question

Milgram's obedience study was purportedly an experiment on __________. A) shock and memory B) learning and shock C) learning and reward D) memory and learning

answer

D) memory and learning

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic ethical principles in the Belmont Report? A) beneficence B) respect for persons C) empathy D) justice

answer

C) empathy

question

To be assured that research procedures have minimized risk to participants, a ___________ must be done before research can be approved. A) plus-minus analysis B) cost-reward analysis C) risk-benefit analysis D) pro-con analysis

answer

C) risk-benefit analysis

question

In some cases, the risks entailed with loss of confidentiality are so great that researchers may wish to apply for a Certificate of Confidentiality from the __________. A) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services B) American Medical Association C) American Psychological Association D) Institutional Review Board

answer

A) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

question

Informed consent forms should be written __________. A) in the first person B) using specific technical terminology C) at a sixth to eighth grade reading level D) in legalistic terms

answer

C) at a sixth to eighth grade reading level

question

Any procedure that limits an individual's freedom to consent to participate in a study can be __________. A) a violation of confidentiality B) potentially coercive C) approved by the IRB D) justified

answer

B) potentially coercive

question

Which of the following is TRUE about the informed consent procedure? A) It may bias the sample and limit generalizability of the results. B) It leads to an expectation of payment for participation. C) It ensures that participants will give unbiased responses. D) It is no longer routinely used in laboratory research.

answer

A) It may bias the sample and limit generalizability of the results.

question

Which of the following is a reason for the decrease in the type of elaborate deception used in the Milgram study? A) Researchers have become more interested in emotions rather than cognitive variables. B) There is an increased awareness of the ethical issues relating to the use of deception. C) Ethics committees have banned the use of deception studies. D) both b and c

answer

B) There is an increased awareness of the ethical issues relating to the use of deception.

question

During a research study, the debriefing takes place _______. A) as part of the informed consent procedure B) after the completion of the study C) before any deceptive activities begin D) after an individual agrees to participate

answer

B) after the completion of the study

question

The Stanford Prison Experiment is an example of a __________ study. A) honest B) role-playing C) reality D) simulation

answer

D) simulation

question

According to the justice principle defined in the Belmont Report, any decision to include or exclude certain people from a research study must be __________. A) approved by the American Psychological Association Ethics Committee B) justified on scientific grounds C) equal and fair to all participants D) approved by the Judicial Committee of the Belmont Agency

answer

B) justified on scientific grounds

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The actual rules and regulations for the protection of human research participants were issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. B) Every institution that receives federal funds must have an Institutional Review Board. C) All research conducted at an institution is reviewed in some way by the IRB. D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

An anonymous questionnaire is usually considered __________ research. A) exempt B) minimal risk C) greater than minimal risk D) summary approval

answer

A) exempt

question

All institutions in which animal research is carried out must have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee that is __________. A) charged with conducting all animal research within the institution B) composed of one doctor and two students C) charged with ensuring that all regulations are adhered to D) all the these

answer

C) charged with ensuring that all regulations are adhered to

question

Fraud in the field of psychology is __________. A) common and a major problem faced by the scientific community B) considered to be a minor issue because it involves data, not people C) not addressed in the APA Ethics Code D) often detected when research results cannot be replicated

answer

D) often detected when research results cannot be replicated

question

Which of the following is an example of a potential benefit of research? A) acquisition of new skills B) finding treatments for medical problems C) payment for participation D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

Informed consent forms should include all of the following except A) information about compensation participants will receive for their participation. B) the person(s) the participant should contact if they have any questions. C) exactly what is being studied. D) assurances that the participant can withdraw at any time.

answer

C) exactly what is being studied.

question

Steve is a 17 year-old college freshman enrolled in a General Psychology class. He wants to earn extra credit by participating in research experiments. What, if any, problems might Steve run into when trying to sign-up for these studies? A) Universities do not allow minors are not allowed to participate in research. B) While he can give his informed assent, he cannot give his informed consent. C) Debriefings cannot be provided to minors. D) Steve is unlikely to experience any issues when signing-up for research studies.

answer

B) While he can give his informed assent, he cannot give his informed consent.

question

Which of the following is not an example of an honest experiment? A) participants agree to be studied B) participants are seeking out services they need C) participants are deceived during the study but fully debriefed before they leave D) participants know exactly what the researchers are hoping to accomplish

answer

C) participants are deceived during the study but fully debriefed before they leave

question

Which of the following would not be considered a minimal risk study? A) asking shoppers to fill out anonymous surveys B) recording the weight and blood pressure of adult participants C) recording individual behaviors on a problem solving task where behavior is not manipulated. D) asking a healthy adult to walk on a treadmill for 15 minutes.

answer

A) asking shoppers to fill out anonymous surveys

question

Which of the following is not an example of plagiarism? A) copying text directly from a source and not quoting or citing B) providing a citation for text directly copied from a source but not quoting C) paraphrasing text from a source and not citing D) all of these are considered plagiarism.

answer

D) all of these are considered plagiarism.

question

Which of the following is NOT a quantitative approach to describing behavior? A) the percentage of students enrolled in 4 or more courses B) the number of drivers that are stopped by police officers each day C) personal explanations for not wearing seat belts D) the average age of children entering school

answer

C) personal explanations for not wearing seat belts

question

Dr. V should use ___________ to describe and understand how homeless people live. A) a lab experiment B) a field experiment C) archival research D) naturalistic observation

answer

D) naturalistic observation

question

Which of these statements is TRUE about naturalistic observations? A) The field researcher becomes a direct participant interacting with those who are being observed. B) The field researcher keeps detailed field notes. C) The goal is to test hypotheses formed prior to the study. D) both a and b

answer

B) The field researcher keeps detailed field notes.

question

Naturalistic observation requires accurate description and ___________ interpretations. A) objective B) subjective C) positive D) intuitive

answer

A) objective

question

Which of the following is a limitation of naturalistic observations? A) Field research is very difficult to do. B) Field research can be very time consuming. C) It cannot be used to investigate complex social settings. D) both a and b

answer

D) both a and b

question

Dr. Jones is conducting a study in which he is observing how parents play with their children. When training his research assistants, he tells them to document how many times the parents smile at their children, frown at their children, encourage their children, and correct their children. This is most clearly an example of A) a coding system. B) archival research. C) naturalistic observation. D) a case study.

answer

A) a coding system.

question

__________ observation refers to the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting. A) Nonparticipatory B) Systematic C) Specific D) Naturalistic

answer

B) Systematic

question

A(n) _________ is a type of case study in which a researcher applies psychological theory to explain the life of an individual. A) psychobiography B) case biography C) autobiography D) histobiography

answer

A) psychobiography

question

Case studies are used to describe __________. A) businesses B) individuals C) neighborhoods D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

__________ research involves using previously compiled information to answer research questions. A) Case study B) Archival C) Laboratory D) Experimental

answer

B) Archival

question

Which of the following is NOT a type of archival research data? A) oral statements B) statistical records C) survey archives D) written records

answer

A) oral statements

question

Which of the following is a major problem with the use of archival data? A) The desired records may be difficult to obtain. B) Information collected by someone else may not be accurate. C) There is tremendous bias in written records. D) both a and b

answer

D) both a and b

question

Books, magazine articles, movies, television programs, and newspapers are examples of ___________ records. A) ethnographical B) mass communication C) written D) cultural communication

answer

B) mass communication

question

Letters preserved by historical societies are an example of __________. A) written records B) survey data C) mass communication records D) both a and b

answer

A) written records

question

Joe's term paper for his psychology class this semester analyzed Abraham Lincoln from three different theoretical positions. Joe most clearly conducted a(n) A) archival research. B) a psychobiography. C) systematic observation. D) naturalistic observation.

answer

B) a psychobiography.

question

Which of the following is not methodological issue in systematic observation research? A) equipment needs B) interrater reliability C) reactivity concerns D) validity concerns

answer

D) validity concerns

question

Published systematic observation research tends to have reliability coefficients of at least A) 60% B) 70% C) 80% D) 90%

answer

C) 80%

question

Dr. Jones is interested in hybristophilia; a rare paraphilia in which people are attracted to those who have committed crimes. Dr. Jones is most likely to conduct a(n) A) case study. B) naturalistic observation. C) systematic observation. D) archival researcher.

answer

A) case study.

question

_____ is the methodical analysis of existing documents. A) Systematic observation B) Content analysis C) Mass communication analysis D) Psychobiography

answer

B) Content analysis

question

Which of the following is true about naturalistic observation studies? A) the data analysis is planned in advance B) procedures are well defined C) procedures are the same for all participants D) informed consent may be given verbally

answer

D) informed consent may be given verbally

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Survey research data can complement experimental research findings. B) Survey research data are limited to providing a "snapshot" of how people think or behave at a given point in time. C) Survey research data can be used to study relationships among variables and ways that behaviors change over time. D) Survey research data can be important for making public policy decisions by public agencies.

answer

B) Survey research data are limited to providing a "snapshot" of how people think or behave at a given point in time.

question

If Rolando completed a survey and responded to all the questions in a way that made him look good, this would be an example of __________. A) data manipulation B) reactivity C) a response set D) the objectivity bias

answer

C) a response set

question

Researchers can now take advantage of wireless communication devices by contacting people at different times each day and asking them to report their current activities and/or feelings. Barrett and Barrett (2001) refer to this as A) random wireless sampling. B) computerized experience-sampling. C) focus group sampling. D) CATI.

answer

B) computerized experience-sampling.

question

When constructing questions for a survey, what is the first thing the researcher must do? A) evaluate the potential participants B) determine the research objectives C) establish the desirable outcome D) list any questions that come to mind about a topic

answer

B) determine the research objectives

question

With open-ended questions, respondents are _________. A) free to answer any way they like B) given a limited number of response alternatives C) led to respond in one particular way D) likely to respond either "yea-saying" or "nay-saying"

answer

A) free to answer any way they like

question

The __________ scale is a measure of the meaning of concepts. A) graphic rating B) confidence rating C) semantic differential D) theoretical perception

answer

C) semantic differential

question

Which of the following statements about responses to questions is TRUE? A) Children are unable to understand how to answer rating scale questions. B) A nonverbal scale may help very young children provide ratings. C) Only open-ended questions should be given to children who are under 12-years of age. D) All questions seem double-barreled to children under 12-years of age.

answer

B) A nonverbal scale may help very young children provide ratings.

question

A written questionnaire should __________. A) look professional and attractive B) have the most interesting and important questions first C) make it easy to identify the questions and responses D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

___________ bias describes all the biases that can arise from the fact that the person asking the questions in an interview is a unique human being. A) Respondent B) Survey C) Predictor D) Interviewer

answer

D) Interviewer

question

One way to study changes over time is to conduct a __________ study in which the same people are surveyed at two or more points in time. A) respondent B) time-sensitive C) panel D) focus group

answer

C) panel

question

Which of the following will reduce the size of a confidence interval? A) using a larger sample size B) having a better theoretical understanding of the topic C) increasing the margin of error D) using qualitative data

answer

A) using a larger sample size

question

With ___________ sampling, every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample. A) simple random B) probability C) stratified random D) random cluster

answer

A) simple random

question

Which sampling technique has the advantage of a built-in assurance that the sample will accurately reflect the numerical composition of the various subgroups? A) simple random B) probability C) stratified random D) random cluster

answer

C) stratified random

question

Which of the following is NOT a form of nonprobability sampling? A) cluster B) haphazard C) quota D) all of these

answer

A) cluster

question

When response rates are low, there is a greater chance of __________. A) randomized researcher bias B) respondents and nonrespondents being different C) interviewer bias that distorts the findings D) response sets by the sampling frame

answer

B) respondents and nonrespondents being different

question

All of the following are general types of survey questions except A) questions about attitudes and believes B) questions about facts and demographics C) questions about behaviors D) questions about response sets

answer

D) questions about response sets

question

According to cognitive psychologists, all of the following are potential question wording issues except A) they contain unfamiliar technical terms. B) they contain unclear response sets. C) grammatical errors. D) their phrasing overloads working memory.

answer

B) they contain unclear response sets.

question

Manny is filling out a survey about a recent dining experience. After reading the first two questions, he just answered "strongly agree" to the remaining 8 items. This is an example A) nay-saying. B) a social desirability response set. C) yay-saying. D) a double-barreled response set.

answer

C) yay-saying.

question

Research on the semantic differential shows that concepts are rated along three basic dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of those dimensions? A) activity B) evaluation C) latency D) potency

answer

C) latency

question

Which of the following is false? A) Written questionnaires are usually less expensive to administer than interviews. B) Written questionnaires allow the respondent to be completely anonymous. C) Mail surveys typically have a low response rate. D) Using internet surveys solve most sampling problems inherent in survey research.

answer

D) Using internet surveys solve most sampling problems inherent in survey research.

question

Dr. Smith wants distribute a survey to 300 people so he decides to administer the survey during his 300 person general psychology course that day. This is an example of _____ sampling. A) cluster B) purposive C) haphazard D) quota

answer

B) purposive

question

A simple experimental design with two levels of an independent variable cannot __________. A) detect a curvilinear relationship between variables B) detect a monotonic relationship C) reveal a positive relationship D) show a negative relationship outcome

answer

A) detect a curvilinear relationship between variables

question

__________ designs are research designs with more than one independent variable. A) Simple B) Monotonic C) Factorial D) Multi

answer

C) Factorial

question

Dr. Vickman conducted a __________ factorial design to examine the effects of music and room temperature on participant's memory. Participants were randomly assigned to study a list of nonsense words either listening or not listening to music in either a warm or cold room. A) 1 x 2 B) 2 x 4 C) 2 x 2 D) 4 x 4

answer

C) 2 x 2

question

In a 3 x 3 factorial design, how many conditions are there in the experiment? A) 2 B) 3 C) 6 D) 9

answer

D) 9

question

Dr. Snodgrass conducted a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial design. This design will yield information about the main effect of _________ independent variables. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 8

answer

B) 3

question

In a factorial design, a main effect is the __________. A) the combined effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable B) interaction effect of the independent variables and their effect on the dependent variable C) the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable D) interaction of the independent variables

answer

C) the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable

question

In a factorial design, a(an) ___________ between independent variables indicates that the effect of one independent variable is different at different levels of the other independent variable. A) main effect B) factorial effect C) interaction D) moderation

answer

C) interaction

question

In a IV x PV design, PV stands for __________ variable. A) practical B) participant C) personality D) procedure

answer

B) participant

question

Gender and age are examples of __________ variables. A) subject B) participant C) attribute D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

What statistical procedure is used to assess the statistical significance of the main effects and the interaction(s) in a factorial design? A) t-test B) correlation C) analysis of covariance D) analysis of variance

answer

D) analysis of variance

question

A __________ effect(s) analysis examines mean differences at each level of the independent variable. A) main B) simple main C) interaction D) simple interaction

answer

B) simple main

question

If a researcher planned to have 20 participants in each condition of a 2 x 3 independent groups factorial design, how many participants would be needed for this experiment? A) 40 B) 60 C) 80 D) 120

answer

D) 120

question

A researcher conducted a 2 x 2 completely repeated measures factorial design and planned 15 participants in each condition. How many participants would be required to conduct this experiment? A) 15 B) 30 C) 45 D) 60

answer

A) 15

question

Which of the following is TRUE of IV x PV designs? A) They include a nonmanipulated variable. B) They include a manipulated variable. C) They include a personality variable. D) both a and b

answer

D) both a and b

question

In a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, independent variable B has _________ levels. A) 2 B) 3 C) 7 D) 12

answer

A) 2

question

How would an interaction be indicated in a line graph? A) as parallel lines B) as intersecting lines C) as overlapping lines D) as diagonal lines

answer

B) as intersecting lines

question

A researcher is conducting a 3 x 2 factorial experiment. In variable 1 participants are randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions. In variable 2 participants respond to both levels of the independent variable. Which of the following best describes this study? A) it is an independent groups design B) it is a repeated measures group design C) it is a mixed factorial design D) it is a simple main effect design

answer

C) it is a mixed factorial design

question

Dr. Jones is conducting a 2 x 3 factorial experiment. He is interested in the impact of college major and study method on exam performance. How many levels of study method were used in this study? A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 6

answer

B) 3

question

Dr. Jones is conducting a 2 x 3 factorial experiment. He is interested in the impact of college major and study method on exam performance. He found that study method effected exam performance regardless of the participants' major. Which of the following is true? A) Dr. Jones found a main effect for study method. B) Dr. Jones found a main effect for college major. C) Dr. Jones found a significant interaction between college major and study method. D) There is not enough information provided to answer this question.

answer

A) Dr. Jones found a main effect for study method.

question

Dr. Smith is conducting a 2 x 3 x 4 experiment looking at the impact of gender, age, and ethnicity on college GPA. How many PVs are in this study? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 24

answer

C) 3

question

A research conducted a 2 x 4 study with 40 total participants. How many participants were in each experimental condition? A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 8

answer

C) 5

question

Which of the following designs use a reversal of a manipulation? A) withdrawal B) ABA C) ABAB D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

In which type of multiple-baseline design are several different behaviors of a single subject measured over time? A) across situations B) across subjects C) across behaviors D) across variables

answer

C) across behaviors

question

Which type of program-evaluation study examines whether there are problems that need to be addressed in the target population? A) needs assessment B) program-theory assessment C) process-evaluation assessment D) efficiency assessment

answer

A) needs assessment

question

Determining that the program design is based on a model that addresses the needs of the target population is called a (an) __________ assessment. A) needs B) program theory C) process evaluation D) efficiency

answer

B) program theory

question

Once it is shown that a program does have its intended effect, researchers conduct a program evaluation called a(an) __________ assessment to determine if the program is "worth it." A) process-evaluation B) efficiency C) impact D) program-monitoring

answer

B) efficiency

question

One internal validity problem with a __________ design is that it lacks a control or comparison method. A) one-group pretest-posttest B) non-equivalent C) one-group, posttest-only D) independent-groups

answer

C) one-group, posttest-only

question

Which of the following is a potential alternative explanation for the findings of a one-group, pretest-posttest design study? A) maturation and history B) testing and instrument decay C) statistical regression D) all of these

answer

D) all of these

question

To test the effectiveness of a new diet program, a healthcare worker recruited 10 participants into the program. The researcher studied the amount of weight change that occurred over a two-month period. This is an example of which type of research design? A) one-group, posttest-only B) one-group, pretest-posttest C) single-case D) factorial

answer

B) one-group, pretest-posttest

question

An educator wanted to test the effectiveness of a new testing method in reducing test anxiety. The anxiety level of students was measured before the test began and then tested again 30-minutes later. Just after the test began, a boy accidentally slipped off his chair and all the children laughed. This example best refers to ___________ as an alternative explanation for the research findings. A) maturation B) testing C) history D) instrument decay

answer

C) history

question

__________ is defined as any time-related factor, such as fatigue, hunger, or boredom that might result in a change between the pretest and posttest measures of the dependent variable. A) Maturation B) Statistical regression C) History D) Instrument decay

answer

A) Maturation

question

Statistical regression is likely to occur whenever participants are _________. A) allowed to self-select their assignment to experimental condition B) selected because of their extremely high or low pretest scores C) subjected to different measurement scales on the pretest and posttest measures D) all of these

answer

B) selected because of their extremely high or low pretest scores

question

In a nonequivalent control group design, __________ is an internal validity problem. A) the lack of a comparison group B) test sensitization C) selection differences D) demand characteristics

answer

C) selection differences

question

The difference between a one-group, pretest-posttest design and an interrupted-time series design is that the interrupted-time series design __________. A) uses a posttest control group B) requires multiple comparison groups C) measures the variable over an extended period of time D) incorporates several one-group, pretest measures

answer

C) measures the variable over an extended period of time

question

In a single-case experimental design, the observation of a participant's behavior before the manipulated treatment is referred to as a __________. A) timed-series control measurement B) preexperimental control treatment C) reversal control measurement D) baseline control period

answer

D) baseline control period

question

Which of the following methods involves studying persons of different ages at only one point in time? A) cross-sectional B) longitudinal C) control D) both b and c

answer

A) cross-sectional

question

Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of program evaluation research? A) needs assessment, process evaluation, program theory assessment, efficiency assessment, outcome evaluation B) process evaluation, needs assessment, program theory assessment, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment C) needs assessment, program theory assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment D) process evaluation, program theory assessment, needs assessment, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment

answer

C) needs assessment, program theory assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment

question

Which of the following best accounts for the hex associated with being on the cover of Sports Illustrated? A) regression toward the mean B) testing effects C) instrument decay D) history effects

answer

A) regression toward the mean

question

A developmental researcher is interested in how self-esteem develops across the lifespan. He identifies 20 children in the first grade and has them fill out a series of questionnaires. He has them fill out the same questionnaires each year until they graduate high school. This is most clearly an example of A) the cross-sectional method. B) the longitudinal method. C) the sequential method. D) the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design.

answer

B) the longitudinal method.

question

Studies using ______ can reveal cohort effects. A) the longitudinal method B) the sequential method C) the cross-sectional method D) propensity score matching

answer

C) the cross-sectional method

question

The sequential method is a compromise between A) one-group posttest-only and one-group pretest-posttest designs. B) propensity score matching and reversal designs. C) nonequivalent control group and nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest designs. D) longitudinal and cross-sectional methods.

answer

D) longitudinal and cross-sectional methods.

question

A researcher is conducting a study on how couples communicate. He has 5 research assistants watch videos of couples having conversations and take detailed notes. After a couple of hours, though, his assistants become very tired and start making mistakes. This is an example of A) instrument decay. B) regression toward the mean. C) maturation effects. D) history effects.

answer

A) instrument decay.

question

If you predict a curvilinear relationship, you must have at least three levels of the independent variable in your experiment. True False

answer

True

question

A researcher studied the effect of defendant gender (male-female) and type of crime (robbery-embezzlement) on juror decisions. How many conditions are in this study? two. three four

answer

four

question

If a study has two or more independent variables, it is called a factorial design. True False

answer

True

question

Participants gave longer sentences for embezzlement than robbery, irrespective of gender. This implies that there was a: main effect of gender. main effect of type of crime. interaction.

answer

main effect of type of crime.

question

In the IV X SV design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic of participants such as personality type. True False

answer

True

question

In a mixed factorial design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic of participants such as personality type. True False

answer

False

question

A researcher interested in attitude change designed an experiment that examined the effect of age (18-25 years of age, 35-50, and over 60) and type of media (newspaper, radio, television) on attitude toward a tax increase for local schools. In a completely independent groups design with 20 participants per condition, the researcher needs to study ______ people. 60 120 180

answer

180

question

The effect of motivation depended on whether there was a clear standard for excellence. This sentence implies that there was a(n): main effect of motivation main effect of standard interaction effect

answer

interaction effect

question

A main effect is the effect of one independent variable averaged over the other independent variables. True False

answer

True

question

Dr. Fox studied the effect of attractiveness on juror decisions. Dr. Ramirez studied the effect of type of crime on juror decisions. What would be gained by studying both independent variables in one experiment? main effects interaction curvilinear relationship

answer

interaction

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