______.

answer

more sophisticated and complex; Watson's

question

Throughout his life, Hull ______.

answer

suffered poor health and eyesight

question

According to Shultz and Shultz, Hull's "greatest asset was ______."

answer

an intense motivation to succeed

question

The learning theorist _______ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success.

answer

Hull

question

Hull's work contributed to which of the following?

answer

the hypothetico-deductive method, learning theory, drive reduction theory

question

Throughout his professional career, Hull emphasized ______.

answer

objective methods and functional laws

question

From the 1940's to the 1960's, who dominated American Psychology?

answer

Hullians

question

Who authored an early study on the effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency?

answer

Hull

question

Hull's background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ______.

answer

his development of statistical analysis methods, his invention of a machine to calculate correlations, the issue of postulates and axioms in his system, his descriptions and explanations of behavior in mathematical equations

question

Which of the following men devoted 10 years in the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility?

answer

Hull

question

Hull's primary research focus was grounded in ______.

answer

Pavlov's laws of conditioning

question

Hull's system sought to describe and explain ______.

answer

all behavior

question

Of all the neobehaviorists, the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ______.

answer

Hull

question

Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ______.

answer

mathematics

question

Hull's training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ______.

answer

mathematics

question

Hull's eperiments were directed by ______.

answer

deduced theorems and corollaries

question

Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions. Such an approach appears similar to whose research method?

answer

Hull's

question

The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ______.

answer

the hypothetico-deductive method

question

Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn's sense of the term) in psychology, one would have to implement which method?

answer

the hypothetico-deductive method

question

Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as a means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method?

answer

From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypothesis that are tested experimentlly. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.

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"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of ______.

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drive

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For hull, drive reduction is ______.

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the sole basis for reinforcement

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Hull's concept of motivation is grounded in the doctine of ______.

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biology

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In Hull's system, drive is a(n) ______.

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intervening variable, stimulus, response

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive?

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exercise

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In Hull's system, drive ______.

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energizes behavior

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In Hull's system, the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ______.

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reinforcement

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Secondary drives are _____.

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learned drives

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Hull's law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ______.

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Thorndike's law of effect

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Thorndike and Hull agreed that, in order for learning to occur, the organism must ______.

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experience reinforcement occuring after a response

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Secondary drives are _____.

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a result of pairing with a primary drive

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If seeing McDonald's golden arces decreases your hunger, then the arches are ______.

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secondary reinforcement

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In Hull's system, habit strength is ______.

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the strength of the S-R connection

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This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined, lawful, and orderly" just as his system would predict.

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Skinner

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Skinner pursued graduate work in psychology at Harvard ______.

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because ehe was awed by the work of Watson and Pavlov

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Skinner defined a reflex as a(n) ______.

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S-R correlation and nothing more

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The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ______, who did not receive acclaim for the text until fifty years later.

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Skinner

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The success of Skinner's book The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ______.

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the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology

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To the end of his life, Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it ______.

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was a science of the mind

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Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the _____.

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lack of theoretical framework

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Skinner's research was unique among that of other neobehaviorists in his ______.

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use of single-subject designs, relative lack of a theoretical framework, concern with describing rather than explaining behavior, rejection of variables inside the organism.

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For Skinner, what is the primary characteristic of living things?

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behavior

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Which of the following philosophers is discussed by Skinner in the "In their own words" section of the text?

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Descartes

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Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior?

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Skinner

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Who drew a distinction between operant and respondent behavior?

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Skinner

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Skinner claimed that he studied ______ while Pavlov studied ______.

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operant behavior, respondent behavior

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For Skinner, the dependent variable is the ______.

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rate of response

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The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ______.

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reinforcement

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The central difference between Skinner's law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull's position on learning is that ______.

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Skinner's law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull's positions are explanatory

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A schedule of reinforcement ______

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determines when reinforcement occurs

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Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid. In both cases, they must select ______.

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schedules of reinforcement

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Skinner and his daughter in an "air crib" with the results that she _____.

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was not aversely affected

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The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ______.

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behavior modification

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A criticism of Skinner's work is his ______.

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willingness to extrapolate from the data, especially with regard to human behavior

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Animals tend to substitute instinctive behaviors for behaviors that have been reinforced. This tendency is called _____.

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instinctual drift

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From the 1950's to the 1980's, American Psychology was shaped more by the work of ______ than by the work of any other psychologist.

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Skinner

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The "third stage" of behaviorism refers to ______.

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sociobehaviorism

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Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ______.

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are self-activated

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A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ______.

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vicarious

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Bandura argues that what changes a person's behavior is ______.

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what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is

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For Bandura, the agent who controls the ______ controls behavior.

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models

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A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ______.

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self-efficacy

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Whereas a concern of Skinner was the improvement of society through his technology of behavior, Bandura's is more specific, namely the ______.

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alleviation of abnormal behavior

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The main criticism of Bandura's system is ______.

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the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior

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The term social learning theory was coined by ______.

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Rotter

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People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ______.

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an internal locus of control

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Rotter has suggested that locus of control ______.

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is acquired in childhood

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